基于用户自定义特征的反时限有源配网保护方案

由于分布式电源输出功率的随机性与波动性,当分布式电源大量接入配电网后,传统的反时限过电流保护方案很难满足配电网保护选择性和速动性的要求。为此,文章通过研究数字反时限过流保护继电器,提出一种基于用户自定义特征的反时限过电流保护方案。保护方案将反时限继电器的特性常数(A)和反时限的类型常数(B)同继电器的时间整定系数、启动电流共同作为待优化的连续变量,并以最小故障电流时所有保护动作时间之和最小为目标函数,利用内点法求解保护的最优配置。方案保证了线路出口处故障时保护能快速动作,满足了配电网保护选择性和速动性的要求。最后,通过仿真分析,对保护方案进行了验证。     

电力系统的集成保护

通过介绍一种新颖的配电网保护方案来阐述集成保护的优越性.这个基于暂态极性方向比较的保护方案以伴随故障出现的暂态电流信号的检测和处理为基础,在配电网的各个变电站安装有专门设计的保护继电器,继电器的暂态检测单元检测故障生成的故障分量电信号,并将暂态极性识别算法应用于叠加故障分量信号上,判断信号的极性.通过对来自连接到变电站的所有线路的信号极性进行比较,可以确定出故障的方向.通过处理来自各变电站的方向信息,判别出实际的故障线路,从而实现电网的集成保护.     

基于多Agent技术的主动配电网保护方案

分布式电源(DG)接入配电网后,改变了配电网网络结构,导致原有保护装置出现拒动和误动等问题。提出了一种针对主动配电网且根据故障电流信号的多Agent保护方案。该方案采用三级代理的控制结构,底层代理负责信息采集,决策层代理负责故障定位,顶层负责全网状态监控。通过分析多分支节点电流故障分量相角特点和线路两端故障前后电流相角的突变方向,提出了两类决策单元的故障判定矩阵算法。该方法运用了广域故障信息,不仅能够提供主保护,还能为相邻线路和设备提供后备保护。最后,通过仿真分析结果证明该方法的正确性和可行性。     

基于站域集成的暂态电流极性比较保护方案

提出一种基于站域保护的暂态电流极性比较的保护方案。该技术运用安装在配电网中每个变电站中专门设计的集成保护继电器,实现检测、分析处理因故障产生的暂态电流信号。通过集成继电器检测出因故障产生的故障电流分量信号,运用暂态电流极性识别算法来检出信号的极性;之后,通过比较来自与站点相连接的所有线路上的电流信号的极性就可以确定故障的方向;最后,通过对比来自网络中各站点的方向信息便可以确定故障的线路。通过仿真证明该方案是切实可行的。     

电力系统的集成保护

通过介绍一种新颖的配电网保护方案来阐述集成保护的优越性。这个基于暂态极性方向比较的保护方案以伴随故障出现的暂态电流信号的检测和处理为基础,在配电网的各个变电站安装有专门设计的保护继电器,继电器的暂态检测单元检测故障生成的故障分量电信号,并将暂态极性识别算法应用于叠加故障分量信号上,判断信号的极性。通过对来自连接到变电站的所有线路的信号极性进行比较,可以确定出故障的方向。通过处理来自各变电站的方向信息,判别出实际的故障线路,从而实现电网的集成保护。     

基于VSC的直流配电系统过电流保护研究

针对低压直流配电网,本文利用电压源型换流器的自关断功能来代替直流断路器限流的作用,进行保护方案配置。本文主要聚焦故障中断和隔离,利用继电器检测本保护区域故障信息并把动作信号传输到换流器,换流器动作隔离故障。在PSCAD软件中搭建两端供电的直流配电模型进行仿真,结果表明,在采用继电器的情况下,采用过电流的保护方案可以满足快速响应的要求,为下一步直流配电系统保护方案的研究奠定了良好的基础。     

分布式发电对配电网保护装置影响的探讨

为了分析分布式发电(DG)接入配电网系统中,断路器(CB)额定值与过电流继电器(OCR)协调潜在的不利影响,利用超导故障限流器(SFCL)作为限制 DG保护影响的装置.在介绍SFCL功能原理的基础上,以故障条件下 SFＧCL阻抗最小化为目标,建立了 CB和 OCR相互协调的数学模型,使用IEEE１３节点分布测试系统对理论分析进行验证.仿真结果表明,应用SFCL是有效缓解 DG对保护装置影响的可行方案,可提高配电网与 DG的接口可靠性。     

含分布式电源的配电网自适应电流保护

针对分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)接入配电网对保护系统的影响问题,提出了一种新型的自适应电流保护的新方法。首先根据配电网系统的运行方式和拓扑结构,对保护装置背侧的DG网络进行等值变换,得到其戴维南等值模型;其后,当发生短路故障时,保护装置检测短路电流大于整定值时,先启动保护装置的启动元件,再立即向故障侧的相邻保护装置发出短路功率方向信号,同时接收对侧的短路功率方向信号,采用自适应电流整定值和通信技术相配合的方法,比较本保护装置和相邻保护装置的短路功率方向信号相同与否决定是否动作。该方案解决DG接入配电网后,原有配电网馈线电流保护的选择性、灵敏性、可靠性和保护范围都将受到严重影响的问题,保护全长线路,大大提高其安全可靠性。     

关于零差保护

零差保护具有很高的灵敏度,广泛应用于发电机、变压器、电抗器等元件作为内部绕组接地故障保护.由于零差保护的特殊性,零差继电器本身就是一只灵敏电流继电器或动作功率很小的电压继电器.那么零差保护如何躲外部故障的不平衡电流呢 ?传统零差保护均使用高阻继电器,高阻继电器有很高的避越不平衡电流的能力.但是使用高阻继电器时, CT的励磁电流降低了保护的灵敏度,所以低阻继电器又重新被启用,但必须从外部引入闭锁信号或启动信号或延时,以便避越外部故障的不平衡电流.在上述条件均满足的条件下,零差保护的整定值仅考虑元件内部绕组接地故障的灵敏度.图 4参 3     

电动机保护器的应用

电动机在我们的生产、生活中应用非常广泛。作为电控设备厂的技术人员 ,选择适宜的电动机保护方案一直是我们的一个难题 ,因为可供使用的电器元件不多。曾经用过电动机保护器 ,可电动机保护器的性能不可靠 ,就连缺相保护都无法实现。当用户要求缺相保护、过载保护、电动机工作电流指示 ,并要求将标准电流信号 (4～ 2 0ｍＡ)输入自动控制系统时 ,可通过图 1来实现。如图 1所示 ,过载保护通过热继电器ＫＲ来实现 ;标准电流信号 (4～ 2 0ｍＡ)通过电流变送器来实现 ;而缺相保护则通过中间继电器Ｋ1、Ｋ2 、Ｋ3来实现。然而过电压保护、三相不平…     

Protection relay system using information network for distribution system with DGs

We propose a new protection scheme for selective and quick disconnection of a fault area in a distribution system, which can be flexibly adopted for a large‐scale introduction of distributed generators (DGs). When a fault occurs, relays provide a binary state signal which is activated if, for instance, the current at the corresponding relay location exceeds a certain value. Although each relay cannot locate the fault point with only its own signal, it can locate the fault by utilizing signals from other relays together with its own signal. Because only a binary state signal is transmitted instead of the actual physical variable such as the magnitude of the fault current, the network traffic is much less than when a conventional protection scheme for a transmission system using an information system is applied to a distribution system. The following are the main results of a simulation on our proposed protection scheme: (1) the proposed protection scheme can successfully disconnect only a fault feeder when the relays use signals provided from the sending end of the fault feeder and all other DGs on the same feeder, (2) in the case of a fault on a DG connected feeder, the DG can be disconnected within 0.06 s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 30–35, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20232     

New coordination approach to minimize the number of re-adjusted relays when adding DGs in interconnected power systems with a minimum value of fault current limiter

The presence of DGs in power networks tends to negatively affect relays coordination. Adding fault current limiters FCLs is one of the possible solutions to mitigate negative impacts of DGs addition on protection systems. Traditional schemes have estimated the minimum value of FCL to restore relays coordination when adding DGs without resetting of any relays. That minimum value of FCL in such case is called a critical value, where below this value the relays coordination will be lost.Nowadays, designing FCL to simultaneously achieve two conflicted objectives of good performance and low cost is considered a great challenge. The paper introduces a new scheme to determine to what extent we could decrease FCL impedance value below its critical value with re-adjusting the original settings of only one adaptive relay to get relays coordination. Decreasing FCL value below its critical value will reduce the cost especially for superconductivity FCL. The proposed scheme can determine the location of that selected relay to be an adaptive one and estimate its re-adjusted new settings to be applied when DGs are added while inserting the reduced value of FCL.Actually the proposed scheme can be applied for any networks irrespective of the number of added DGs and their capacities; while having an adaptive relay is the only requirement to implement it.The proposed approach is implemented and effectively tested on the large well-known interconnected IEEE-39 bus test system with 84 relays. Its results are compared with other approaches where, no re-adjusted relays settings are applied. A noteworthy advantage of the proposed scheme is the ability to implement a reduced FCL value than the critical value, by adjusting only one relay settings in the whole network. The proposed scheme may also be extended to re-adjust settings of more than one relay and get further reduced value of FCL. Furthermore, it is also shown that a more optimum value of the total operating time of all primary relays for near end faults is achieved when applying the proposed method rather than other traditional schemes.     

分布式电源接入对配网过电流保护的影响

分布式发电接入中低压配电网使传统配网成为有源配网,对继电保护提出了新的挑战。本文围绕有源配网继电保护问题展开研究,分析了有源配电网故障电流的特征以及DG接入对传统保护和安全自动装置运行的影响,并结合国内外主要的标准和技术规程,综述了当前主要的解决方案。最后以典型的辐射状配电网为算例,利用ETAP软件建立仿真模型,研究双馈风机接入配电网后潮流和短路电流的变化以及反时限保护的动作情况。结果表明,高渗透DG接入后,潮流双向流动,短路电流变化复杂,反时限保护较难满足要求,有必要利用微网技术,构建更为完善和智能的有源配网保护体系。     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.     

Dual-setting directional over-current relays: An optimal coordination in multiple source meshed distribution networks

To guarantee a safe operating scheme against the probable faults, an accurate and fast relaying scheme is of high priority. This challenge seems to be more sophisticated in multiple source meshed distribution networks hosting distributed generations (DGs). In this case, the current experiences bidirectional flows. More recently, dual-setting over-current relays are evolved as competent countermeasures for such cases. In this way, establishing an optimal coordination strategy is recognized as the first prerequisite in assuring a safe protection scheme. To this end, the present study aims at minimizing the overall operating time of primary and backup relays. Typically, the coordination problem is carried out by adjusting two parameters namely, pick up current (Ip) and time dial setting (TDS). In contradiction, the proposed approach follows a user-defined settings supported by some operating rules. Thus, besides the aforementioned settings, the coefficients of the inverse-time characteristics are also optimized. In other words, more flexibility is attained in adjusting relay’s characteristic in regard of the network’s loading and topological changes. Furthermore, inclusion of operating rules in main objectives, not only reduces the sum of operating time of all relays, but also increases the efficiency of backup relays regarding the break points in meshed networks. In other words, the covering zone by each backup relay is increased. The proposed approach demonstrates a non-linear programming fashion which is tackled based on genetic algorithm (GA). Several numerical studies are carried out to interrogate the validity of the proposed approach encountering different fault scenarios. The obtained results are encouraging.     

有源配电网中性点接地方式的选择问题

中性点接地方式选择是配电系统的基础问题,对于分布式电源(DG)大量接入的有源配电网,其接地方式将由主网和DG共同决定,单相接地故障电流和过电压等问题也将更为复杂,需要重新审视。文中给出了有源配电网中主网和DG接地方式可能的组合;针对DG并网、脱网不同运行状态以及接地故障后主网线路保护、孤岛保护等不同故障处理阶段,分析了可能面临的接地方式与故障电流、过电压等转变问题;提出了接地方式已确定的现有配电网中DG接地方式选择以及脱离现有配电网条件约束的有源配电网接地方式选择的基本思路,为有源配电网中性点接地方式技术的研究和应用作初步探讨。     

A novel scheme for current-only directional overcurrent relay

Overcurrent relays are widely used as main protection in sub-transmission and distribution systems. In mesh and multi-source networks, application of directional relay is unavoidable. Traditional directional overcurrent relays use the reference voltage phasor as the polarizing quantity to estimate the direction of the fault. Traditional direction distinguishing scheme is unreliable in the case of close-in faults. In this paper, a novel algorithm for directional overcurrent relay is proposed. The new algorithm uses only current signals for determining the fault direction. It uses superimposed component of the current signal and does not require phasor estimation. This new algorithm uses pre-fault current signal as the polarizing quantity. The proposed method is tested on simple power system in different situations. The results show it leads to fast and reliable directional protection.     

An accurate technique for locating faults by distance relays

This paper presents a new protection scheme for improving the performance of the distance protective relays in transmission systems. The determination of fault zone by the proposed scheme is based on data sheared locally with other distance relays at the same station, in addition to a command from the distance relay on the other end of the protected line. Based on analyzing this information the relay decides the correct fault zone. With the proposed scheme, the first zone in the distance relay covers the full length of the protected line while the second zone covers the full length of any line following the protected line irrespective of its length, etc. The scheme is examined against wide range of setting problems of a real part of a HV network with real relay settings. It succeeds in solving distance relay setting problems, e.g. the problem of a long line following a short line or vice versa, low in-feed, open CB at one end and high impedance faults.     

基于分布式电源电流变化率的主动配电网单相断线保护方法

分布式电源的应用,改变了配电网断线故障的特征,加剧了断线故障的威胁。但是目前不仅缺乏含分布式电源(DG)的配电网断线故障保护方法,甚至电网断线故障下DG的输出特性也不清晰。基于主动配电网的可观测性,提出了一种根据DG电流变化率识别配电网断线故障的新思想。首先,分析了配电网单相断线故障下DG的输出特性,并建立了DG的等值模型。然后,建立了含DG的配电网单相断线故障等效电路,推导了故障前后DG输出电流的表达式。随后,分析了故障前后DG输出电流的变化特征,建立了基于DG电流变化率的辐射状配电网单相断线故障保护判据。仿真表明,所提单相断线故障保护方法能够迅速识别断线故障并准确定位。