高温蠕变裂纹扩展参量Q*(t)及其应用

针对C^*参数的不足，本研究修正Q^*并得到了一个新的蠕变裂纹扩展速率(CCGR)控制参数Q^*(t)。该参数综合了温度、应力场、激活能等影响因素，很好地表征了在不同应力或温度条件下蠕变裂纹扩展的特性。该参数能完整关联整个蠕变裂纹扩展的不同阶段，并从材料蠕变断裂的机制上反映了蠕变裂纹扩展的本质。     

高温合金CT试样裂纹前沿应力分布及第二相影响的模拟计算

利用有限元方法分析了IN718合金CT试样裂纹区域的应力应变分布、裂纹尖端应力强度因子及第二相状态对它的影响，计算结果与实测数据基本一致，表明采用有限元方法研究含裂纹体构件的蠕变行为是一种较好的研究手段。通过计算认为，IN718合金在时效初期虽然有α-Cr相的析出而不至于促进蠕变裂纹扩展，是由于α—Cr于δ相周围γ″贫化区(微塑性区)内析出而处于微塑性区内使得裂纹尖端钝化，不利于裂纹扩展。     

三维蠕变裂纹断裂分析的线弹簧边界元方法

将线弹簧模型与共它一些数值方法相结合，提出了一种的针对三维埋藏蠕变裂纹的计算模型，使分析过程避开了裂纹尖端应力，应变场的直接考虑，同时，边界单元法在不仅大大简化了计算过程，而且使计算结果仍具有相当的精度，本文还结合相应的一些实验数据进行了三维埋藏蠕变裂纹扩展的计算和预报。     

基于C(t)积分及参数Ac的P92钢高温蠕变裂纹扩展研究

对于在高温环境下工作的构件,蠕变裂纹扩展是一种主要的失效机制,而裂纹尖端的拘束水平对蠕变裂纹扩展率有很大的影响。通过数值仿真与相关试验数据对比的方法,对裂纹扩展尖端的应力应变率场表征参量C(t)积分进行了相关研究,并基于参数Ac研究了P92材料裂纹尖端的拘束水平对蠕变裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明,C(t)积分值随裂纹扩展急剧减小,其数值及变化与积分路径到裂纹尖端的距离相关性很强,并且与拘束水平有一定的关系;拘束水平影响蠕变裂纹扩展率,拘束越大,裂纹扩展速率越快;参数Ac可以有效表征裂纹尖端拘束水平,其在寿命预测方面的应用有待进一步研究,同时在含裂纹的高温工作构件寿命评估方面有重大的意义。     

缓冲材料蠕变特性研究

通过对三种常用缓冲材料的蠕变试验，研究缓冲材料的蠕变规律，及密度、静应力对蠕变的影响，推导了蠕变计算的经验公式，提出蠕变对缓冲包装的影响及补偿方法。     

断裂力学在蠕变裂纹扩展中的应用

本文简要介绍研究蠕变裂纹扩展的现状以及两种铁镍基高温合金蠕变裂纹扩展试验的初步结果。试验表明:两种合金在600℃,300小时内存在一个不致产生蠕变开裂的应力强度因子门坎值K(Jcct)试验过程中,试样加载点裂纹张开位移和直流电位随时间的变化以及宏观断口的观察均证实了上述结果。     

用T积分研究硬聚氯乙烯粘塑性裂纹扩展

采用作者建立的硬聚氯乙烯的粘塑性本构模型,以CT试样为研究对象进行粘塑性有限元分析,并在此基础上编程计算T积分,然后再用T积分与实验所得的裂纹扩展速率关联.研究结果显示,描述蠕变延性材料和蠕变脆性材料粘塑性裂纹扩展速率的控制参量是不同的.T积分不适合作为硬聚氯乙烯粘塑性裂纹扩展的控制参量.     

GH33A合金在蠕变-疲劳交互作用下的裂纹扩展特性

通过对 GH33A 合金在蠕变与疲劳复合加载条件下的系列试验,发现拉伸保时使蠕变与疲劳发生了交互作用,加快了疲劳裂纹扩展速率,加速裂纹早期进入失稳扩展,大大降低了疲劳寿命。GH33A 合金具有良好的抗蠕变裂纹扩展能力,但疲劳裂纹扩展阻力较低。由此讨论了拉伸保时对裂纹扩展的影响,并对在蠕变-疲劳交互作用下的裂纹扩展模型作了探讨。     

循环载荷对裂纹扩展和持久寿命的影响

对铁基高温合金ＧＨ２１３２在各种最大试验载荷下的纯蠕变和循环蠕变寿命以及裂纹扩展断裂行征进行分析，结果表明，在裂纹扩展不同时期（σ〈σ０．２和σ〉σ０．２）循环加载对裂纹扩展的影响相反，而对最终持久寿命的影响则取决于这两种相反作用之总的效果。     

镍基高温合金蠕变-疲劳-环境交互作用研究

为了研究在高温下常见的疲劳裂纹扩展速率在低频下显著增加的现象而进行了本研究工作。对两种不同热处理状态的lnconel718合金,在空气和氦_7环境中于650℃进行了蠕变试验和0.01、0.1与1.0Hz三种频率下的疲劳试验。蠕变裂纹扩展速率在空气中比在氦中快50～100倍。在氦中的疲劳试验表明,裂纹扩展速率对频率几乎不敏感;但在空气中的试验表明,在较低频率下,裂纹扩展速率显著增加。这些结果说明,无论在蠕变试验还是在疲劳试验中,空气环境都起了主要的作用。氧扩散到晶界中好象是加速空气中裂纹扩展的原因。过时效热处理降低了裂纹扩展速率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...