NBC—合成橡胶奇特的防护剂 (杜邦材料应用介绍之三)

<正> 提起NBC,人们并不十分陌生,因为它在电缆行业已经使用多年。本文主要介绍它用作合成橡胶的防护剂时的一些奇特效能。 NBC的化学名称为二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸镍,世界上好些国家(包括我国)都有生产。NBC也是杜邦公司的商品名称。 NBC不同于其他二硫代氨基甲酸盐,它是SBR(丁苯橡胶)和NBR(丁腈橡胶)很有效的抗臭氧剂,它能增进HYPALON(氯磺化聚乙烯)的耐热性。 NBC与其他防老剂——主要是对苯二胺衍生物——相比,有以下不同之处:     

新型高效复配有机代汞缓蚀剂的研究

本文研制出一种新型的高效复配代汞缓蚀剂XD,通过浸泡产气实验、动电位扫描、交流阻抗测试等方法研究了锌在添加缓蚀剂的40％KOH溶液中的腐蚀行为。实验结果表明,XD减缓了锌在40％KOH溶液中的腐蚀且XD为阴极型代汞缓蚀剂。并用加有XD的40％KOH溶液组装成LR6型无汞碱性锌锰模拟电池,该电池在10Ω下的放电曲线与含汞电池基本一致。     

国外锂硫电池研究进展

锂硫电池是以锂为负极、以单质硫或有机硫化物为正极的一种新型化学电池,具有资源丰富、无毒、环境友好、价格低廉、安全性高等优点。综述了国外锂硫电池的研究进展,指出锂硫电池是被广泛看好的新一代锂电池。     

高性能锂硫电池正极复合材料研究现状

锂硫电池具有理论比容量高（1 675 mA·h/g）、硫资源丰富、环境友好无毒和价格低廉等优点,是下一代二次电池的研究重点。单质硫作为锂硫电池正极材料时,其导电性差、中间产物溶解及放电过程体积膨胀导致的电化学性能衰减,严重制约着锂硫电池的商品化。对单质硫进行复合是目前主要的改性方法和研究热点。综述了吸附型、包覆型和多元复合型等多种硫基正极复合材料的研究现状,分析了复合材料微观结构对其电化学性能的影响,并展望了硫基正极复合材料及锂硫电池的发展前景。     

碱锰电池代汞缓蚀剂的研究

合成了一种壳聚糖衍生物GTCC ,并用红外分析和热重分析方法对产物进行表征。首次用壳聚糖衍生物GTCC作碱锰电池的代汞缓蚀剂。通过析氢实验 ,用电动电位扫描方法研究了锌在碱溶液中的腐蚀行为和GTCC对锌的缓蚀行为。实验结果表明 :GTCC能减缓锌在 40 %KOH溶液中的腐蚀 ,对电池阴极反应过程中的析氢有明显的抑制作用 ,提高了析氢过电位 ,证实GTCC为阴极型缓蚀剂 ,GTCC的缓蚀效果与其加入量有关 ,在实验范围内以 0 .0 5 % (质量百分数 )为最佳     

大功率电池用锌电极代汞缓蚀剂的研究

通过测试锌银蓄电池的析氢量及其电性能,主要研究了三元合金和PbO两种锌负极用代汞缓蚀剂在大功率电池中的实际工作情况.采用动电位极化曲线法研究了使用代汞缓蚀剂的锌负极的自腐蚀电位、析氢过电位.结果表明:所使用的两种代汞缓蚀剂均可有效降低锌负极的析氢量,其中三元合金代汞缓蚀剂的抑氢性能甚至优于HgO.     

钼酸盐在中性溶液中缓蚀作用的研究

用交流阻抗法和极化曲线法研究了钼酸钠在硫酸钠溶液中对 45号碳钢的缓蚀作用规律。研究表明 :碳钢的腐蚀电位随缓蚀剂浓度增加而正移 ;缓蚀剂浓度较低时 ,阻抗谱和极化曲线形状与空白溶液中相似 ,说明此时碳钢的表面膜不稳定 ;当缓蚀剂浓度增至一定值时 ,阻抗谱及阳极极化曲线形状均发生改变 ,阻抗谱退化成单一容抗弧 ,电荷转移电阻增大 ,阳极极化曲线上出现二次化学反应区。缓蚀剂钼酸钠在研究体系中的缓蚀效率随其浓度的增加而升高 ,是一种负催化效应的阳极型缓蚀剂。     

基于多特征指标综合评价的变压器油硫腐蚀程度定量表征方法

近十几年来,由变压器油中的腐蚀性硫导致的变压器故障时有发生,因此研究定量表征变压器油硫腐蚀程度的方法,预防变压器故障的发生具有重要意义。在实验室环境下模拟了含不同腐蚀性硫的变压器油纸绝缘系统的老化过程,研究了腐蚀性硫对铜片、绝缘纸聚合度以及绝缘油介损的影响。研究结果表明:腐蚀性硫不仅会腐蚀铜片,还会在老化过程中加速绝缘纸的降解,增加绝缘油的介损。二苄基二硫对铜片腐蚀严重,硫醇对铜片腐蚀较轻但对绝缘油介损影响更大,因此单纯考虑对铜片的影响来判断变压器油硫腐蚀程度不够准确。在老化实验的基础上,根据变压器运行的相关标准,分别确定了表征变压器油硫腐蚀对铜、绝缘纸以及绝缘油影响的参量的计算方法。再结合德尔菲法确定的权重,建立了一个综合定量表征变压器油硫腐蚀程度的方法。相比于现有的方法,此方法更为全面,对于一些非二苄基二硫造成的硫腐蚀也能正确判别,对于预防硫腐蚀故障的发生具有重要意义。在实际工程中,可采用此方法定期取油测试变压器油硫腐蚀程度,当硫腐蚀程度较高时需引起关注,及时处理避免硫腐蚀导致的变压器故障的发生。     

氧化铅用作锌银贮备电池代汞缓蚀剂

通过电性能、析氢量及干贮存性能等测试,对锌银电池中锌电极的代汞缓蚀剂进行了研究.当以氧化铅(PbO)作为代汞缓蚀剂,且锌粉与PbO的质量比为100∶4时,锌电极的放电性能和析气性能最好.与传统HgO、三元合金代汞缓蚀剂比较发现:PbO虽然在高温搁置下抑制锌电极腐蚀析氢的能力略低于HgO,放电性能和干贮存性能要优于HgO.     

高温气冷堆二回路催化柠檬酸清洗可行性研究

基于对高温气冷堆二回路化学清洗技术风险的分析,本文对高温气冷堆二回路柠檬酸清洗的可行性进行了研究。针对高温气冷堆二回路材质的多样性,进行了缓蚀剂体系的筛选;研究了Fe~(3+)存在对典型材质腐蚀影响,以及阀门密封面临近碳钢的电偶腐蚀情况。研究结果表明:复配型缓蚀剂可有效控制材料的腐蚀速率;低等级钢对Fe~(3+)较为敏感,实际清洗过程中应注意Fe~(3+)的控制;阀门密封面临近碳钢的腐蚀速率满足《化学清洗缓蚀剂应用性能评价指标及试验方法》(DL/T 523—2017)要求。     

超超临界机组化学清洗介质的选择

超超临界机组结构复杂,设备材质种类较多,要保证化学清洗质量,防止设备损坏,对清洗介质的正确选择尤为重要。文章从分子结构、化学反应、作用原理、环境友好等方面着手分析酸、缓蚀剂、清洗助剂的选择,列出了可供选用的清洗介质。     

Recent state-of-the-art of biodegradable scale inhibitors for cooling-water treatment applications (Review)

Scale formation is a challenge worldwide. Recently, scale inhibitors represent the best solution of this problem. The polyaminocarboxylic acids have been the first to be successfully applied in the field, although their efficacy was rather low. The next generation was developed on the grounds of polyphosphonic acids. The main disadvantage of these is associated with low biodegradation level. Polyacrylate-based phosphorous free inhibitors proposed as an alternative to phosphonates all also had low biodegradability. Thus, the main trend of recent R&D is the development of a new generation: environmentally friendly biodegradable scale inhibitors. The recent state of the word and domestic scale inhibitors markets is considered, the main industrial inhibitors manufacturers and marketed substances, as well as the general trends of R&D in the field, are characterized. It is demonstrated that most research is focused on biodegradable polymers and on phosponates with low phosphorus content, as well as on implementation of biodegradable fragments into polyacrylate matrixes for biodegradability enhancement. The problem of research results comparability is indicated along with domestic-made inhibitors quality and the gaps in scale inhibition mechanism. The actuality of fluorescent indicator fragment implementation into the scale inhibitor molecule for the better reagent monitoring in a cooling water system is specially emphasized.     

Safe corrosion inhibitor for treating cooling water on heat power engineering plants

Heat power engineering (HPE) consumes significant volumes of water. There are, therefore, problems associated with corrosion, biological fouling, salt deposits, and sludge formation on functional surfaces of heat power equipment. One of the effective ways to solve these problems is the use of inhibitory protection. The development of new Russian import-substituting environmentally friendly inhibitors is very relevant. This work describes experimental results on the OPC-800 inhibitor (TU 2415-092-00206 457-2013), which was produced at Karpov Chemical Plant and designed to remove mineral deposits, scale, and biological fouling from the surfaces of water-rotation node systems on HPE objects. This reagent is successfully used as an effective corrosion inhibitor in the water recycling systems of Tatarstan petrochemical enterprises. To save fresh make-up water, the circulating system is operated in a no-blow mode, which is characterized by high evaporation and salt content coefficients. It was experimentally found that corrosion rate upon treatment of recycled water with the OPC-800 inhibitor is 0.08–0.10 mm/year. HPE mainly uses inhibitors based on oxyethylidene diphosphonic (OEDPA) and nitrilotrimethylphosphonic (NTMPA) acids. The comparative characteristic of inhibition efficiency for OPC-800 and OEDF-Zn-U2 is given. The results obtained indicate that OPC-800 can be used as an inhibitor for treatment of cooling water in HPE plants. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the features of water rotation of a thermal power plant.     

Use of natural gas,methanol, and ethanol fuel emulsions as environmentally friendly energy carriers for mobile heat power plants

The need for using environmentally friendly energy carriers for mobile heat power plants (HPPs) is grounded. Ecologically friendly sources of energy, such as natural gas as well as renewable methyl and ethyl alcohols, are investigated. In order to develop, determine, and optimize the composition of environmentally friendly energy carriers for an HPP, the latter has been tested when working on diesel fuel (DF), compressed natural gas (CNG), and methanol and ethanol fuel emulsions (MFE, EFE). It has been experimentally established that, for the application of environmentally friendly energy carriers for a 4Ch 11.0/12.5 diesel engine of a mobile fuel and power plant, it is necessary to maintain the following ratio of components when working on CNG: 80% gas and 20% DF primer portion. When working on an alcohol mixture, emulsions of the following composition were used: 25% alcohol (methanol or ethanol), 0.5% detergent-dispersant additive succinimide C-5A, 7% water, and 67.5% DF. When this diesel passed from oil DF to environmentally friendly energy sources, it allowed for the reduction of the content of exhaust gases (EG) (1) when working on CNG with recirculation of exhaust gases (EGR) (recirculation was used to eliminate the increased amount of nitric oxides by using CNG): carbon black by 5.8 times, carbon dioxide by 45.9%, and carbon monoxide by 23.8%; (2) when working on MFE: carbon black by 6.4 times, nitrogen oxides by 29.6%, carbon dioxide by 10.1%, and carbon oxide by 47.6%; (3) when working on EFE: carbon black by 4.8 times; nitrogen oxides by 40.3%, carbon dioxide by 26.6%, and carbon monoxide by 28.6%. The prospects of use of environmentally friendly energy carriers in diesels of mobile HPPs, such as natural gas, ethanol, and methanol, has been determined.     

72.5kV环保型GIS技术现状及发展趋势

SF6的温室效应是CO2的23 900倍,因此在高压电器中减少SF6气体用量,采用环境友好型气体作为绝缘介质已成为未来的发展趋势。随着技术的进步,特别是复合绝缘技术的发展,陆续出现了多种类型的72.5 kV环保型GIS。文中对当前国内外出现的72.5 kV不同类型的环保型GIS进行了分类归纳,并对典型的产品进行了介绍。同时对72.5 kV环保型GIS的关键技术——复合绝缘技术进行了研究和分析,探讨环保产品技术的发展方向与趋势。     

火电厂循环冷却水系统防腐技术试验与应用

针对火力发电厂循环冷却水系统溶解氧腐蚀、冲刷腐蚀及电化学腐蚀进行了分析,通过添加特效缓蚀剂使金属表面形成牢固、均匀、致密的保护膜层,使金属同循环水介质隔离而起到保护。达到了“GB50050—95”标准中铜及铜合金腐蚀速率宜小于0.005m/a的要求,现场应用效果良好。     

Integrated reprocessing of natural gas to obtain hydrogen for power engineering purposes and carbon materials for wide use in industry

We describe a new integrated technology for reprocessing vegetable wastes and natural gas to obtain high-purity solid carbon materials, which can be used as an environmentally friendly fuel and raw material for industrial technologies, and a gaseous fuel with high content of hydrogen.     

道路照明和汽车照明用金属卤化物灯(上)

道路和汽车照明都是低亮度的照明,属于中间视觉的范畴,这时,人眼对于较短波长的光更敏感,故而采用白光好。本文简要介绍道路和汽车照明用的白光金属卤化物灯。实践证明,通过精心研究,开发光效高而且对环境友好的光源是完全可能的。     

聚天冬氨酸和钨酸钠复配对模拟水中黄铜的缓蚀作用研究

采用交流阻抗法和极化曲线法,研究了两种环境友好型水处理药剂聚冬天氨酸和钨酸钠的单一配方以及复配对模拟水中黄铜的缓蚀效果。研究表明:聚冬天氨酸和钨酸钠各自的单一配方对于黄铜均具有一定的缓蚀效果,在缓蚀剂总浓度为20 mg/L时,聚冬天氨酸与钨酸钠配比为6∶1时对黄铜的缓蚀效果最佳,并具有协同效应。极化曲线研究表明PASP和Na2WO4复配对黄铜的缓蚀机理主要为阳极性缓蚀剂。     

Effect of Extrusion Ratio on Microstructure,Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn Biomedical Alloy

Magnesium is a biocompatible and biodegradable metal, which has attracted much interest in biomedical engineering. Cast magnesium alloy shows the low strength and plasticity at ambient temperature. Microstructure, mechanical properties and degradation properties of the extrusion pressed magnesium alloy have been investigated for biomedical application in detail by optical microscopes, mechanical properties testing and corrosion testing. The magnesium alloy ingot were extrude into bar at the different extrusion ratio. Optical microscopy observation has indicated that the grain size of the extruding has been significantly decreased from extrusion rate is 25, which has mainly contributed to the high tensile strength and good elongation. Hot extruding has provided moderate corrosion resistance, which has opened a new window for materials design, especially for biomedical.