Ti2AlNb合金近β等温锻造组织与性能研究

对成分为Ti-22Al-25Nb(at%)的Ti2AlNb合金在近β等温锻造与锻后热处理过程中的组织转变规律及其对力学性能的影响进行了研究。结果表明,经近β等温锻造/空冷后,合金获得由少量均匀分布的α2相等轴颗粒和转变B2相基体(基体中含有排列杂乱的细小O相板条)构成的双态组织。锻后经960℃及其以上温度处理/水冷的合金再经时效处理后,依然具有双态组织;而经940℃及其以下温度处理/水冷的合金再经时效处理后,则获得由少量均匀分布的α2相等轴颗粒、粗大和细小两种尺寸的O相板条以及B2相基体构成的三态组织。三态组织中的粗大板条造成合金的强度有所下降,但塑性、持久、断裂韧性和疲劳性能均有不同程度的提高,其各项力学性能的匹配好于双态组织。     

Ti-22Al-25Nb合金热机械处理组织与性能研究

研究了Ti-22Al-25Nb合金的显微组织和力学性能,重点介绍了等温锻造温度、固溶时效处理对合金力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着等温锻造温度的升高,合金的强度和塑性先增加后降低。在O+B2两相区固溶时,随着固溶温度的升高,具有较高塑性的B2相体积分数的增加和等轴颗粒的减少是合金具有较高塑性的主要原因;而在α_2+B2+O3相区固溶时,片层厚度的减小有利于合金强度的提高,但过大的B2相晶粒尺寸和较细的片层厚度则对合金的塑性不利。相的含量、形态、尺寸对合金力学性能的影响较大,尽可能在B2相变点附近进行等温锻造,以控制等轴颗粒数量和B2相晶粒尺寸,在低温时效以获得较细的片层组织从而提高合金的强度和塑性。     

Ti-22Al-25Nb合金双尺寸板条组织不同温度拉伸性能研究

通过B2相区等温锻造工艺和O+B2相区固溶时效处理获得了Ti-22Al-25Nb合金双尺寸板条组织。研究了双尺寸板条在室温、400、600℃的拉伸性能,分析了断口特征,揭示了在不同温度下的拉伸断裂机制。结果表明:测试温度的变化显著影响双尺寸板条组织的拉伸性能。随温度的升高,双尺寸板条组织的强度下降,塑性提升。室温断裂机制为准解理断裂,断口特征以宏观解理断裂和微观条形刻面加撕裂棱为主;高温断裂机制为韧窝断裂,400℃断口特征以等轴浅韧窝和微孔为主,600℃断口特征呈现明显较大且深的等轴韧窝。     

Ti-23Al-17Nb合金双态组织的控制

研究Ti-23Al-17Nb(at%,下同)合金在不同热处理条件下形成的双态组织的微观细节特征及其形成规律,分析双态组织细节特征对力学性能的影响,探讨综合改善合金拉伸性能和高温持久性能的途径。结果表明,经α2+B2两相区温度变形的该合金,通过固溶处理/连续冷却和固溶快冷+时效两种方式的热处理均可形成双态组织。其中固溶快冷+时效方式可以实现O相板条数量、尺寸、分布及排列更有效的控制,时效温度的降低有助于板条的细化和混乱排列。在α2相等轴颗粒形貌及体积分数基本一致(约15%～20%)的情况下,O相板条体积分数的增加有利于合金高温持久性能的显著提高,但会造成合金室温拉伸延伸率的下降;O相板条的细化有利于合金室温和高温拉伸性能的同时改善,但使高温持久性能有所降低;通过1060℃固溶处理/油淬+850℃时效处理获得的双态组织具有强度、塑性和高温长时性能的最好匹配。     

α_2＋B2相区等温锻造及热处理对Ti-22Al-25Nb合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Ti-22Al-25Nb合金在α2＋B2相区等温锻造及不同制度热处理,其显微组织演变规律和室温、高温拉伸性能变化。结果表明：在α2＋B2相区等温锻造后显微组织仍由等轴α2相颗粒、O相包裹着的等轴α2相、细小板条状O相与B2基体组成,与原始锻棒组织的区别在于等轴α2相颗粒发生溶解,数量减少,尺寸下降;等温锻造后再在O＋B2相区固溶处理的,组织中等轴α2相颗粒分解,由等轴α2/O相颗粒、板条O相和B2基体组成,且随固溶温度升高,板条O相溶解,变粗、变短;等温锻造后经固溶加时效处理时,B2基体中析出二次针状O相,且随时效温度升高,二次针状O相变粗、变短,室温及650℃高温拉伸性能也随时效温度升高,表现为强度降低而塑性提高。     

Ti-22Al-25Nb合金环形件成形工艺与组织性能关系

研究了Ti-22Al-25Nb合金环形件的制备工艺和组织性能关系。结果表明:Ti-22Al-25Nb合金增加棒材改锻的次数可提高组织均匀性,细化晶粒,从而显著提高合金的室温塑性。对棒材在α2+B2+O三相区(970℃)和α2+B2两相区(1050℃)轧制可分别获得双态组织和板条组织的环形件。两种组织的室温抗拉强度均在1100 MPa以上,室温伸长率在6.5%以上。两种组织相比,双态组织具有更高的强度,而板条组织的塑性更好。根据试验结果,Ti-22Al-25Nb合金在生产应用时,棒材的锻造镦拔次数应不低于8次,环形件轧制应选择在α2+B2两相区(1050℃)。     

锻造工艺对TC17钛合金的显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了α+β锻造、近β锻造和β锻造对TC17钛合金盘件的显微组织和主要力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:α+β锻造后的合金为等轴组织,近β锻造的合金为双态组织,β锻造的合金为网篮组织,3种工艺获得的显微组织较为典型;3种锻造组织的力学性能差异显著,等轴组织的室温拉伸强度较双态组织稍低,塑性最好,疲劳强度最高,但断裂韧性和蠕变性能相对较差;双态组织的拉伸强度最高,塑性较等轴组织稍有降低,蠕变性能相对等轴组织有较大提高,但其断裂韧性和疲劳强度相对较低;网篮组织的拉伸强度和塑性相对较低,但断裂韧性和蠕变性能均高于另外两种锻造组织。     

变形温度对Ti2AlNb/Ti60双合金焊接接头组织性能的影响

研究了近等温锻造温度对Ti2A1Nb/Ti60双合金焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:经不同温度近等温变形及相同热处理后,Ti2A1Nb/Ti60双合金试样焊缝组织得到明显细化,强度和塑性得到提高,均高于基体Ti60合金;随着变形温度的升高,Ti60合金热影响区显微组织中初生等轴α相逐渐减少,β转组织增多,片状α相变短变粗.因此,合金的室温拉伸强度逐渐升高,塑性逐渐下降;变形温度为1010℃的试样,其焊缝熔合区显微组织较为均匀,塑性相B2含量较多,焊件室温及600℃高温拉伸均表现出较好的强度与塑性匹配.     

等温锻造温度对TC18钛合金组织性能的影响

研究了TC18钛合金在5.5×10-4s-1恒应变速率下、60%大变形等温锻造时,温度变化对合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明:显微组织对温度变化敏感,在两相区锻造时,显微组织由初生α相和β转变组织组成,随着锻造温度的升高,初生α相的含量逐渐减少,尺寸增大,等轴化程度增加;在相变点以上锻造时为魏氏组织.室温和高温拉伸强度随锻造温度的升高不断增加,拉伸塑性不断降低,室温冲击韧性也呈下降趋势.在860℃等温锻造时,显微组织为双态组织,强度和塑性达到最佳配合,获得良好的综合力学性能.860℃为较佳等温锻造温度.     

等温锻造应变速率对Ti60/Ti-22Al-25Nb双合金焊件组织及性能的影响

通过等温锻造对Ti60/Ti-22Al-25Nb双合金焊件焊接界面进行了强化,研究了应变速率对等温锻造过程中母材和焊接接头组织的影响,并对锻后和热处理后的双合金件进行了室温力学性能测试。结果表明,经等温锻造后,焊缝原始粗大枝晶被破碎并发生动态再结晶形成细小等轴晶粒。焊接时形成的偏析、孔洞、夹杂等被压实或者压合,使组织变得更加紧密。焊缝中针状脆性O相和马氏体α'相在高温下发生分解,分别形成α_2相和α+β相,而分解后形成的α/α_2相被变形破碎并发生球化。当应变速率为0.001 s~(-1)时,等轴α/α_2相占比较大,且更加细小。弥散分布的细小等轴α/α_2相较好地强化了焊缝。经0.001 s~(-1)应变速率等温锻造后,合金的强度和塑性都得到大幅提高,综合性能匹配较好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.