基于软化机制的TC18钛合金本构关系研究

通过TC18钛合金热模拟压缩实验,得到不同变形条件下的高温变形真应力-真应变曲线.通过加工硬化和动态软化效应,分析变形参数变化对TC18钛合金应力-应变曲线形态和峰值应力的影响.不同变形条件下,TC18钛合金流变曲线呈现出相似的特征,而峰值应力对变形参数的变化却十分敏感.通过Poliak-Jonas准则,分析了不同条件下TC18钛合金在高温变形过程中的软化机制.相同温度下,动态再结晶机制主要发生在低应变速率下的高温变形过程中,并且软化机制的选择对温度不敏感.基于传统的Arrhenius型方程,针对TC18钛合金热变形过程中不同的软化机制,分别建立动态再结晶和动态回复机制下的本构方程.针对识别出的TC18合金在不同变形条件下的软化机制,通过适用的本构模型来描述TC18合金在应变为0.7时真实应力对变形温度、应变速率的响应过程.以动态再结晶为主要软化机制的变形过程,其变形激活能和应变速率敏感系数远远大于以动态回复为主的过程.     

Incoloy825高温合金热变形行为及动态再结晶模型

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机，对Incoloy825高温合金在应变为0.92、温度为950～1150℃和应变速率为0.001～1 s^-1条件下进行单道次压缩试验。依据真应力-真应变曲线建立了动态再结晶临界方程和动态再结晶动力学模型。结果表明，Incoloy825高温合金热变形对温度和应变速率较为敏感，真应力-真应变曲线整体满足硬化-软化-稳态的流变过程，动态再结晶是Incoloy 825高温合金材料的主要软化机制。在热变形过程中，动态再结晶临界应变随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低呈减小趋势。对动态再结晶动力学模型进行分析发现，动态再结晶百分含量随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而增大，表明高变形温度和低应变速率对动态再结晶具有促进作用。     

基于Al-Cu-Li合金流变行为的动态再结晶动力学与形核机制

对Al-Cu-Li合金进行温度300~500℃、应变速率0.001~10s~(-1)的等温热压缩,分析合金的流变行为:结合TEM和EBSD研究合金热变形过程中的组织演变。结果表明:合金流变曲线分为3个阶段:加工硬化阶段、过渡阶段和稳态变形阶段;变形温度越高,流变应力达到动态平衡所需应变量越小。基于应变硬化率(θ)与流变应力(σ)之间的关系,确定动态再结晶的临界应变(ε_c);不同热变形条件下的临界应变(ε_c)与峰值应变(ε_p)之比为0.30342~0.92828;临界应力(σ_c)与峰值应变(σ_p)之比为0.88492~0.99782。引入最大软化率应变(ε~*)和中间变量Z/A,建立ε_c和ε~*与Z/A的关系表达式。构建Al-Cu-Li合金动态再结晶动力学模型,模型表明,温度越高或应变速率越低,越有利于促进动态再结晶分数的增加;显微组织分析结果与模型预测规律一致。Al-Cu-Li合金动态再结晶形核机制主要为晶界突出形核机制、亚晶合并长大机制以及粒子促进形核机制,随温度升高和应变速率的降低,晶内亚晶合并长大机制得到加强。     

超高强DP980钢的动态再结晶模型

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对超高强DP980钢进行热压缩试验,研究其在变形温度为900~1 200℃、应变速率为0.05~30s~(-1)条件下的动态再结晶行为,分析了变形温度和应变速率对真应力-真应变曲线的影响。结果表明:超高强DP980钢在变形过程中,存在动态再结晶和动态回复两种软化机制,且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,临界应变越小,动态再结晶越容易发生;同时,得到了发生动态再结晶时的形变激活能,建立了峰值应变模型、动态再结晶临界应力模型和动态再结晶动力学模型。     

端子连接器用Cu-Fe-P-Zn-Sn-Mg合金的热变形行为

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,采用等温压缩试验,研究了Cu-Fe-P-Zn-Sn-Mg合金在变形温度为750~950℃、应变速率为0.01~10s-1条件下的流变应力的变化规律,测定了其真应力-应变曲线,并分析了合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变规律。结果表明,合金的真应力-应变曲线具有典型的动态再结晶特征,其流变应力随变形温度的降低以及应变速率的提高而增大,且变形温度越高、应变速率越小,合金越容易发生动态回复和再结晶。在试验基础上,计算并建立了合金热变形过程中流变应力与变形温度和应变速率之间关系的热压缩高温变形本构方程。     

铸态ER8车轮钢的热变形行为及本构模型研究

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在变形温度为900～1250℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1的条件下对铸态ER8车轮钢进行热压缩试验,得到真应力-真应变曲线.结果发现:其真应力-真应变曲线符合动态再结晶型软化机制,变形初始阶段,材料发生硬化,真应力快速增加,随着变形的继续,材料发生动态回复,加工硬化速率...     

高强韧Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的热加工图及组织演变

采用Gleeble-3180热模拟试验机对均匀化退火态Al-5.87Zn-2.07Mg-2.28Cu合金在不同温度(350~450℃)和不同应变速率(0.01~10s~(-1))下进行热压缩试验。结果表明,在各真应变下合金的能量耗散因子均随温度的升高和应变速率的下降而增大;随着真应变增加,流变失稳区域扩大且合金适宜的热加工参数发生改变;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,合金的流变应力减小,且其主要软化机制由动态回复向动态再结晶转变;当变形温度达到420℃时,合金在各应变速率下均发生了动态再结晶。     

挤压Mg-Li-Zn-Ce-Y-Zr合金的热变形行为

在温度T=250~450℃,应变速率为0.001~10s-1的条件下,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对挤压Mg-7.8%Li-4.6%Zn-0.96%Ce-0.85%Y-0.30Zr合金进行高温热压缩试验,分析流变应力曲线特点。合金的流变应力曲线表现出动态再结晶特征,动态再结晶是热变形过程中的主要软化机制。流变应力峰值随温度的降低和应变速率的增大而升高。稀土相化合物和α相促进β相的动态再结晶,使α相再结晶减缓。在热变形过程中动态再结晶迅速,流变应力曲线表现为临界应变较小,加工硬化迅速被动态软化所掩盖。     

不同形变温度下Mg-Al-Ca-Mn合金的变形机制

熔炼配制了Mg-Al-Ca-Mn合金,采用单轴拉伸实验测试了合金在25～475℃温度范围内的应力-应变曲线,通过数据处理分析了其加工硬化率曲线,并采用显微组织观察研究了不同形变温度下合金的形变机制。研究表明,合金拉伸的应力-应变曲线在不同温度下存在明显区别,且取决于其形变机制的不同。室温变形的形变机制以孪生为主,应力随应变增加而快速增加至最大值后断裂,塑性较差。425℃高温变形时主要形变机制为动态再结晶,应力在变形初期的极小应变范围内迅速达到最大值,由于动态再结晶的软化作用,应力值缓慢减小,表现出良好的变形能力。而当形变温度处于中温区(225℃)时,加工硬化阶段以孪生变形为主,随着应变的不断增加,部分区域发生动态再结晶,应力增加至最大值后缓慢减小,直到断裂。     

Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金热压缩行为及晶粒尺寸的研究

采用Gleeble-3500热压缩实验机对Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金在温度360～480℃、应变速率0.001～1 s-1、最大变形程度为60%的条件下进行高温压缩实验研究。分析了应变速率和变形温度对该合金在高温变形时流变应力的影响,引入温度补偿应变速率因子Z构建合金高温流变应力的本构方程;研究了合金在不同压缩条件下的组织变化及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸,为后续有限元组织模拟提供了实验依据。结果表明:该合金的真应力-真应变曲线具有动态再结晶曲线的特征。动态再结晶的再结晶晶粒尺寸随温度的降低、应变速率的增大而减小;而且峰值应力也随再结晶晶粒尺寸的减小而增大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。