The first Chicago area transportation study projections and plans for metropolitan Chicago in retrospect

This paper is an evaluation of the first Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) projections and plans for metropolitan Chicago. The CATS work was completed during 1956 to 1962, and the projection year was 1980. The CATS forecasts of population and employment were much too high, but it turned out that the travel demand forecasts were reasonably accurate because offsetting prediction errors were made. Partly because vehicle ownership was underpredicted, CATS did not fully anticipate the increase in per capita travel demand. The CATS transportation plan derived from the predictions included an elaborate highway plan, but no part of this plan has been built as of 1987. A more modest, but still rather extensive, mass transit plan was proposed. This plan was essentially implemented. Construction of the final part of the (revised) mass transit plan is now underway. The mass transit plan had the support of the City of Chicago municipal government and funding from the US federal government. The highway plan had neither.     

Inventing Grand Paris: metropolitan planning history and its valorization

Planning of the Paris Region has a long history that began a century ago in conjunction with the global development of metropolitan planning policies. In 2013, a group of scholars working on the planning history of the Paris Region launched a series of four two-day annual international conferences entitled ‘Inventer le Grand Paris/Inventing Grand Paris’, which were held each December from 2013 to 2016. These conferences sought to expand the knowledge about the planning history of the Paris Region as well as to develop international comparative studies. This initiative was a reaction to the lack of historical depth in the discourse of the main actors of the Grand Paris planning process. It also sought to assemble for the first time and complete the historical research on the overall planning of the greater region, connecting it with research on other metropolitan planning histories. Beyond the conferences, a new website opened in June 2017 giving access to the proceedings but also providing a platform for sharing new historical material and research on this subject.     

On being unreasonable: Progressive planning in Sheffield and Chicago

This paper gives an account of ‘left’ and ‘progressive’ economic development politics and policy in Sheffield and Chicago in the early 1980s. The origins of these policies in activist work and grassroots organizing, and the leadership of John Benington and David Blunkett in Sheffield and of Robert Mier and Harold Washington in Chicago are characterized and briefly compared.     

都市圈发展阶段及其规划重点探讨

1　不同阶段的都市圈规划目标及重点当前的都市圈规划区别于传统的区域规划、城镇体系规划和概念性规划 ,应当说属于一种非标准层次的规划。都市圈规划的主要内容是从更大的空间范围协调行政区之间、城市之间和城乡之间的发展 ,协调城乡建设与人口分布、资源开发、环境整治和基     

都市圈规划的实践与思考

20 0 2年 5月 ,江苏省人民政府批准了由江苏省建设厅、省城市规划设计研究院主编的《苏锡常都市圈规划》 ,使《苏锡常都市圈规划》成为国内第一部经政府批准实施的都市圈空间规划。 2 0 0 2年 1 2月 ,江苏省政府批准了《南京都市圈规划》和《徐州都市圈规划》。制定和实施都市圈规划 ,已经成为江苏省深化和实施全省城镇体系规划、协调和引导区域发展的一个重要途径。在规划编制初期 ,鉴于国内尚无同类规划的成熟范例 ,主编单位经历了一个关于都市圈规划的探索与实践的过程。笔者在参与苏锡常、南京、徐州都市圈规划工作的基础上 ,对都市圈规…     

Geography and public finance: planning for fiscal equity in a metropolitan region

The provision of public services is a major function of local governments. The capability of local jurisdictions to fulfil this role depends upon the relationship between fiscal capacity and expenditure needs. The extent of the capacity–needs gap varies between jurisdictions in response to a host of economic, social and political factors. Such differences can lead to major socio–spatial disparities in levels of public service provision and in the quality of life for residents of different jurisdictions. These variations are particularly acute within metropolitan regions of advanced capitalist societies in which there is a geographical mismatch between increasingly extensive functional urban regions and politically constrained urban administrative units. This research examines the geography of public finance at the metropolitan level with particular reference to the Glasgow metropolitan region of west central Scotland, identifies major spatial variations in fiscal health among metropolitan local authorities, and evaluates possible strategies to promote fiscal equity. It is concluded that achieving fiscal equity in metropolitan regions will require a new form of fiscal politics informed by the existing fiscal geography but propelled by the goals of territorial and social justice.     

都市圈区域性基础设施规划研究

1　都市圈区域性基础设施普遍问题都市圈区域性基础设施是指影响都市圈城镇空间结构的、符合可持续发展要求的、需要跨行政界限、跨部门进行协调的基础设施。对三个都市圈区域性基础设施现状存在问题进行归纳总结 ,主要存在以下几个普遍性问题。1 1　区域性基础设施建设与城镇     

The need for new directions in metropolitan strategic planning

In the face of a continuing 'fiscal crisis of the state' this article addresses how land taxation might be reformed to better fund the demands on urban management. Our premise is that land tax initiatives offer governments a means for increasing the funds available for urban management without significantly compromising the assumed political boundaries of public fiscal restraint. The specific focus in the article is on the bridge provided by land taxation in the form of 'betterment' or the interchangeable notion of 'value capture'. The article recommends a new form of betterment tax that would operate alongside existing or future charges for infrastructure levied by local government. Importantly, the tax would be applied to value increments across the city, and not just in fringe areas which have been the traditional targets of betterment levies.     

Alienation of social control: The Chicago sociologists and the origins of urban planning

This essay explores the origins of modern urban planning in a series of exchanges between city planners and urban sociologists in the 1920s and early 1930s. It was at the 1925 meeting of the American Sociological Society on “The City”, which the pioneer urban sociologist Robert E. Park and his colleagues from the University of Chicago organized, and planners from the Russell Sage Foundation's Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs attended, that this exchange began. There the sociologists articulated a theory of urban life which helped planners unravel the social implications of physical planning. This sociological theory had both shaped and been shaped by an on‐going series of practical reforms in which Park and his students had been involved. At the core of their theory was a fascination with social control (the means by which groups regulated the behaviour of their members) and a reform strategy which is best described as the alienation of social control. Park and his students explored new forms of social control as the means to eliminate those wasteful aspects of metropolitan life which were out of step with the urban‐industrial order. Following the 1925 meeting planners and sociologists began to develop a strategy and a policy of urban planning, a strategy for rationalizing not only the physical and economic structure of the metropolis but its social order as well.     

浅析市政建设中的都市区规划

深入研究了都市区规划的战略特征,论述了都市区规划的模式理论、都市区空间发展的动力理论、都市区规划空间管制协调和组织运作理论等,表明了都市区规划在市政建设中的战略重要性,为深化市政建设理论提供了重要的理论参考,具有较强的应用价值。     

都市圈空间规划模式研究

1　都市圈空间规划特征1 1　空间上的跨区域性都市圈空间规划是一种结构性的规划 ,强调规划范围的跨区域性是其主要特点 :(1 )它是一种城市功能区域 ,其研究的空间地域范围是跨市域的 ,甚至跨省域的 ,是从经济相互影响、相互作用的角度来进行空间组织。(2 )空间范围随着中心城市功能强弱的变化而消长 ;(3)都市圈规划强调淡化行政区划 ,逐步改变传统的按行政区域进行规划的模式 ,从大区域尺度和功能区的角度来考虑城镇空间组织和资源有效配置 ,特别是协调城市交界处的空间关系。1 2　以一个或多个大都市为核心都市圈空间规划是以一个或几个…     

构筑太原一小时都市圈的规划思考

阐述了太原1 h都市圈的概念,提出了构筑太原1 h都市圈的重要意义,并从区内城市的职能等级分工、产业分工、生态共建、空间拓展方向等方面探讨了构筑太原1 h都市圈应考虑的问题,为建设太原1 h都市圈提供了基本的思路。     

苏锡常都市圈的管治协调规划

1　苏锡常都市圈管治协调规划的理念苏锡常都市圈规划结合苏锡常实情 ,将我国传统的“空间管制”根据与西方“管治”理念有机地结合起来 ,与以控制和命令手段为主的“管制”不同 ,转向更加强调沟通和协调 ,实现区域经济一体化 ,提高都市圈的整体竞争力 ,协调、解决都市圈内部矛     

Paterson's curse: the attempt to revive metropolitan planning in Melbourne: a response to Paul Mees

I have asked for this opportunity to respond to the Practice Review article by Dr Mees in the September 2003 edition of Urban Policy and Research, as the article contains a number of errors of fact. These are addressed below: Thwaites... was personally committed to planning, but had limited time (one afternoon a week in fact) for the job, due to the much heavier workload in the health portfolio. He addressed this by appointing Professor Lyndsay Neilson Secretary of the Department of Infrastructure... Minister Thwaites did spend an afternoon each week clearing and signing statutory documents and key correspondence, but this was a very small part of his work as Minister for Planning. Both Minister Thwaites and Minister Delahunty, the present Minister for Planning, committed significant time to the development of Melbourne 2030, as did Minister Batchelor with respect to the transport aspects of the Strategy.     

Paterson's curse: the attempt to revive metropolitan planning in Melbourne: a response to Paul Mees

I have asked for this opportunity to respond to the Practice Review article by Dr Mees in the September 2003 edition of Urban Policy and Research, as the article contains a number of errors of fact. These are addressed below:

Thwaites ... was personally committed to planning, but had limited time (one afternoon a week in fact) for the job, due to the much heavier workload in the health portfolio. He addressed this by appointing Professor Lyndsay Neilson Secretary of the Department of Infrastructure ...

Minister Thwaites did spend an afternoon each week clearing and signing statutory documents and key correspondence, but this was a very small part of his work as Minister for Planning. Both Minister Thwaites and Minister Delahunty, the present Minister for Planning, committed significant time to the development of Melbourne 2030, as did Minister Batchelor with respect to the transport aspects of the Strategy.