Effect of cooking on radiation-induced chemical markers in beef and pork during storage

Raw and cooked beef and pork loins were irradiated at 0 or 5 kGy. The radiation-induced marker compounds, such as hydrocarbons, 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), and sulfur volatiles, were determined after 0 and 6 mo of frozen storage. Two hydrocarbons (8-heptadecene [C(17:1)] and 6,9-heptadecadiene [C(17:2)]) and two 2-ACBs (2-dodecylcyclobutanone [2-DCB] and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone [2-TCB]) were detected only in irradiated raw and cooked meats. Although precooked irradiated meats produced more hydrocarbons and 2-ACBs than the irradiated cooked ones, the amounts of individual hydrocarbons and 2-ACBs, such as 8-heptadecene, 6,9-heptadecadiene, 2-DCB, and 2-TCB, were sufficient enough to detect whether the meat was irradiated or not. Dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were also determined only in irradiated meats but dimethyl trisulfide disappeared after 6 mo of frozen storage under oxygen-permeable packaging conditions. The results indicated that 8-heptadecene, 6,9-heptadecadiene, 2-DCB, 2-TCB, and dimethyl disulfide, even though they were decreased with storage, could be used as marker compounds for the detection of irradiated beef and pork regardless of cooking under the frozen conditions for 6 mo. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Radiation-induced chemical changes such as specific hydrocarbons, 2-ACBs, and sulfur volatiles may be used as potential identification markers by regulatory authorities to confirm irradiation history of frozen stored raw or cooked beef and pork.     

Detection of irradiated food using 2-alkylcyclobutanones as markers: verification of the european committee standardization method EN1785 for the detection of irradiated food containing lipids

2-Alkylcyclobutanones (ACBs) are specific radiolytic products in irradiated lipid-containing food and can be used to detect irradiation of foodstuffs. EN1785, a European Committee Standardization Method, can detect 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (DCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (TCB), which are ACBs, using GC/MS, thereby allowing judgement as to whether foodstuffs have been irradiated. In this study, the performance of EN1785 as a qualitative test in a single laboratory was evaluated and its applicability to beef, pork, chicken and salmon was verified. In the performance evaluation test, lipids extracted from unirradiated food using the Soxhlet extraction method were used as negative samples. Further, negative samples, to which DCB and TCB were added at 0.05 μg/g lipid (equivalent to the amount generated in food when irradiated at 0.5 kGy or more), were used as positive samples. For each food type examined, 4 negative and 16 positive samples were analyzed by EN1785 to verify the method's ability to detect irradiation. All of the negative samples were judged negative and all of the positive samples were judged positive. Thus, the method should be able to detect irradiation in beef, pork chicken and salmon irradiated at 0.5 kGy or higher. Next, to confirm that this is the case, the same types of food examined above, both unirradiated and irradiated at doses of 0.5-4 kGy, were analyzed by the method. All of the unirradiated samples were judged negative and all of the irradiated samples were judged positive. In a laboratory different from the one where the aforementioned evaluation was conducted, a performance evaluation test was carried out. Blind coded samples, including unirradiated and irradiated samples, were then analyzed in the laboratory according to EN178S. Ten samples (2 unirradiated and 8 irradiated samples) were analyzed for each type of food and the verified method was found to be 100% accurate. Even after the irradiated foodstuffs had been frozen for 6-9 months, it was still possible to judge whether the foodstuffs had been irradiated or not using the EN1785 method.     

Effect of electron-beam irradiation before and after cooking on the chemical properties of beef, pork, and chicken

Ground beef, pork, and chicken thigh meats were irradiated at 0 or 5.0kGy before and after cooking and then stored at -40°C in oxygen permeable bags. The pH, lipid oxidation, volatiles, and carbon monoxide production of the meat were determined at 0 and 6months of storage. The pH values of raw meats from different animal species were different (5.36-6.25) and were significantly increased by cooking, irradiation, and storage (p<0.05). Irradiation had no effect on the TBARS values of ground beef and pork, but significantly increased the TBARS of chicken thigh meat. Cooking, whether it was done before or after irradiation, caused significant increase in TBARS and was most significant in chicken and pork. The numbers of volatiles analyzed by GC/MS were higher in irradiated meats than the non-irradiated ones regardless of meat source. Sulfur-containing compounds were newly produced or increased by irradiation, but dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were not detected in the non-irradiated meats regardless of cooking treatment. Irradiation time, whether done before or after cooking, had little effect on the TBARS, volatiles, and carbon monoxide production in the meat.     

CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRON-BEAM IRRADIATED READY-TO-EAT POULTRY MEATS

Sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance of electron‐beam irradiated commercial samples of ready‐to‐eat meats (frankfurters and diced chicken) were evaluated. Samples were removed from their original packaging, repackaged in irradiation‐approved packaging, vacuum‐sealed, irradiated by electron‐beam at 1, 2 and 3 kGy and stored at 4C for up to 32 days. Nonirradiated controls were held under similar conditions. A consumer panel (n = 50) evaluated the effects of irradiation on the samples throughout the expected shelf life of 32 days after irradiation. Overall acceptance, acceptance of flavor, juiciness, tenderness and mouthfeel of the nonirradiated diced chicken and frankfurters were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than most irradiated samples at day 18 and day 32 after irradiation, respectively. Although the quality of the irradiated samples decreased with increasing storage time, consumers perceived that the irradiated frankfurters and diced chicken maintained their acceptability for up to 32 and 18 days, respectively, after irradiation.     

Analysis of radiolytic products of lipid in irradiated dried squids (Todarodes pacificus)

The lipid portion of dried squids (Todarodes pacificus) was extracted, and its hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones were separated using a florisil column. Both compounds were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and used to investigate the production of radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones. Concentrations of the hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones increased linearly with the radiation dosage. The major hydrocarbons in the irradiated dried squids were pentadecane and 1-tetradecene, which originated from palmitic acid. The amount of pentadecane was the highest among the radiation-induced hydrocarbons in the dried squids. The major 2-alkylcyclobutanone in the irradiated dried squids was 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, which was formed from the large amount of palmitic acid. 2-Tetradecylcyclobutanone, which may be produced from stearic acid in sample lipids, was also detected. Radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones were detected at > or = 0.5 kGy. These compounds were not detected in dried squids that were not irradiated. Radiation-induced hydrocarbons can be used as a detection marker for irradiated dried squids; however, the amount of 2-alkylcyclobutanones produced was not enough to be used as a marker. Radiolytic products of lipids, such as hydrocarbons or 2-alkylcyclobutanones. can be used to monitor food safety for consumers, ensuring proper irradiation labeling in foods and quarantine treatment in international trade.     

Analysis of radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones from dried shrimps (Penaeus aztecus)

We investigated the usefulness of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones as markers for irradiated, dried shrimps. A method was developed to detect the irradiation of dried shrimps (Penaeus aztecus) by identifying radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones extracted from dried shrimps, which were separated by Florisil column chromatography and identified by a method using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones are formed from the fatty acids of the irradiated fats. The quantity of the hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones formed from some fatty acids is related to the composition of fatty acids in a sample. The concentrations of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones increased with radiation dose. The major hydrocarbons in the irradiated, dried shrimps were 1-tetradecene and pentadecane from palmitic acid; small amounts of heptadecane and 1-hexadecene from stearic acid; and 8-heptadecene and 1,7-hexadecadiene from oleic acid. 2-(5'-Tetradecenyl)cyclobutanone, one of the 2-alkylcyclobutanones, was present at the highest concentration. The radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones were detected at radiation doses of 0.5 kGy and greater. These compounds were not detected in nonirradiated, dried shrimps.     

不同冻藏条件对鸡胸肉品质特性的影响

为研究不同冻藏条件对鸡胸肉品质特性的影响,本实验以新鲜鸡胸肉为原料,于-16、-26和-36 ℃分别冻藏1、2、3、4、5、6个月,分析比较不同冻藏温度和时间对鸡胸肉的系水力、色泽、蛋白质变性程度、嫩度、脂肪酸败及新鲜度的影响情况。结果表明,随着冻藏温度的升高及冻藏时间的延长,pH呈现先降低后升高的趋势,鸡胸肉的解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力以及b^*值也逐渐增加,L^*值、总蛋白及肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著降低(p<0.05),但对肌浆蛋白的溶解度无显著影响(p<0.05);a^*值则在冻藏前1个月显著增加(p<0.05),但随后逐渐降低,且随着冻藏温度升高而减小(p<0.05)。衡量系水力指标的解冻损失和蒸煮损失结果,衡量色差的L^*、a^*和b^*值以及衡量蛋白变性指标的三大蛋白溶解度和TBARS值与TVB-N值均表明,鸡胸肉在冻藏温度为-36~-26 ℃及冻藏时间为5个月内能有效维持较好的鸡胸肉食用品质。此外,各指标间的相关性分析表明,不同冻藏条件下解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、TVB-N值、TBARS值、a^*值、b^*值、蛋白溶解度与新鲜鸡胸肉呈现显著的差异(p<0.05),而pH、L^*值与新鲜鸡胸肉差异不明显(p>0.05)。本文为快速发展的冷冻禽肉的加工及贮藏环境提供了理论依据。     

Solid phase extraction (SPE) method for detection of irradiated meats

Solid phase extraction (SPE) has been proposed as an alternative to the currently used florisil column chromatography. The hydrocarbons formed from beef, pork and chicken irradiated with 0-10 kGy were determined by the SPE and quantified by GC/MS. The limit of detection for the hydrocarbons in irradiated meats was 0.5 kGy. The correlation between the irradiation dose and the concentrations of hydrocarbons in beef, pork and chicken was high that linear regression coefficients (r²) were 0.87-0.99. SPE method would be used as the rapid detection of irradiated meats.     

QUALITY OF NUGGETS PREPARED FROM FRESH AND SMOKED SPENT LAYER CHICKEN MEAT

Nuggets were prepared from fresh and smoked meats of spent layer chicken of age approximately 18 months, packed in polyethylene bags and stored at -18 ± 2C for 6 months. Thawed nuggets were fried on hot pan coated with refined sunflower oil and product quality was evaluated. Nuggets from smoked chicken had lower (P ± 0.05) moisture and higher fat contents and lower weight loss on frying compared to fresh meat nuggets. Free fatty acid (FFA expressed as percent of oleic acid) increased from 3.6 to 3.9 and 3.2 to 3.7, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values (mg malonaldehyde/kg sample) increased from 0.90 to 1.19 and 0.63 to 0.71 for fresh and smoked meat nuggets, respectively, during frozen storage for 6 months. Shrinkage in product diameter on frying ranged from 4.6 to 5.0%. Warner-Bratzler shear values ranged from 0.89 to 1.28 lbs for all products stored frozen up to 6 months. Sensory quality scores for smoked meat nuggets were significantly (P ± 0.05) higher, except for juiciness (P ≥ 0.05), than for fresh meat nuggets. Smoked chicken meat produced better nugget products compared to fresh meat as indicated by lower FFA and TBA values and better sensory quality attributes. Products packed in polyethylene bags can be stored at -18 ≥ 2C for up to 6 months without marked deterioration in product quality.     

Cholesterol oxidation products in irradiated raw meat with different packaging and storage time

The effect of irradiation and packaging conditions on the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) as well as lipid oxidation products was determined in raw turkey leg, beef, and pork loin meat during 7 days of storage. Ground turkey leg, beef, and pork loin muscles were prepared as patties. The patties were individually packaged either in oxygen-permeable or impermeable bags, irradiated at 0 or 4.5 kGy using a Linear Accelerator, and stored at 4°C. The COPs such as 7-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol were detected in fresh raw meats at 0 day at the level of 10.9 to 49.2 μg/g lipid. After 7 days of storage, other COPs such as epoxides, 20-hyroxycholesterol, and choletanetriol were formed in mainly aerobically packaged and irradiated raw meats. Packaging effect was more crucial on the cholesterol and lipid oxidation than irradiation. In aerobically packaged and irradiated meats, turkey leg muscles had higher COPs value than beef or pork did. COPs and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values had a strongly positive correlation in turkey leg and pork. But, cholesterol oxidation in beef proceeded in irradiated and aerobically stored samples despite of its low level of TBARS value.     

Descriptive Sensory Analysis of Irradiated Frozen or Refrigerated Chicken

The effects of irradiation of refrigerated and frozen chicken on sensory properties were investigated on skinless boneless breasts (white) and leg quarters (dark). Irradiation did not affect appearance of moistness and glossiness of raw chicken (white or dark). Leg quarters irradiated while refrigerated were darker (p 0.05) than controls (nonirradiated chicken). Raw irradiated chicken had higher “fresh chickeny,” bloody, and sweet aromatic aroma intensities compared to nonirradiated samples. Cooked irradiated frozen dark meat had more chicken flavor, and cooked irradiated refrigerated dark meat was more tender than controls. No other sensory attributes of cooked chicken were affected. The state at which chicken had been irradiated (refrigerated or frozen) did not affect sensory properties.     

Lipolytic and proteolytic properties of dry-cured boneless hams ripened in modified atmospheres

We studied proteolytic and lipolytic properties of dry-cured boneless ham (porcine quadriceps femoris) made with chilled (10°C, 48 h) or frozen/thawed meat (frozen at -20°C frozen for 90 days and followed by thawing at 10°C for 48 h) were determined. Dry-cured meats were stored in modified atmosphere packages (100% N(2) and a mixture of 75% N(2)+25% CO(2)) at 15°C with the intention of reducing ripening space. Results showed that dry-cured hams made with frozen/thawed raw meat had more salt, volatile fatty acids and free fatty acid content after salting and smoking. Whereas, samples prepared with chilled meats contained more nitrogenous compounds (water-soluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and free amino acids). Volatile and free fatty acid contents in all samples significantly increased with storage. Acetic acid was the predominant volatile fatty acid. To confirm lipolytic activity in dry-cured ham stored in modified atmospheres, we calculated the lipolytic coefficient. The lipolytic coefficients of all samples were positive values and significantly (P<0.05) increased with storage indicating lipolysis in samples were still active. Furthermore, nitrogenous compounds in dry-cured ham significantly (P<0.05) increased with storage indicating proteolysis in samples were not affected by modified atmosphere storage. Aerobic, anaerobic and lactic acid bacteria counts in dry-cured meats were stable to modified atmospheres storage for 20 weeks at 15°C. Flavor, texture and color score in sensory evaluation for dry-cured ham made with chilled meat were significantly higher than that made with frozen/thawed meat. All samples had high overall acceptance scores in sensory evaluation. Results in this study suggested that dry-cured boneless ham stored in modified atmospheres for 20 weeks at 15°C was another feasibility to ripen the meat without affecting lipolysis, proteolysis, microbiology and sensory quality.     

Effect of frozen storage of minced meats on the quality of sausages prepared from them

Mutton, pork and beef sausages were prepared from minced meats which had been frozen and stored up to 52 weeks at -18°C. There was a significant decrease in texture (W-B shear force) of all the sausages with increased age of the meat. However, concomitantly there were no significant differences in the colour, juiciness or shrinkage (cooking loss) of the sausages. All sausages were organoleptically acceptable even when made from meats stored for 52 weeks at -18°C.     

Detection of radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated perilla seeds

The method consists of the extraction of fat from perilla seeds, separation of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones with florisil column chromatography, and identification of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Concentrations of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones increased with the irradiation dose. The major hydrocarbons in the irradiated perilla seeds were 8-heptadecene and 1,7-hexadecadiene from oleic acid and 6,9-heptadecadiene and 1,7,10-hexadecatriene from linoleic acid. One of the 2-alkylcyclobutanones, 2-(5'-tetradecenyl)cyclobutanone, was found in the highest concentration in the irradiated perilla seeds. Radiation-induced hydrocarbons in the perilla seeds were detected at doses of 0.5 kGy and higher, and radiation-induced 2-alkylcyclobutanones were detected at doses of 1 kGy and higher. These compounds were not detected in nonirradiated perilla seeds.     

Quality and Microbial Population of Cornish Game Hen Carcasses as Affected by Electron Beam Irradiation

ABSTRACT:  We evaluated the chemical and microbiological quality of Cornish game hen carcasses irradiated up to 7 kGy with a 10 MeV linear accelerator (dual beam configuration). Eighty frozen and vacuum packaged (approximately 0.45 kg) Cornish game hens ( Gallus domesticus ) were irradiated and stored in low-density polyethylene bags at 4 ± 1 °C for 21 d; nonirradiated chickens served as controls. Fat oxidation (in terms of malonaldehyde content) increased with storage time and dose for all chicken parts analyzed (breast, thigh, and skin). As expected, the skin had the highest level of fat oxidation while the breast samples had the lowest. Oxidation level in all samples exposed to 2 kGy reached a maximum on day 14. Sensory evaluation showed that irradiation caused significant textural toughening, and increased the redness of raw chicken meat. In terms of overall quality and aroma, lipid oxidation was not a major problem since it was not detected by the panelists. Irradiation significantly reduced the total viable microbial counts (TVC) in the breast and thigh samples. Exposure to 3-kGy dose decreased the TVC by 0.3-log cycles on the surface of the skin. In less than 14 d, the nonirradiated chicken carcasses had counts greater than 6 log CFU/50 cm², while the 2 and 3 kGy irradiated samples reached these numbers only after 21 d of storage. Samples irradiated at 7 kGy had consistently the lowest counts (2.5 log CFU/50 cm²) throughout storage time.This study shows that irradiation up to 7 kGy and refrigerated storage (4 °C) inhibits microbial growth and extends shelf life of Cornish game hens without affecting consumers' acceptability.     

Lipid Peroxidation in Chicken Meat During Chilled Storage as Affected by Antioxidants Combined with Low-Dose Gamma Irradiation

TBA values and carbonyl content for irradiated samples of ground chicken meat were higher than for nonirradiated samples. Addition of antioxidants tocopherol (natural) or BHT (synthetic) resulted in retardation of oxidative rancidity (p<0.05). Meat treated with antioxidants prior to irradiation had lower TBA values as compared to untreated irradiated counterparts. Free fatty acid (FFA) values decreased after irradiation. Addition of antioxidants prior to irradiation showed a synergistic effect in decreasing FFA content. TLC of muscle lipids indicated a reduction in the triacylglcerols content with concomitant increases in FFA of all samples during storage. All irradiated meats were acceptable for consumption up to 4 wk of storage.     

Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on volatile profiles, color and lipid oxidation of irradiated raw chicken meat

Forty-eight, 27-week-old White Leghorn hens were fed a diet containing 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5.0% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 12 weeks. At the end of the 12-week feeding trial, hens were slaughtered, and boneless, skinless breast and leg meats were separated from carcasses. Meats were ground through 9 and 3-mm plates, and patties were prepared. Patties prepared from each dietary treatment were divided into two groups and either vacuum- or aerobic-packaged. Patties were irradiated at 0 or 3.0 kGy using a linear accelerator and stored at 4°C. Samples were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, volatile profiles, color and odor characteristics at 0 and 7 days of storage. Dietary CLA reduced the degree of lipid oxidation in raw chicken meat during storage. The content of hexanal and pentanal in raw chicken meat significantly decreased as dietary CLA level increased. Irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation in meat with aerobic packaging, but irradiation effect was not as significant as that of the packaging. Dietary CLA treatment improved the color stability of chicken patties. Color a*-value of irradiated raw chicken meat was higher than that of the nonirradiated meat. Dietary CLA decreased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acid and increased CLA in chicken muscles, which improved lipid and color stability and reduced volatile production in irradiated and nonirradiated raw chicken meat during storage.     

Fate of unirradiated Salmonella in irradiated mechanically deboned chicken meat.

Mechanically deboned chicken meat was irradiated at 0, 1.25 and 2.50 kGy (Cesium 137) and inoculated with Salmonella dublin ATCC 15480, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 9186 or Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028. Samples were then stored at 5 degrees C and 10 degrees C and were subjected to microbiological analysis directly after irradiation and inoculation (time 0), and after 24, 72, 120, 168 and 216 h of storage. Samples stored at 20 degrees C were examined at time 0 and after 6, 12 and 24 h of storage. Irradiation at 1.25 and 2.50 kGy caused an average reduction in bacterial levels of 2.23 and 3.44 logs, respectively. S. dublin, S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium showed very small, insignificant changes in numbers, during storage of meat for 9 days at 5 degrees C. The final populations of S. dublin and S. typhimurium in samples irradiated before inoculation and stored at 10 degrees C or 20 degrees C were greater than the equivalent populations in samples which had not been irradiated before inoculation. Reduction of indigenous microflora in mechanically deboned chicken meat by irradiation may create better conditions for the growth of salmonellae and may thus increase the risk of salmonellosis when accidental contamination and temperature abuse occur after a radiation treatment. Therefore, irradiated mechanically deboned chicken meat should be properly refrigerated and protected against contamination.     

Reduction and survival of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meats after irradiation

A five-strain Listeria monocytogenes culture was inoculated onto six different types of ready-to-eat (RTE) meats (frankfurters, ham, roast beef, bologna, smoked turkey with lactate, and smoked turkey without lactate). The meats were vacuum packed and stored at 4 degrees C for 24 h prior to irradiation. Populations of L. monocytogenes were recovered by surface plating on nonselective and selective media. The margins of safety studied include 3-log (3D) and 5-log (5D) reduction of pathogenic bacteria to achieve an optimal level of reduction while retaining organoleptic qualities of the meats. A 3-log reduction of L. monocytogenes was obtained at 1.5 kGy when nonselective plating medium was used. The dosages for 3-log reduction were 1.5 kGy for bologna, roast beef, and both types of turkey and 2.0 kGy for frankfurters and ham on the basis of use of selective medium. The D10-values ranged from 0.42 to 0.44 kGy. A 5-log reduction of L. monocytogenes was obtained at 2.5 kGy with nonselective medium. With selective medium, the dosages were 2.5 kGy for bologna, roast beef, and both types of turkey and 3.0 kGy for frankfurters and ham. Survival of L. monocytogenes in the same RTE meat types after irradiation was also studied. Meats were inoculated with 5 log L. monocytogenes per g and irradiated at doses of 2.0 and 4.0 kGy. Recovery of the surviving organisms was observed during storage at temperatures of 4 and 10 degrees C for 12 weeks. Preliminary results showed no growth in meats irradiated at 4.0 kGy. Survivors were observed for irradiated meats at 2.0 kGy stored at 10 degrees C after the second week. No growth was observed in samples irradiated at 2.0 kGy stored at 4 degrees C until the fifth week.     

不同贮藏条件下鸡肉肌苷酸含量的变化规律

为了探讨肌苷酸在冷藏和冷冻期间产生和降解规律,以70日龄黄羽肉鸡为实验材料,连续7 d测量4 ℃冷藏期间胸肌IMP、HxR、Hx、ADP、AMP和IMPc含量以及-20 ℃不同冷冻时间鸡肉IMP及其代谢物含量。结果显示:冷藏第2 d和第5 d IMP含量有显著降解,分别为屠宰后4 h的66%和45%。Hx含量在第2 d和第5 d极显著增加,分别为屠宰后4 h的2.6倍和4.6倍。HxR含量第4 d达到最大值,之后快速下降。IMPc含量从第5 d开始降解趋势明显。冷冻1周内IMP、Hx和HxR含量变化均不大。IMP含量冷冻1个月、210 d和540 d后分别为屠宰后4 h的65%、41%和6%,冷冻1个月到4个月之间变化不大。Hx和HxR含量分别在冷冻30 d和300 d时最高。IMPc含量冷冻210 d和540 d时下降极显著,分别为屠宰后4 h的84%和42%。因此,建议鸡肉4 ℃冷藏保存时货架期4 d为宜;-20 ℃冷冻保存时1周最宜,鸡肉冷冻保存时间最好不超过4个月。