Fisheries ecololgy and management of the Jaraqui (Semaprochilodus Taeniurus,S. Insignis) in central Amazonia

The decline of heavily exploited stocks of large, high quality, food fishes in central Amazonia has led to increasing fishing pressure on smaller taxa, especially the jaraqui (Semiprochilodus spp.). The Prochilodontids, now the most important species to the fisheries, are seined by commercial fishermen during three distinct peridos. At the beginning of the annual floods, schools of mature jaraquis in poor-water tributaries migrate downstream to spawn in the nutrient rich white-water rivers. During these rapid spawning runs, fishing effort is concentrated in the lowermost reaches of the tributaries. After spawning, they return in small groups to feed intensively in the flooded forest of the same tributaries from which they had migrated. This period, of approximately three months, may be considered as a natural closed season to the fisheries. The dispersal migration is most complex and requires distinct fishing strategies. In the middle of the floods large schools of fat jaraqui descend from the tributaries to the white-water rivers again. From there, they move upstream to different poor-water tributaries. As downstream movements are more diffcult to observe, fishermen remain at fixed fishing grounds. This contrasts with the dynamic strategies of the subsequent upstream fishing period which contributes 60 per cent of the annual catches. Fluctuations in catch are shown to reflect year to year variations in abundance, which are linked to the hydrological cycle. Considering that fishing over the stocks of jaraqui has already more than compensated for the deficit in catch of larger species, a combination of increased effort and environmental problems could lead, in a short period to a depletion of one of the most profitable fisheries of central Amazonia. Regulation of the fisheries could benefit from a more reasonable distribution of effort among other migratory illiophagous species which remain unexploited, if the goal of sustainable yield and conservation of these stocks is to be achieved. Reserved waters in large strategic units of at least 300 km along white-water rivers (which is equivalent to the maximum upstream displacement of jaraqui during their dispersal migrations) could also be useful to compensate for the loss of floodplain areas due to deforestaion, river regulation, use of pesticides, and mining. River impoundments in tributaries in central Amazonia may have little effect on jaraqui stocks, as spwning movements are unlikely to be directly interrupted by dams. However, alterations of the hydrological regime may also benefit from simulation of the flood cycle to mitigate potential negative impacts.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in δ13C AND δ15N of particulate organic matter in a dam‐controlled subtropical river

Alteration of stream flow by artificial dams has been observed to be a significant factor for river water environmental changes. Therefore, understanding the biogeochemical processes occurring in the dam‐controlled rivers is important for water resource management. In this paper, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures of particulate organic matter (POM) in a dam‐controlled subtropical river, Beijiang River, in south China are reported for their spatial and seasonal distributions. POM affected by reservoirs is lighter in δ¹³C and heavier in δ¹⁵N relative to unaffected POM. In April, POM δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values show less spatial variation in the mainstem, and suggest relatively greater contributions of terrestrial organic matter (OM) to POM. This could be related to the onset of summer monsoon that caused an abrupt increase in terrestrial input to the river by the monsoon‐induced enhancement of rainfall and runoff. In August and December, however, POM isotopic values for the sites affected by the Feilaixia dam reservoir in the middle of the river show marked changes, suggesting aquatic plankton proliferation in the reservoir during the times. Upstream from the reservoirs, POM isotopes are seasonally less varied and suggest mainly terrestrial origin. However, the isotopic signals of aquatic plankton proliferation in the reservoir in August and December is imprinted on the POM isotopic compositions downstream the reservoir, indicating far‐reaching influences of the reservoir on the downstream water environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河下游游荡性河道双岸整治面临的问题

为全面认识黄河下游游荡性河道双岸整治的效果和可能带来的影响,对双岸整治的实施背景和预期效果进行总结,详细分析了双岸整治面临的工程和社会环境等方面的问题。认为当前黄河下游防洪形势虽得到改善,但也面临下游游荡性河道输沙能力不足、下游部分河段河势恶化等问题。指出双岸整治的主要效果在于通过丁坝等工程实施黄河下游双岸整治,塑造窄深河槽,利用窄深河槽很强的泄洪输沙能力并结合小浪底水库的调节运用使得大部分泥沙通过洪水输运,同时依靠整治工程消除横河、斜河等不利河势;双岸整治面临的主要问题有:黄河下游大洪水仍有可能出现,整治工程带来的水位壅高,整治河段挟沙能力提高造成的下泄泥沙对山东窄河道和黄河河口产生影响,以及工程实施带来的土地权属、引黄供水和环境影响等问题。     

黄河流域(片)防洪规划项目综述

新中国成立以来，黄河流域（片）防洪减灾取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就，但黄河是一条流域自然条件复杂，河情特殊的河流，其洪水威胁依然是我国的心腹之患，西北内陆河防洪设施还很薄弱，为指导黄河流域（片）防洪基础设施建设，提高防御洪水的能力，根据水利部“关于组织开展防洪规划编制工作的通知”和《全国防洪规划任务书》的有关要求，黄河水利委员会组织开展了黄河流域（片）防洪规划编制工作。该项目是水利部下达的重大前期工作项目，是人民治黄以来首次开展的全流域及西北内陆河防洪规划，是全国防洪规划的重要组成部分。规划范围包括黄河干支流和西北内陆河重点防洪河段、16座重要城市和116座大中型病险库。主要规划目标是：至2020年，初步建成黄河下游防洪减淤工程体系，其他防洪河段的河防工程达到国家规定的防洪设计标准。与以往规划相比，本次防洪规划涉及范围广，内容丰富，反映了新时期的治水思路，体现了水利部部关于“新资料、新思路、新技术、新方法”的要求。     

湄公河流域洪水特性分析

采用实测水文资料分析了湄公河流域的洪水特性。结果表明:湄公河流域的洪水主要由暴雨形成,干流水文站年最大洪水主要发生在7~10月;由于河流走向、流域形状与季风活动路线基本平行,全流域性洪水出现的几率很小;老挝境内左岸支流和公河、桑河、斯雷博河汇集而成的"3S"河由于地处降雨高值区,多年平均汛期来水量占柬埔寨上丁站的一半以上;我国境内洪水与万象洪水过程同步性几率较大,与上丁站短历时洪水过程同步几率较大,但仍是上丁站长历时洪水过程的重要组成部分。     

大沽河河道整治方案的准三维数值模拟优化

大沽河口在河流长期水沙动力作用下,形成当前特有的河道形态。然而近年来大沽河口下游河道逐渐从河流主导型演变为潮汐主导型,河道形态已不再适应当前水沙动力条件。提出适用于当前水沙动力条件的新方案,并基于所建立的准三维河流动力模型,进一步对河道整治所涉及的不同闸坝位置、堤防形态、橡胶坝宽度、码头断面形态进行模拟,得出最优的河道整治方案。研究结果表明,当河口水沙动力条件变化较大时,可以通过设计适应于新水沙动力条件的全新河道形态,利用准三维模型进行优化,解决河道长期淤积和防洪问题。     

Effects of flow regulation and sediment flushing on instream habitat and benthic invertebrates in a New Zealand river influenced by a volcanic eruption

I sampled five sites above and below a dam in the central North Island of New Zealand on five to six occasions to examine the effects on benthic substrates, periphyton and invertebrate communities of (i) degree of flow regulation and (ii) flushing of sediment stored behind a dam. A series of volcanic eruptions during the course of this study provided the opportunity to investigate the effects of a period of high sediment delivery on this regulated river. The operation of the dam prior to sluicing of stored sediment appeared to have little impact on substrate size distribution or fine suspendable sediment levels. Periphyton biomass was markedly higher below than above the dam when sampling was preceded by a period of stable baseflow, but over all sampling dates biomass and inorganic content of periphyton did not appear to be related to degree of flow regulation. The taxonomic richness, biomass and density of invertebrate communities were lowest directly below, rather than above, the dam on most dates, and the site below the dam differed significantly from some of the downstream sites. However, changes in invertebrate abundance and diversity generally did not follow the expected gradient of flow regulation impacts except for the mayfly Deleatidium. Multiple regression analyses implicated substrate size and the biomass and inorganic content of periphyton as significant predictor variables for invertebrate density, biomass and taxonomic richness on sampling dates not influenced by recent sediment flushes, whereas degree of flow regulation was a significant predictor for densities of the dominant chironomid Cricotopus. The volcanic eruption led to deposition of fine silt that had passed through the dam with the residual flow and coarser sediments released during subsequent dam flushes. Flushing of stored sediment during large floods increased levels of sand and gravel directly below the dam and upstream of a large island in the middle reaches of the river, and also appeared to increase scouring of periphyton and associated invertebrates downstream. Overall, invertebrate communities in the study reach appeared to be structured more by periphyton accrual patterns, changes in substrate composition, the occurrence of large floods and natural longitudinal gradients than degree of flow regulation. These findings suggest that site‐specific and large‐scale factors can obscure generalized reach‐scale patterns expected along regulated rivers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EFFECT OF A MAJOR FLOOD ON BREEDING AND HABITAT OF THE CRIMSON FINCH (NEOCHMIA PHAETON): A RIPARIAN SPECIALIST

Riparian specialists, such as the Crimson Finch (Estrildidae: Neochmia phaeton), are vulnerable to declines in habitat quality, including alterations of flow regime associated with dam construction. Crimson Finches persisted and bred in substantial numbers following two large floods in the Isaac–Connors catchment in early 2008. Major flooding was not detrimental to nesting and breeding success, although the immediate post‐flood period was identified as a bottleneck in the availability of riparian grass seed. Crimson Finches nested at 16 m or more above the normal river level (compared with an average of 2–3 m elsewhere in Northern Australia); indicating that they have adapted to the extreme flood peaks in the Fitzroy River basin. The tall river‐associated grass Chionachne cyathopoda was a key habitat plant, retaining seed well into the dry season when most other grasses are expended. It also provided abundant seeds following floods, coinciding with peaks in abundance of dependent young finches. The adaptations of both Crimson Finches and Chionachne suggest that increased flooding, predicted by climate change, is unlikely to be a problem. In contrast, a proposed dam on the Connors River may be a threat. River regulation that reduces peaks of major floods may favour introduced riparian grasses over flood adapted native grasses such as Chionachne. Any change in the quantity of this species could be detrimental to persistence of Crimson Finches. Environmental managers should carefully consider the ecology of Chionachne when making decisions about river flows. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2016洪水+长江中下游防洪与治河问题再探

基于2016—2019年长江防汛与河道查勘新实践、长江中下游洪水与河势的新变化与新形势,以及以往研究基础与成果,总结提出了2016洪水⁺长江中下游防洪与治河10大新问题,即流域水沙变化、河流情势变化、水文节律改变、河道洲滩演变、干流槽蓄变化、江湖关系影响、水位流量关系、防洪布局调整、河湖治理技术,以及河流管护研究。采用“原因Ⅰ-响应Ⅱ-影响Ⅲ-对策Ⅳ”4级体系,对10大新问题进行了体系分类、关系构建、课题分解与研究探讨,构建了“之字形层次驱动”和“田字形关联影响”2组关系。研究增进了三峡工程对长江中下游洪水与河势影响的辨识,强化了对变化条件下长江中下游防洪与治河问题的“层次化”与“系统化”梳理。     

Growth,Condition and Survival of Three Forage Fish Species Exposed to Two Different Experimental Hydropeaking Regimes in a Regulated River

Hydroelectric dam operation can alter discharge and temperature patterns, impacting fish populations downstream. Previous investigations into the effects of river regulation on fish have focused on a single species within a river, yet different results among studies suggest the potential for species‐specific impacts. Here, we compare the impacts of two different hydropeaking regimes relative to a naturally flowing river on three ecologically important members of the forage fish community: longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and trout‐perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus). Annual growth, estimated from otolith back‐calculations, was higher for each of the species in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river but did not differ between hydropeaking regimes. Condition was assessed using weight–length relationships and differed between rivers for each species, and between hydropeaking regimes for longnose dace and slimy sculpin. Survival of longnose dace and slimy sculpin was lower in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river, but comparable between rivers for trout‐perch. Annual growth was significantly related to mean summer discharge in the regulated river and to mean summer water temperature in the naturally flowing river for each species, and significantly different slopes among species indicate species‐specific responses to discharge and temperature alterations. This study demonstrates different biological responses among fish species within rivers to regulation in general, as well as to specific hydropeaking regimes. Future studies should focus on multiple species and multiple indicators of fish health to more fully characterize the impacts of river regulation on downstream fish communities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of dams in river networks on fish assemblages in non‐impoundment sections of rivers in Michigan and Wisconsin,USA

Regional assessment of cumulative impacts of dams on riverine fish assemblages provides resource managers essential information for dam operation, potential dam removal, river health assessment and overall ecosystem management. Such an assessment is challenging because characteristics of fish assemblages are not only affected by dams, but also influenced by natural variation and human‐induced modification (in addition to dams) in thermal and flow regimes, physicochemical habitats and biological assemblages. This study evaluated the impacts of dams on river fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin using multiple fish assemblage indicators and multiple approaches to distinguish the influences of dams from those of other natural and human‐induced factors. We found that environmental factors that influence fish assemblages in addition to dams should be incorporated when evaluating regional effects of dams on fish assemblages. Without considering such co‐influential factors, the evaluation is inadequate and potentially misleading. The role of dams alone in determining fish assemblages at a regional spatial scale is relatively small (explained less than 20% of variance) compared with the other environmental factors, such as river size, flow and thermal regimes and land uses jointly. However, our results do demonstrate that downstream and upstream dams can substantially modify fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers. After excluding river size and land‐use influences, our results clearly demonstrate that dams have significant impacts on fish biotic‐integrity and habitat‐and‐social‐preference indicators. The influences of the upstream dams, downstream dams, distance to dams, and dam density differ among the fish indicators, which have different implications for maintaining river biotic integrity, protecting biodiversity and managing fisheries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡工程对洞庭湖典型洪水的防洪作用分析

根据三峡工程建成后对荆江和城陵矶地区补偿的调度方式,采用大湖演算模型对1996、1998、1999年洞庭湖区3种不同来水组合的典型洪水进行了分析计算.计算结果表明,三峡工程不同的实时调度方案,其作用相差大,且对于不同的来水组合类型的洪水,不同的调度方式其作用大小不一样,对于历时不长,长江干流洪水与湖南省"四水"恶劣遭遇的湖区洪水,作用较大;对于湖南省"四水"来水为主的典型洪水和长江干流与"四水"长历时复峰恶劣遭遇的湖区洪水其作用较小.     

Rivers need floods: Management lessons learnt from the regulation of the Norwegian salmon river,Suldalslågen

The Norwegian river Suldalslågen, known for its population of large‐sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), has been regulated for hydropower in 1966–1967 and in 1980. The initial regulation increased winter flows and reduced summer flows and major floods. The second regulation, involving abstraction of water to a power station in an adjacent fjord, led to a strong reduction in flow. In addition to implementing different flow regimes, many remedial actions have been taken, often concurrently, making it almost impossible to detect the effect of single measures. In addition, the monitoring data have not always been consistent as regards methods and scope, and also, few data are available for preregulation conditions. This highlights major challenges in the long‐term management of regulated rivers. The absence of major floods after regulation led to increased sedimentation and encouraged carpet mosses. This reduced interstitial spaces, creating a poor habitat for salmon fry and benthic invertebrates. The knowledge gained from the wide‐ranging studies of the different flow regimes have enabled the environmental authorities to devise a final regulation regime from 2012. The final flow regime focused on biological values and functions to sustain the strain of wild, large adult salmon. The catch of wild salmon >7 kg has in fact increased since 2010 and stabilized between 1 and 2 metric tons, although the yield of large salmon prior to 1994 is unknown. In addition, the increase in the catch of large salmon is based on hatchery fish. Hatchery fish have also to a large extent contributed to the increase in the total salmon catch in recent years. Thus, that the catches in Suldalslågen are now at an all‐time high is not due to improved conditions in the river but likely to hatchery fish.     

南盘江流域水文特性分析

南盘江为珠江流域发源的主干流,是我国西南云贵高原地区的一条重要河流,其降水、径流、泥沙、蒸发等水文特性在南方河流中具有一定的典型性。通过对水文特性的分析,揭示其内在规律和相互联系,以提高水文预报能力,更好地为该流域上的天生桥水电站的水库调度和防洪度汛服务。     

怒江干流堰塞坝特征及稳定河床机制

滇西怒江是青藏高原东缘地形急变带内深切河流的典型代表,因崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害在干流形成数百个稳定堰塞坝,有效抑制了河流下切。为探究怒江堰塞坝发育及提升河床稳定性的负反馈机制,通过野外考察和卫星影像,总结了怒江干流沿程和堰塞坝地貌特征,基于地貌水力特性对堰塞坝分类,并量化评估不同类别堰塞坝的稳定性和消能率特征。研究结果表明,怒江干流的堰塞坝分布密度较高,且与单宽水流能量正相关。干流堰塞坝可分为崩塌滑坡(崩滑)堰塞坝与泥石流堰塞坝。崩滑堰塞坝可在特大洪水中保持稳定,泥石流堰塞坝则可在一般性洪水中稳定。两类堰塞坝的消能率接近自然阶梯-深潭结构。崩滑堰塞坝消能率随单宽水流能量增大而提高,而泥石流堰塞坝则因较大的河谷横向空间汛期单宽水流能量增长较慢。干流堰塞坝的稳定性和消能特点均与当地单宽水流能量特点匹配,从而持久高效地消耗水流能量,提升河床整体稳定性。     

FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN NON‐REGULATED AND REGULATED RIVERS FROM PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY IBERIAN SYSTEMS

The effects of river regulation on the hydrological cycle of a river and on the respective fish assemblage may differ according to dam operation purpose and type of river analysed. To assess the spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their response to the hydrological changes caused by two different types of flow regulation, we selected three sampling sites in four rivers with different levels of regulation, two in a permanent river system and another two on a temporary one, which we sampled in four different annual seasons. In the permanent system, hydroelectrical regulation decreased hydrological variability, which affected fluvial specialist species, benefitting the generalist ones, and created a more homogeneous community that presented less intra‐annual variation. In the temporary system, agricultural regulation caused an inversion of the hydrological cycle, maintaining a moderate flow volume throughout the drought period that benefited the introduced, generalist and more tolerant species. Monthly volume was recognized, in a temporal scale, as the most important hydrological feature for assemblages’ structure, predicting the intra‐annual variation of several ecological guilds. This study provides important considerations for dam management and riverine ecosystems conservation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sedimentology of New Fluvial Deposits on the Elwha River,Washington, USA,Formed During Large‐Scale Dam Removal

Removal of two dams 32 m and 64 m high on the Elwha River, Washington, USA, provided the first opportunity to examine river response to a dam removal and controlled sediment influx on such a large scale. Although many recent river‐restoration efforts have included dam removal, large dam removals have been rare enough that their physical and ecological effects remain poorly understood. New sedimentary deposits that formed during this multi‐stage dam removal result from a unique, artificially created imbalance between fluvial sediment supply and transport capacity. River flows during dam removal were essentially natural and included no large floods in the first two years, while draining of the two reservoirs greatly increased the sediment supply available for fluvial transport. The resulting sedimentary deposits exhibited substantial spatial heterogeneity in thickness, stratal‐formation patterns, grain size and organic content. Initial mud deposition in the first year of dam removal filled pore spaces in the pre‐dam‐removal cobble bed, potentially causing ecological disturbance but not aggrading the bed substantially at first. During the second winter of dam removal, thicker and in some cases coarser deposits replaced the early mud deposits. By 18 months into dam removal, channel‐margin and floodplain deposits were commonly >0.5 m thick and, contrary to pre‐dam‐removal predictions that silt and clay would bypass the river system, included average mud content around 20%. Large wood and lenses of smaller organic particles were common in the new deposits, presumably contributing additional carbon and nutrients to the ecosystem downstream of the dam sites. Understanding initial sedimentary response to the Elwha River dam removals will inform subsequent analyses of longer‐term sedimentary, geomorphic and ecosystem changes in this fluvial and coastal system, and will provide important lessons for other river‐restoration efforts where large dam removal is planned or proposed. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

滦河承德河段防洪工程模型试验

采用河工模型试验,研究了滦河承德河段在两岸堤防工程及拦河坝工程修建前后,不同设计洪水的流场变化及河床变形状况。试验结果表明:堤防工程平面布置是合理的,设计的防冲措施可以抵御该处的局部冲刷,拦河坝工程降低了河床冲刷,工程防洪标准可以达到50年一遇。研究成果为该河段防洪工程设计提供了参考依据。     

Assessing Juvenile Native Fish Demographic Responses to a Steady Flow Experiment in a Large Regulated River

The Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, is part of an adaptive management programme which optimizes dam operations to improve various resources in the downstream ecosystem within Grand Canyon. Understanding how populations of federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha respond to these dam operations is a high priority. Here, we test hypotheses concerning temporal variation in juvenile humpback chub apparent survival rates and abundance by comparing estimates between hydropeaking and steady discharge regimes over a 3‐year period (July 2009–July 2012). The most supported model ignored flow type (steady vs hydropeaking) and estimated a declining trend in daily apparent survival rate across years (99.90%, 99.79% and 99.67% for 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively). Corresponding abundance of juvenile humpback chub increased temporally; open population model estimates ranged from 615 to 2802 individuals/km, and closed model estimates ranged from 94 to 1515 individuals/km. These changes in apparent survival and abundance may reflect broader trends, or simply represent inter‐annual variation. Important findings include (i) juvenile humpback chub are currently surviving and recruiting in the mainstem Colorado River with increasing abundance; (ii) apparent survival does not benefit from steady fall discharges from Glen Canyon Dam; and (iii) direct assessment of demographic parameters for juvenile endangered fish are possible and can rapidly inform management actions in regulated rivers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮河流域未来情景描绘

淮河流域位于我国气候过渡带,是"大雨大灾、小雨小灾、无雨旱灾"的洪、涝、旱灾害频繁发生的地区.在分析现有防洪减灾策略存在的不足基础上,提出了以流域为单元的国土综合整治防洪策略,协调人口和经济发展与流域资源、环境、生态承载力之间的关系,提出了蓄滞洪区功能调整和产业结构调整的具体措施,以及新的管理思路,描绘了处于困境的淮河流域和蓄滞洪区发展的未来情景.