基于有限元的一种新型螺母的防松机理研究

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立一种新型防松螺母和标准螺母的三维有限元模型,并分别与标准螺栓装配。首先分析在循环横向载荷作用下,锁紧后的标准螺母螺栓预紧力和啮合螺纹间微滑移的变化趋势;随后比较了相同初始预紧力条件下,新型防松螺母和标准螺母承受一定的循环横向载荷时剩余预紧力和啮合螺纹微滑移。结果表明,循环横向载荷下,预紧力的降低和啮合螺纹间的微滑移是螺栓联结松动的主要原因;初始预紧力对剩余预紧力百分比和微滑移有较大影响,在允许条件下应尽量增大预紧力;同时,该防松螺母具有较好的抵抗自松动的能力,这与试验结果吻合较好。最后研究了防松螺母的防松机理以及工作时产生的附加弯矩随预紧力的变化趋势。     

基于振动疲劳试验的复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛特性

在强迫弯曲振动试验的基础上,建立了基于模态参数(共振频率和阻尼比)表征螺栓连接结构动态性能的分析方法和试验测试手段;通过施加不同初始预紧力和激振频率,探究碳纤维/环氧复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛的时变行为及其影响因素。结果表明:在10h振动疲劳过程中,螺栓初始预紧力越小,激振频率越大,连接件预紧力松弛程度越大;振动疲劳损伤会导致连接结构刚度衰退、阻尼增加;复合材料螺栓连接松弛受到材料黏弹性以及界面摩擦的共同影响,其中约50%的松弛是由复合材料黏弹性效应引起的。      

输电铁塔双螺母防松螺栓横向振动试验研究

螺栓松动是强风区和舞动区输电铁塔横担损坏的主要原因,通过开展三种型式输电铁塔双螺母螺栓的横向振动试验,获得了双螺母螺栓的预紧力时程曲线,分析了上、下螺母安装扭矩比例对螺栓预紧力衰减特性的影响规律。下螺母与上螺母安装扭矩之比为25%时,普通双螺母螺栓的防松性能最佳。完成了输电铁塔横担在舞动工况下的横向振动试验,确定了铁塔横担螺栓松动顺序和松动位置的分布规律。舞动荷载作用下横担下平面螺栓易发生松动,其中下平面主材与固定端连接螺栓、横担端部挂点处杆件连接螺栓的松脱现象最为严重,建议设计时进一步提高横担下平面主材及斜材连接螺栓的防松性能。     

振动条件下楔形垫圈的防松性能研究

螺纹松动是影响机械产品可靠性和安全性的重要因素之一,楔形垫圈是一种特殊结构的防松产品,越来越得到工业界的重视,但是其防松机理没有完全得到揭示。采用有限元仿真与试验分析相结合方法,评估了振动条件下楔形垫圈的防松性能,从正负反馈调节的角度分析了楔形垫圈的防松机理,并系统研究了楔形角、垫圈外径、摩擦因数和材料特性对楔形垫圈防松性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:楔形垫圈在振动条件下具有良好的防松性能,这主要因为楔形垫圈的使用导致螺纹松动时预紧力增加,螺纹面滑移面积减少、松动减弱,这是一个负反馈调节的过程,最终导致螺纹松动停止、预紧力不变;同时楔形角、垫圈外径和材料刚度越大,楔形垫圈的防松性能越好;另外上下放射状齿形表面的摩擦因数也是影响楔形垫圈防松性能的重要因素,为了保证楔形垫圈的防松性能,上下放射状齿形表面的摩擦因数要比上下垫圈摩擦因数大0.06以上。最后进行了横向振动试验,验证了仿真结果的可靠性。     

端部激励下空间倾斜拉索非线性振动特性研究

为探讨空间倾斜拉索承受塔锚固端或梁锚固端谐波位移激励下的非线性振动特性,基于牛顿运动定律及拉索索力的状态变化,综合考虑拉索振动松弛与非松弛特性,推导了斜拉索承受端部任意方向位移激励下的三维空间非线性振动方程,并采用Runge-Kutta分段时程积分法求解该方程。研究表明：在三维空间坐标系下,拉索振动呈现面、内外耦合振动特性,且耦合振动幅值与拉索面、内外固有频率及激励频率大小有关;在面内位移激励下,增大激励幅值,拉索振动呈现面外自激振动特性;增大拉索初始垂度及激励幅值,拉索振动呈现松弛与非松弛状态交替变化过程。     

影响扭矩扳子使用准确性的要素探讨

利用扭矩板子控制螺纹连接的预紧力是目前比较常用的方法，也是核电站设备安装中运用最广泛的手段。但是，由于螺纹连接件间存在着摩擦，而摩擦造成的损耗一般情况下是较难测定的，工作中往往会出现取值波动或不准确的情况。在螺纹副扭紧过程中、扭矩与预紧力成正比关系：T二K·Q·（1式中：T是扭矩，K是扭紧力矩系数。Q是预紧力，d是螺栓直径。由于扭紧系数K与摩擦有直接关系，所以螺纹副以及连接接触面间的摩擦损耗直接左右着T值的准确程度。为了减少扭矩值的波动和误差，亦即提高现场使用准确度，一般应注意下面几个问题：批连接时对…     

预紧力与粗糙度对拉杆弯曲振动特性影响的研究

微小型涡喷发动机的离心叶轮轴向长度相比转轴长度不可忽略,可将其看作拉杆转子结构。为研究该拉杆转子结构的弯曲振动特性,建立了包含连接面的简支梁数学模型,应用结合面接触分形理论,推导了预紧力、粗糙度对拉杆弯曲振动特性的数学关系。通过算例研究,得出了预紧力、粗糙度对拉杆弯曲振动特性的影响趋势。结果表明:连接面所需的最小预紧力随着粗糙度的增加呈指数增长;仅考虑连接面刚度变化的情况下,拉杆固有频率与对数坐标下的预紧力之间呈S型曲线关系,粗糙度值越大,S曲线的潜伏期越长;同时考虑预紧力对连接面刚度和拉杆抗弯刚度的影响,当粗糙度较小时,拉杆固有频率随预紧力上升而上升;粗糙度较大或预紧力较大时,拉杆固有频率随预紧力上升而下降。     

防松胶对螺纹连接预紧力影响试验研究

鉴于螺纹在涂胶前后或涂不同种类防松胶、施加相同拧紧力矩时产生的螺栓预紧力差别较大,对空间光学遥感器装配中常用防松胶对螺纹连接预紧力影响进行定量试验研究,结果表明,在螺纹上涂硅橡胶D04(L)与不涂胶相比,相同拧紧力矩时螺栓预紧力减小50%~70%;涂厌氧胶乐泰243、相同拧紧力矩时螺栓预紧力增大46%~98%。某类防松胶使用前需对其对螺纹连接预紧力影响进行定量测试,据测试结果调整螺栓的拧紧力矩达到预期预紧力;在对预紧力精确控制的连接区域,力矩扳手紧固方式不再适用。     

微动损伤对复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛的影响

开展了横向循环载荷下复合材料螺栓连接件预紧力松弛试验,探究了材料疲劳损伤与接触面微动磨损联合作用下螺栓连接预紧力松弛过程。基于有限元软件ABAQUS,采用Archard磨损模型和ALE（Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian）自适应网格技术,编制了适用于连接结构微动磨损的UMESHMOTION子程序,建立了分析连接支承面微动磨损的计算模型;利用子程序UMAT编制了Shokrieh和Lessard提出的疲劳累积损伤定量分析程序。在此基础上分析了复合材料疲劳损伤、螺孔伸长及接触磨损的耦合作用下预紧力随循环周次变化的机制,与实验结果进行对比,验证了所提出的预测方法的合理性、有效性。      

低温及大温差区输电铁塔螺栓扭矩及横向振动试验研究

螺栓松动是强风和舞动区输电铁塔横担损坏的主要原因,输电线路运行环境温度及其变化会对螺栓应力和防松性能产生影响。通过开展低温及大温差环境下输电铁塔螺栓扭矩试验和横向振动试验,获得了施工扭矩下-50℃～30℃的螺栓预紧力及材料强度利用系数,确定了输电线路运行环境温度及温差变化对螺栓预紧力及防松性能的影响规律,评估了输电铁塔单螺母和双螺母螺栓在低温及大温差环境下的防松效果。按照现行规范的输电铁塔螺栓施工扭矩,-50℃低温及80℃温差环境下施工不会对输电铁塔螺栓强度安全产生影响。输电铁塔螺栓按照相同扭矩在室温环境施拧后,随横向振动环境温度(30℃～-50℃)的降低,输电铁塔螺栓振后残余预紧力百分比逐渐增大,即在低温运行环境下螺栓的防松性能有所提高。其中,单螺母螺栓-50℃环境下的防松性能比室温20℃环境下提高了41.0%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from