Effect of harmonic distortion in reactive power measurement

The authors present the effect of harmonics on reactive power measurements and offer a new method for calculating active, reactive apparent, and residual power in nonsinusoidal conditions. The method considers common and uncommon harmonic components of voltage and current waveforms. It properly defines all power components at different harmonic frequencies, such as rotating real power, quadrature power, and the residual power (distortion). Each component is calculated correctly at different frequencies to define its physical meaning. A computer algorithm is developed to calculate all the power components for any distorted voltage and current waveforms     

Testing the performance of three-phase induction watthour meters inthe presence of harmonic distortion

Computer-based testing of a three-phase induction watthour meter in the presence of harmonic distortion is reported. Two three-phase harmonic generators produce the distorted current and voltage waveforms. Each waveform consists of prespecified harmonic magnitude and phase. Therefore, balanced or unbalanced conditions can be simulated in the testing. A fiber optic sensor is designed to convert the rotation of the disk of the meter into digital signals to be stored in an IBM PC/AT. A data acquisition system transfers the samples of current and voltage waveforms to compute the power and energy for comparison. Presented are: the computer-based harmonic generator facilities for testing, the testing procedure, and the impact of the different harmonics magnitude and phase angle on the meter's registration error     

Evaluating power system unbalance in the presence of harmonic distortion

This paper presents a new method to evaluate power system unbalance in the presence of harmonic distortion. The balanced, the first unbalanced, and the second unbalanced components are obtained from the original three-phase current and voltage phasors of each harmonic component. The equivalent root-mean-square (RMS) value of three-phase voltage and current is then decomposed into the balanced fundamental, the unbalanced fundamental, the balanced harmonic, and the unbalanced harmonic components. The same decomposition is applied to the apparent power, and the system unbalance can then be evaluated through the proposed system total unbalance distortion factor. The unbalanced fundamental, the balanced harmonic, and the unbalanced harmonic distortion factors are defined. These distortion factors clarify the interleaving between the unbalance and harmonic distortion, and are suitable for unbalance evaluation in the presence of harmonics. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method on the study and characterization of unbalance in power systems.     

数字式真无功电能表测量原理及四象限无功概念

介绍了数字式真无功电能表的测量原理和特点，以及四象限无功的基本概念。     

Background voltage distortion influence on power electric systems in the presence of the Steinmetz circuit

In traction systems, it is usual to connect reactances in delta configuration with single-phase loads to reduce voltage unbalances and avoid electric system operation problems. This set is known as Steinmetz circuit. Parallel and series resonances can occur due to the capacitive reactance of the Steinmetz circuit and affect power quality. In this paper, the series resonance “observed” from the supply system is numerically located. The study of this resonance is important to avoid problems due to background voltage distortion. Experimental measurements are also presented to validate the obtained numerical results.     

Power distortion and reactive power compensation by means of an active filter with predictable relay control

For different types of power consumers, an investigation of the simulation of the compensation quality of power distortion and reactive power by means of an active filter with predictable relay control has been carried out.     

Evaluation of actively clamped resonant link inverter forlow-output harmonic distortion high-power-density power converters

The suitability of a soft-switched actively clamped resonant DC-link (ACRDCL) inverter for low-output harmonic distortion/high-power-density power conversion is evaluated. Modulation and control techniques for achieving low-output harmonic distortion are described. Performance and power density of the ACRDCL inverter are maximized through the optimal design of the clamp circuit, resonant components, and output filter components. The ACRDCL inverter simulation and design are validated experimentally. For the same output kilovoltamperes, efficiency and harmonic performance as the ACRDCL inverter, hard-switched designs are compared. Methods to increase the power density of the ACRDCL are proposed, including the use of recently developed nonpunchthrough insulated gate bipolar transistors     

Linearization: reducing distortion in power amplifiers

This article discusses techniques for the cancellation of distortion (linearization) in power amplifiers. Different methods of linearization are introduced and compared. The linearization of solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs), traveling-wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) and klystron power amplifiers (KPAs) are considered. Although the focus of this article is on power amplifiers, many of the techniques are applicable to other components such as mixers, low-noise amplifiers, and even photonic components, such as lasers and optical modulators     

A new reactive,distortion and non-active power measurement method for nonstationary waveforms using wavelet packet transform

The definitions of power components that are contained in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 [IEEE Std. 1459-2000, Definitions for the measurement of electric quantities under sinusoidal, non-sinusoidal, balanced or unbalanced conditions, 2000] are based on the Fourier transform (FT) which is suitable only for the case of stationary waveforms. However, for nonstationary waveforms, the FT produces large errors. Therefore, the power components based on this transform become inaccurate. A new approach based on the wavelet packet transform (WPT) for defining these power components is developed in this paper. The advantages of using the wavelet transform are that it can accurately represent and measure nonstationary waveforms, providing uniform frequency bands while preserving both time and frequency information. In addition, this paper addresses the problem of choosing the most appropriate mother wavelet for power components measurements. The results of applying both approaches to stationary and nonstationary waveforms show that the currently used definitions according to the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 result in large errors for the case of nonstationary waveforms while the proposed approach (WPT based) gives more accurate results in this situation.     

浅谈电力系统中电压无功功率的控制

电力系统的负荷需要消耗大量的无功功率,而无功功率平衡要满足众多的结点电压,就需要分级分层就地平衡。地区电网的电压无功控制,主要是控制其管辖范围内的各级变电站,使电网的电压合格,并实现无功的就地平衡,降低网损。为此,通过分析变电站电压无功控制的主要设备：有载调压变压器、并联电容器以及并联电抗器,说明变电站电压无功控制的原则、要求、实现方式。     

电力系统无功测量方法综述

无功测量在电力系统中有着重要的地位和作用.本文分正弦和非正弦两种情况,论述了包括移相法,积分法,Hilbert法等在内的几种主流各种无功测量方法,对现有方法的精度和误差进行了分析,探讨了各种方法下的误差应对策略.并简要介绍了各种方法的软硬件实现的可行性.     

浅析无功补偿在电网中的发展趋势

阐述了无功功率在电压稳定和谐波抑制方面的作用,根据宁夏电网无功补偿的实际情况和发展趋势,分析了3种动态无功补偿装置（SVC）的原理,介绍了无功补偿方式的发展趋势和方向。     

Security-constrained reactive power dispatch

A method of solving the preventive security-constrained reactive power VAr dispatch problem is presented. A decomposition-coordination scheme is conceived in order to take advantage of the special structure of the problem. Instead of tearing the network, the problem itself is decomposed into smaller subproblems. Techniques are presented for contingency simulation and for the handling of these contingencies in the optimization process. The computing procedure is given for the step-by-step solution for online implementation. VAr-oriented load flow and optimal power flow methods are described. Numerical testing results are reported     

低压电网无功补偿对功率因数的影响

分析了无功补偿的作用和补偿容量的选择方法,着重论述了低压电网和异步电动机无功补偿容量的配置。结合应用实例,说明采用无功补偿技术,提高低压电网和用电设备的功率因数,已成为节电工作的一项重要措施。     

黑龙江电网无功优化研究

根据黑龙江电网现状,采用梯度法、原对偶内点法、粒子群优化法,编制了潮流计算和无功优化计算软件,并对黑龙江220 kV及以上电网进行了无功优化计算分析,给出了优化措施.计算结果表明,在采取合理优化措施的情况下,可以进一步提高黑龙江电网电压质量并能降低网损,提高电网运行经济性.还针对黑龙江电网的特点,对黑龙江电网开展实时自动电压控制研究进行了展望.     

上海电网无功优化配置研究

无功规划直接关系到电网未来运行的经济性与安全性,针对上海电网市外来电、直流受电功率、高额定功率因数机组的增加等实际情况,对上海电网各级无功的优化配置及未来上海电网典型分区的无功补偿进行了研究,据此,对各电压等级电网需补偿的无功提出了建议.     

电力系统无功功率实时测量方式评析

电力系统无功功率实时测量方式繁多,其中大部分存在原理性误差。本文简要介绍了常见测量方式的原理,分析了在不平衡三相电路中各种测量方式的误差,评价了各自的性能,提出了合理选型的建议。     

雷达功率均衡器非线性失真的测试方法

雷达功率均衡器是一种新型雷达--线性调频等幅雷达接收系统中的重要部件之一,是将解调后的幅值差在100 dB左右的调制信号变为幅值差为26 dB以内的信号处理设备.功率均衡器是利用高通滤波器HP FILTER的过渡带宽来完成功率均衡作用的.     

基于模糊边界无功调节判据的电压无功综合控制

介绍电压无功综合控制的基本原理,为提高控制性能,引入了模糊边界的无功调节判据,在建立数学模型判据的基础上得出了基于模糊边界无功判据的控制策略。通过对九区细分图和模糊边界无功判据的比较,分析基于模糊边界无功判据的控制策略特点,并在实际电压无功控制系统的设计中验证。同时概述系统的基本结构、功能及实现。系统的实际运行表明,基于模糊边界无功判据的控制策略能减少分接头调节和电压波动的次数,与通常的九区图控制相比较,基于模糊边界无功判据的控制策略能提高变压器分接头使用寿命而不降低电压无功的控制效果。     

无功补偿技术对低压电网功率因数的影响

依据用电设备的功率因数,可测算出输电线路的电能损失.通过现场技术改造,可使低于标准要求的功率因数达标,实现节能降耗的目的.分析了影响无功功率因数的因素,根据无功补偿配置的原则,有针对性的提出无功补偿的方法,分析了无功补偿的作用和补偿容量的选择方法,着重论述了低压电网和异步电动机无功补偿容量的配置.结合实际分析说明采用无功补偿技术,提高低压电网和用电设备的功率因数,增加设备容量储备,提高设备效率,减少能量损耗,达到节能降耗的目的.