橡胶隔振器静态力-位移关系计算方法的研究

测试了橡胶试片在单轴向拉伸、等双轴拉伸和平面剪切应力-应变状态下的应力-应变关系。利用测试得到橡胶试片在不同状态下应力-应变关系,和应用不同的本构模型,拟合得到了不同模型的材料常数。以两个橡胶悬置为研究对象,对橡胶隔振器进行三向静态力-位移特性分析,并与测试值进行对比。橡胶悬置1主要承受拉压变形或剪切变形,而悬置2则同时承受拉压和剪切变形。以悬置1和悬置2为研究对象,应用Mooney-Rivlin本构模型,计算分析了利用不同应力－应变状态得到的本构模型常数对橡胶隔振器力－位移关系计算结果的影响。以悬置2为研究对象,采用同一种应力－应变状态获取的本构模型常数,分析了本构模型对橡胶隔振器静态力-位移特性计算结果的影响。     

混杂纤维增强应变硬化水泥基复合材料的拉伸本构关系

钢纤维与聚乙烯醇纤维混杂增强应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SF-PVA/SHCC)的力学性能研究是近年来的热点问题之一,但目前依然欠缺能够完整描述SF-PVA/SHCC拉伸本构关系的理论模型。本文基于混凝土断裂力学和细观力学理论,通过考虑拉伸应力-应变曲线软化段及SF-PVA混杂纤维对SHCC拉伸性能的影响,提出一种新的可适用于SF-PVA/SHCC材料的单轴拉伸本构模型。为了验证模型的有效性,开展了SF-PVA/SHCC单轴拉伸性能试验,分析了纤维种类和掺量对SHCC拉伸强度、拉伸应变及拉伸韧性的影响。通过与试验数据对比发现,本文所提出的拉伸本构模型可以较好地预测SF-PVA/SHCC的拉伸应力-应变关系。      

一种改进的Yeoh超弹性材料本构模型

橡胶通常被看作一种不可压缩各向同性的超弹性材料,其本构模型通常用应变能密度方程表示。针对Yeoh模型偏软的特性,该文提出了一种改进的Yeoh超弹性材料本构模型。基于连续介质力学大变形理论,给出了改进的Yeoh模型在三种特殊变形模式下的应力-应变关系,并与原有的Yeoh模型和实验数据进行了对比。结果表明:改进的Yeoh模型在保持Yeoh模型体现反“S”形应力-应变关系的前提下,有效地克服了Yeoh模型在预测等双轴拉伸曲线时“偏软”的特性。在较大的应变范围内能够同时准确地预测单轴、平面和等双轴拉伸-压缩的应力-应变关系,具有较大的工程应用价值。     

三种建筑钢筋材料高应变率下拉伸力学性能研究

钢筋混凝土结构除承受静载荷外,在恐怖袭击、燃气管道爆炸等特殊情况下还会承受动态载荷的作用,因此,研究其组成材料之一的钢筋材料在动态载荷作用下的力学性能,对于研究钢筋混凝土结构整体在动态载荷作用下的力学响应有重要意义。该文首先利用旋转盘冲击拉伸试验系统对3种常用建筑钢筋材料(HPB235、HRB335和HRB400)在400 s-1~2000 s-1应变率范围内的动态拉伸力学性能进行试验研究,然后根据试验数据,分析应变率对屈服强度的影响规律,并对常用的Johnson-Cook本构模型进行修正,以获得可以更好描述这3种钢筋材料动态拉伸应力-应变关系的本构模型及相关的材料参数。研究结果表明:3种钢筋材料的屈服应力均随应变率的增大而增大,而静载屈服应力越低的钢筋对应变率越敏感;修正后的Johnson-Cook本构模型能较好地描述3种钢筋材料的动态拉伸应力-应变关系。     

应力三轴度和应变率对6063铝合金力学性能的影响及材料表征

对6063铝合金试样在不同应力三轴度和不同应变率下进行拉伸试验,得到了该合金在这两种情况下的力学性能.研究结果表明:随着应力三轴度的减小,材料的等效弹性模量、等效屈服应力减小,但等效断裂应变增大;随着应变率逐渐增大,材料的屈服强度和断裂强度略有增大;断裂应变明显减小;抗拉强度基本不变.Johnson-cook本构模型及其断裂应变模型可以用来描述6063铝合金在不同三轴应力度和不同应变率下的本构及失效关系.通过材料表征,得出了Johnson-cook本构模型及其断裂应变模型中各个参数,为有限元(ABAQUS)模拟提供帮助.     

循环荷载下奥氏体型和双相型不锈钢材料本构关系研究

为研究循环荷载下不锈钢材料的本构关系,对奥氏体型S30408不锈钢和双相型S220503不锈钢材料进行了单调拉伸和大应变超低周循环加载试验。采用三种常用的单调拉伸本构模型对所得应力-应变曲线进行拟合,得到相应单调荷载下材料本构参数;采用Ramberg-Osgood本构模型对循环骨架曲线进行拟合,得到材料循环强化参数;利用Chaboche塑性本构模型,标定了两种材料的循环本构参数。结果表明:在单调拉伸荷载下,G-R-O本构模型更适用于拟合不锈钢材料的单调拉伸本构;在循环荷载下,不锈钢材料滞回曲线饱满,且随着应变增大,两种材料在加载后期均表现出了明显的循环强化现象;Ramberg-Osgood本构模型对骨架曲线拟合较好,有限元计算结果和试验滞回曲线吻合度高;表明该文标定出的强化参数、循环本构参数可用于结构体系地震响应分析之中,为准确分析不锈钢结构在地震作用下的受力性能提供参考。     

聚乙烯拉伸应变速率的本构方程改进及运用

目的 对等密度、恒温条件下聚乙烯（PE）在不同应变率下的力学性能进行研究,改进原有本构方程的应变率项。方法 使用万能材料试验机,测量不同拉伸速率下PE的应力-应变曲线,并研究随着应变速率的增加,最大拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的变化趋势;基于Sherwood-Frost本构模型,对经典的热激活机制Seeger模型添加幂函数项,实现应变率与应变的耦合;基于最小二乘法,采用Matlab软件拟合本构模型参数,并将本构方程拟合结果与300,400,500 mm/min速率下的试验数据进行对比。结果 改进后的本构模型拟合数据与试验结果具有更高的吻合度,最大误差为8.12%,出现在300 mm/min的速度条件下。结论 随着拉伸速率的增加,PE材料的最大拉伸强度逐渐增加,断裂伸长率逐渐降低;改进应变率项后,本构模型具有更高的拟合精度,能够为有限元分析提供准确的材料参数。     

土坯砌体单轴受压本构模型研究

通过土体材料的土工试验及泥浆立方体、土坯和土坯砌体单轴抗压试验,分析了土体材料的工程性质和单轴受压下土坯砌体的应力-应变关系。建立了泥浆立方体、土坯和土坯砌体的弹性模量与其抗压强度之间的关系方程,提出了土坯砌体抗压强度的简化计算公式。基于Weibull分布的损伤统计强度理论,利用应力-应变曲线峰值点的特征,建立了损伤修正统计本构模型,并与试验数据进行了比较,验证了损伤修正统计本构模型。研究表明:土坯砌体损伤统计本构模型,在峰值应力前期,损伤修正统计本构模型与试验数据吻合很好;在峰值应力后期,由损伤修正统计本构模型计算的应力值比土坯砌体试验应力值偏小。研究结果可为土坯砌体墙的抗震性能研究提供理论参考。     

二维编织C/SiC复合材料非线性损伤本构模型与应用

基于二维编织C/SiC复合材料的基本力学性能试验, 建立了该材料的宏观正交各向异性非线性损伤本构模型。模型中以可检测的应变作为变量, 采用形式简单的函数分别描述了单轴拉伸和剪切加载下的材料损伤演变下的应力-应变关系, 以及卸载状态的刚度变化规律。同时, 考虑了材料的单边效应以及拉压应力状态转换时的损伤钝化行为。将此本构模型编写成UMAT子程序并引入ABAQUS有限元软件, 可以完整描述该材料的加载非线性和卸载线性的应力-应变关系特征, 及其加卸载历史。通过对带孔板的拉伸模拟, 孔边应变分布与试验结果吻合较好, 验证了本构模型的有效性。     

780 MPa级CSP短流程双相钢动态性能本构模型

目的研究780 MPa级的短流程双相钢动态本构关系,建立能够准确描述材料的应变率敏感特性的本构模型。方法利用Zwick动态拉伸试验机和高速摄像应变测量系统,对该材料进行不同应变速率的拉伸试验,速率分别为0.001,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,500 s~(-1)。结果该材料具有明显的应变率效应,即强度随着应变率的升高而增加。基于Johnson-Cook、Zerilli-Armstrong和Khan-Huang模型对试验结果进行拟合,拟合优度分别为0.9736,0.9765,0.8926,对Khan-Huang模型进行修正后的拟合优度为0.9827。结论 JC和ZA模型可以直接准确表征材料本构关系,而KH模型需要修正后才能准确描述材料在高应变率下的本构关系。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from