掺铅CsI晶体中Pb^2＋聚集体的发光

退火处理后的CsI：Pb晶体在10－30K温度范围内观察到两类发光：当激发波长为410nm,主要发光带在464nm附近;而当激发波长为360nm或300nm,主发射带为422nm。这两种发光带的相对强度与退火时间的长短密切相关。讨论了CsI：Pb晶体中不同的Pb^2 基聚集相的形成机制和发光机理。     

掺铅CsI晶体中Pb~(2+)聚集体的发光(英文)

退火处理后的 CsI:Pb晶体在 10～ 30K温度范围内观察到两类发光 :当激发波长为 410nm, 主要发光带在 464nm附近 ;而当激发波长为 360nm或 300nm,主发射带为 422nm。这两种发光带 的相对强度与退火时间的长短密切相关。讨论了 CsI:Pb晶体中不同的 Pb2＋基聚集相的形成机制 和发光机理。     

碘化铯晶体中Ph2+基聚集相的发光性质

掺铅的碘化铯（Ｐｂ：ＣｓＩ）晶体在４００℃空气中进行热处理可以在晶体中诱导产生发光中心,这些发光中心的激发谱与Ｃｓ－Ｐｂ－Ｉ体系中一系列化合物的激子吸收谱相吻合。     

纯CsI晶体发光特性

测量了用Stockbager方法生长的纯CsI晶体的光学透射、X射线激发的发射谱、能谱特性和衰减时间特性．该晶体有二个闪烁分量,峰值位于310nm的发光分量是快分量（＜40ns）,450um处的发光分量是慢分量（～2．4μs）．慢分量的发光强度不稳定,并受晶体中缺陷I-空位的影响较大．文中还给出快、慢发光强度比值91．8％．     

长石共生方钠石的结构表征与发光性质

对长石共生方钠石荧光矿物材料进行了结构表征及发光特性研究。XRD分析显示,样品中的主要矿相为方钠石,次要矿相为长石。XRD和TG-DTA-DSC分析结果显示,当矿物的退火温度超过1 000℃时晶型开始变化,而温度达到1 300℃时转化成非晶玻璃态。样品经过煅烧后,总质量损失率为3.2%,其中以结构水的损失量最大,损失率为2.5%。在256 nm和380 nm紫外光激发下样品分别发射了主峰位于735 nm的玫红色荧光和620 nm的橘黄色荧光,两发射光分别来源于样品中的Fe3+(4T1→6A1)和S2-发光中心。随着退火温度的提高,玫红色荧光强度逐渐减弱,橘黄色荧光强度先增大后减弱,最佳退火温度为900℃。     

退火对提拉法生长Lu2Si2O7∶Ce晶体闪烁性能的影响

Lu₂Si₂O₇∶Ce (LPS∶Ce)表现出较高的光输出, 平均值约26000photons/MeV (简写为ph/MeV), 但通过提拉法获得的晶体发光效率很低. 实验对LPS∶Ce晶体进行了不同气氛下的退火, 研究退火条件对LPS∶Ce的发光效率等闪烁性能的影响. 发现在Ar气氛下退火对LPS∶Ce发光效率的提高没有作用, 在空气气氛下退火后可显著提高LPS∶Ce的发光效率. 通过不同退火工艺的比较, 确定了提高LPS∶Ce发光效率的最佳退火制度：空气气氛下, 退火温度1400℃, 退火时间根据样品的大小决定, 样品越大, 需要的退火时间越长. 同时讨论了退火过程中, LPS∶Ce吸收谱和UV-ray激发发射谱的变化趋势.     

退火对提拉法生长Lu2Si2O7:Ce晶体闪烁性能的影响

Lu2Si2O7:Ce (LPS:Ce)表现出较高的光输出,平均值约26000photons/MeV (简写为ph/MeV),但通过提拉法获得的晶体发光效率很低. 实验对LPS:Ce晶体进行了不同气氛下的退火,研究退火条件对LPS:Ce的发光效率等闪烁性能的影响. 发现在Ar气氛下退火对LPS:Ce发光效率的提高没有作用,在空气气氛下退火后可显著提高LPS:Ce的发光效率. 通过不同退火工艺的比较,确定了提高LPS:Ce发光效率的最佳退火制度:空气气氛下,退火温度1400℃,退火时间根据样品的大小决定,样品越大,需要的退火时间越长. 同时讨论了退火过程中,LPS:Ce吸收谱和UV-ray激发发射谱的变化趋势.     

双离子束溅射法制备SiOxNy薄膜的结构与发光

本文采用双离子束溅射沉积法制备了SiOxNy复合薄膜,XRD、TEM测试表明薄膜呈非晶态,FTIR及XPS测试表明薄膜成分由Si、O、N组成,在室温下可观察到样品有400 nm（紫光）、470 nm（蓝光）的光致发光.根据测试分析研究了SiOxNy薄膜的可能的发光机理：470 nm处发光峰为来自于硅基薄膜中中性氧空位缺陷（O3≡Si-Si≡O3）,是由于氧原子配位的二价硅的单态-单态之间的跃迁所致,其发光强度随退火温度的升高而变化,800℃时最大,高于800℃时慢慢减弱;400 nm发光峰的发射与薄膜中的Si、O、N所形成的结构有关,它可能来自于Si、O、N结构所形成的发光中心,该峰位的强度随退火温度的升高而增强.     

退火温度对等离子体增强化学气相沉积方法生长的ZnO薄膜质量的影响

研究ZnO薄膜质量与退火温度的关系,为了获得高质量的晶体薄膜,采用PECVD方法在硅(100)衬底上生长ZnO薄膜,生长温度为120℃,然后分别在氧气环境下退火(600℃～1000℃)1 h.X射线衍射谱和原子力显微镜(AFM)照片结果表明随着退火温度的升高,晶体择优取向明显,晶粒平均尺寸增大,到900℃时,晶粒平均尺寸达到38 nm.光致发光谱的结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,发光峰的半高宽(FWHM)逐渐地变窄,到900℃时,达到92meV,晶体质量得到了明显提高.通过对变温光谱的拟合计算,得到激子束缚能为59 meV,表明紫外发射来自于自由激子辐射复合.     

锌膜氧化制备氧化锌薄膜的紫光发射

通过锌膜在金属锌熔点(419℃)以上温度和50Pa的氧气压力下退火氧化的方法制备ZnO薄膜,研究了退火温度对ZnO薄膜组织结构及发光性能的影响.ZnO薄膜的室温光致发光谱是由发光中心在424nm处的单一紫光组成.随着退火温度的升高,紫光的强度增加,当温度超过600℃时紫光的强度反而降低.在50Pa氧气压力下,紫光的发射归因于电子从价带到锌间隙原子(Zni)缺陷之间的跃迁.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...