兰州高能电子成像实验平台电子束团长度测量研究

为提高高能电子成像的时间和空间分辨率,实验需低能散、低发射度、短脉冲的高品质束流。本文利用相干渡越辐射能谱分析法测量基于热阴极微波电子枪的高能电子成像用直线加速器的电子束团长度。通过用迈克尔逊干涉仪测量太赫兹辐射能谱,利用自相关曲线拟合法得到电子束团长度。实验结果表明,当束流宏脉冲峰值强度约为24 mA,即电荷量约为15 pC时,电子束团均方根长度约为0723 5 ps。另外,用Kramers Kronig(K K)相位分析法可重建一种可能的电子束团纵向分布。电子束团长度测量的研究可优化束流品质,对后续高能电子成像实验有重要的参考意义。     

Gyrotron and its Electron Beam Source: A Review

Microwave occupies a glorious position in the electromagnetic spectrum and in that there are a number of devices in this frequency regime which are capable of high power operations. Among them, gyrotron has proven to be an efficient source for radio frequency (RF) generation at high power level and up to very high frequency. The gyrotron consists of several components like electron beam source, interaction structure, quasi-optical launcher, collector, RF window, magnet system, etc. All the components have their distinct role in the function of the device. Among them, electron beam source also called magnetron injection gun (MIG) is the generator of electron beam and it is very essential that MIG should produce and provide electron beam suitable for the beam-wave interaction at the interaction structure for the effective power growth. The paper presents the introduction of a microwave tube, gyrotron and its components alongwith review of the previous work, the background and the applications. The functions of various components of a gyrotron are discussed with particular highlighting on the electron beam emission from the electron beam source and the beam-wave interaction for power growth in the device. A review on different types of gyrotron electron beam sources is also presented.     

FEL中的束流发射度分析

根据自由电子激光器(FEL)对电子束流品质的要求,对束流发射度以及引起束流发射度变化的因素,诸如加速过程中微波场的突变、能量增加、波导结构的尾场效应和传输过程中的空间电荷效应、粒子密度分布的影响及偏转系统中的尾场效应等等,进行了物理上的分析,对其中某些情况,给出了束流发射度变化量的具体估算。     

电子束真实发射度测量原理

描述了一个新的发射度测量方法.它包括有磁扫描系统,厚窄缝,荧光屏以及CCD图像处理系统.这个方法能够测量出电子束的真实发射度图形.文章设计了磁扫描系统,估计了束流通过磁扫描系统引起的发射度增长,还讨论了为阻挡高能电子穿透,窄缝必须选择的厚度.电子束发射度的测量对于自由电子激光以及其它对束流品质要求较高的加速器装置都是很重要的.     

脉冲高频加速器束流动力学计算

用增补后的Parmela程序模拟了脉冲高频加速器中粒子的三维运动,给出了粒子在各相平面上的发射度大小和图示,同时简述了谐振腔的载束性能,并讨论了螺线管里束流横向发射度的变化。     

Beam dynamics design of an SP-FEL compact THz source

In recent years, people are looking for a new compact THz source with high emission power, one potential choice is to build small accelerator with Smith-Purcell radiation. The main difficulty is how to obtain high quality electron beam. In this paper, the beam dynamics design of a compact THz source is presented. The electron beam is produced by an electron gun and compressed by permanent magnets. The electron gun is similar to the Shanghai EBIT,but permanent magnets are used, instead of the superconducting magnets in Shanghai EBIT. With this design, we can reduce the size and cost of the whole device. Poisson/Pandira was employed to simulate and optimize the magnetic field. Egun was used to simulate the beam trajectories from the electron gun to the collector. Within 2 centimeters around the center of longitudinal magnetic field, the calculation showed that the beam satisfies to our design aim.     

一种全通域网络在同步加速器高频腔体的应用

介绍了一种T型桥全通域网络的频率特性和计算结果。将这种具有频率带通特性的全通域网络运用于同步加速器高频腔体,就形成了一种新型同步加速器无调谐高频腔体。这种新型高频腔体具有比同步加速器常规高频腔体相对优越的性能。     

用于DC-SC光阴极微波电子枪中的Cs2Te光阴极研制

文章介绍DC-SC光阴极微波电子枪中的关键部件——Cs2Te光阴极的研制。采用两种方法制得了高量子效率要求的Cs2Te光阴极，并实验比较了两种制备方法的效果。针对制备中的超高真空、精确控制Cs原子流量和阴极温度等关键问题，设计了用于DC-SC光阴极微波电子枪中的光阴极制备室。     

Transverse phase space reconstruction study in Shanghai soft X-ray FEL facility

Phase space is one of the most important parameters used to describe beam properties. Computer tomography, as a method for reconstructing phase space and measuring beam emittance, has been used in many accelerators over the past few decades. In this paper, we demonstrate a transverse phase space reconstruction study in the Shanghai soft X-ray free electron laser facility. First,we discuss the basic principles of phase space reconstruction and the advantage of reconstructing beam distribution in normalized phase space. Then, the phase space reconstruction results by different computer tomography methods based on the maximum entropy(MENT) algorithm and the filtered back projection algorithm in normalized phase space are presented. The simulation results indicate that,with proper configuration of the phase advance between adjacent screens, the MENT algorithm is feasible and has good efficiency. The beam emittance and Twiss parameters are also calculated using the reconstructed phase space.     

RFQ加速器高频测量软件和分析软件开发

强流RFQ加速器要求严格控制束流损失和束流发射度增长,因此必须准确测量和正确分析RFQ加速器的场分布和模式的场分量,并使它们符合设计要求。LebView是一个广泛应用于自动测量和数据处理的计算机软件平台,介绍了在此平台上开发的RFQ自动测量软件和数据分析软件,同时给出这些软件的一些应用实例。     

Non-equilibrium ignition criterion for magnetized deuterium–tritium fuel

A compact 15.0-MeV, 1.5-kW electron linear accelerator(LINAC) was successfully constructed to provide an electron beam for the first photoneutron source at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai,China. This LINAC consists of five main parts: a thermal cathode grid-controlled electron gun, a pre-buncher, a variable-phase-velocity buncher, a light-speed accelerating structure, and a high-power transportation beamline. A digital feedforward radio frequency compensator is adopted to reduce the energy spread caused by the transient beam loading effect. Furthermore, a real-time electron gun emission feedback algorithm is used to keep the beam stable. After months of efforts, all the beam parameters successfully met the requirements of the facility. In this paper, the beam commissioning process and performance of the LINAC are presented.     

Multi-bunch injection for SSRF storage ring

The multi-bunch injection adopted at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF) increases the injection rate greatly, with much less injection time than that of single bunch injection. It reduces massively the beam failure time during users' operation and prolongs the pulsed injection hardware lifetime. In this paper, the scheme to produce multi bunches for the RF electron gun is described. The filling result and beam orbit stability for top up operation is discussed.     

Analysis of the characteristics of the plasma of an RF driven ion source for a neutral beam injector

A radio frequency(RF)driven ion source is a very important component of a neutral beam injector for large magnetic confinement fusion devices.In order to study the key technology and physics of an RF driven ion source for a neutral beam injector in China,an RF ion source test facility was developed at the Institute of Plasma Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.In this paper,a two-dimensional fluid model is used to simulate the fundamental physical characteristics of RF plasma discharge.Simulation results show the relationship of the characteristics of plasma(such as electron density and electron temperature)and RF power and gas pressure.In order to verify the effectiveness of the model,the characteristics of the plasma are investigated using a Langmuir probe.In this paper,experimental and simulation results are presented,and the possible reasons for the discrepancies between them are given.This paper can help us understand the characteristics of RF plasma discharge,and give a basis for further R&D for an RF ion source.     

Beam-based optimization of SwissFEL low-level RF system

Swiss FEL is a free electron laser(FEL) under commissioning at the Paul Scherrer Institut(PSI) in Switzerland. Digital low-level RF(LLRF) systems are used in Swiss FEL to control more than 30 RF stations with either standing wave cavities(e.g. RF gun) or travelling wave structures working at different frequencies. After conditioned to desired power levels, the RF stations need to be setup for beam operation and the LLRF parameters need to be optimized for maximizing the beam stability. Several beam-based algorithms were developed to facilitate the setup, calibration and optimization of the Swiss FEL RF stations for beam operation. The algorithms were implemented as automation procedures in the framework of Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System(EPICS) and were used in commissioning and daily operation of Swiss FEL. In this paper, the algorithms and the implementation will be introduced together with the test results during the commissioning of SwissFEL.     

上海同步辐射光源工作点稳定性研究

上海同步辐射光源（SSRF）是一台第3代高性能同步辐射装置,已稳定运行超过10年。储存环的线性光学模型稳定是光源稳定运行的基础。工作点反馈系统可实时地校正工作点,并间接地以降维的方式反馈难以在线测量到的线性光学函数。工作点反馈系统在SSRF的稳定运行验证了此方法的可行性,该反馈系统不仅使得工作点稳定度显著提升,也使得束流发射度、注入效率以及束流寿命等重要参数的稳定度得到大幅提升。衍射极限储存环光源是现阶段被广泛研究和建设的新一代同步辐射光源,工作点反馈系统也将发挥更重要的作用。本文分析电子储存环线性光学函数和工作点的稳定性,回顾SSRF工作点反馈系统的实际运行情况,介绍工作点反馈系统在SSRF衍射极限环lattice（SSRF-U）的模拟。工作点反馈在SSRF的实际运行情况和在SSRF-U的模拟结果显示,该系统可将工作点稳定在±0.001范围内,可满足储存环光源稳定运行和线性差耦合共振圆束斑模式对工作点稳定度的需求。     

Advanced topics on RF amplitude and phase detection for low-level RF systems

Low-level radio frequency(LLRF) systems stabilize the electromagnetic field in the RF cavities used for beam acceleration in particle accelerators. Reliable, accurate, and precise detection of RF amplitude and phase is particularly important to achieve high field stability for pulsed accelerators of free-electron lasers(FEL). The digital LLRF systems employ analog-to-digital converters to sample the frequency down-converted RF signal and use digital demodulation algorithms to calculate the RF amplitude and phase. Different sampling strategies and demodulation algorithms have been developed for these purposes and are introduced in this paper. This article focuses on advanced topics concerning RF detection,including accurate RF transient measurement, wideband RF detection, and RF detection with an asynchronous trigger, local oscillator, or clock. The analysis is based on the Swiss FEL measurements, but the algorithms introduced are general for RF signal detection in particle accelerators.     

SHINE腔式BPM系统射频信号调理前端研制

基于低温超导直线加速器的上海硬X射线自由电子激光装置（SHINE）需1个分辨率可达200 nm的束流位置测量系统,以实现电子束与光子束在波荡器中的紧密相互作用和能量交换。现已研制的束流位置测量系统不能完全满足上述要求,为此,基于对关键技术指标的分配,设计研制了一个由C波段腔式探头、低噪声系数的单路下变频至低中频的射频信号调理前端以及专用数字信号束流位置处理器构成的CBPM系统样机。而作为连接腔式探头和数字信号采集电子学之间的桥梁,射频信号调理前端（radio frequency front end, RF前端）的结构和性能也直接决定了CBPM系统的性能。本文从SHINE对CBPM系统的整体需求为出发点,分析了系统对射频信号调理前端的指标分配,提出了一种放大器开关切换型RF前端的方案设计,并成功搭建了1套可模拟束流条件的离线全锁相采样测试平台。此外,在上海软X射线自由电子激光装置（SXFEL）中搭建了测试平台并完成了射频信号调理前端的带束性能评估,束流实验结果表明,在束团电荷量为100 pC、系统动态范围在±100 μm的条件下,采用腔式探头射频信号一分二的评估方法,位置分辨率可达71 nm,优于设计指标需求。     

多能量档电子直线加速器用栅控电子枪电源研究

本文介绍了一种应用于多能量档电子直线加速器栅控电子枪的专用电源。根据栅控电子枪的工作需求,电子枪的阴极处于-50 kV高压上,电源的3路输出,包括灯丝电源、偏压电源和栅控脉冲电源,均通过高压隔离变压器,将信号输送到高压端的灯丝、阴极和栅极上。利用主控计算机精确调节了电子枪发射束流的大小和脉冲宽度,以满足加速器多能量输出的需求。高压端均为无源器件,以降低故障率。此电源结构简单、调节方便、工作稳定,已在多能量档电子直线加速器上连续工作近4 a,运行状态良好。     

Diagnosis and dynamics in a simple low energy medium current electron beam channel

We present a simple experimental setup and an associated method enabling both the non-destructive diagnosis and the calculation of the beam evolution in a low energy medium current electron beam channel, where the space-charge and emittance effects are comparable. The diagnosis makes use of an axially symmetric magnetic lens while a second lens is added to increase the flexibility in the beam processing. The paper emphasizes the three steps involved in the method: the evaluation of the lenses' magnetic field by numerical simulation, the beam diagnosis, and the computation of the beam envelope. The calculation of the magnetic field is based on the finite element method. Subsequently, the beam parameters at the electron source exit – emittance and cross-over radius and position – are found with the modified three gradient method. Finally, the beam dynamics are modeled with the K–V equation adapted for the particular case of axial symmetry. The results obtained in this paper can be used to optimize technological processes, such as welding, hardening, cladding, and surface alloying.     

SSRF直线加速器束流发射度测量

发射度是衡量束流品质的重要参数,随着加速器技术的不断发展,人们对束流品质要求越来越高,特别是对小发射度的测量要求更高的分辨率.本文基于"多次改变聚焦强度法"的发射度测量原理,讨论了上海同步辐射光源装置(SSRF)直线加速器部分测量技术和测量装置,包括薄透镜的合理采用、多点最小二乘法拟合、截面测量靶的选择和测量软件设计等,以提高发射度测量的准确性和可靠性.测量结果的高稳定性与重复性对接下来即将进行的自由电子激光发射度测量有重要的参考意义.