Measures of general fuzzy rough sets on a probabilistic space

Fuzzy rough set is a generalization of crisp rough set, which deals with both fuzziness and vagueness in data. The measures of fuzzy rough sets aim to dig its numeral characters in order to analyze data effectively. In this paper we first develop a method to compute the cardinality of fuzzy set on a probabilistic space, and then propose a real number valued function for each approximation operator of the general fuzzy rough sets on a probabilistic space to measure its approximate accuracy. The functions of lower and upper approximation operators are natural generalizations of the belief function and plausibility function in Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence, respectively. By using these functions, accuracy measure, roughness degree, dependency function, entropy and conditional entropy of general fuzzy rough set are proposed, and the relative reduction of fuzzy decision system is also developed by using the dependency function and characterized by the conditional entropy. At last, these measure functions for approximation operators are characterized by axiomatic approaches.     

Fuzzy probabilistic approximation spaces and their information measures

Rough set theory has proven to be an efficient tool for modeling and reasoning with uncertainty information. By introducing probability into fuzzy approximation space, a theory about fuzzy probabilistic approximation spaces is proposed in this paper, which combines three types of uncertainty: probability, fuzziness, and roughness into a rough set model. We introduce Shannon's entropy to measure information quantity implied in a Pawlak's approximation space, and then present a novel representation of Shannon's entropy with a relation matrix. Based on the modified formulas, some generalizations of the entropy are proposed to calculate the information in a fuzzy approximation space and a fuzzy probabilistic approximation space, respectively. As a result, uniform representations of approximation spaces and their information measures are formed with this work.     

The further investigation of covering-based rough sets: Uncertainty characterization, similarity measure and generalized models

The notion of rough sets was originally proposed by Pawlak. In Pawlak’s rough set theory, the equivalence relation or partition plays an important role. However, the equivalence relation or partition is restrictive for many applications because it can only deal with complete information systems. This limits the theory’s application to a certain extent. Therefore covering-based rough sets are derived by replacing the partitions of a universe with its coverings. This paper focuses on the further investigation of covering-based rough sets. Firstly, we discuss the uncertainty of covering in the covering approximation space, and show that it can be characterized by rough entropy and the granulation of covering. Secondly, since it is necessary to measure the similarity between covering rough sets in practical applications such as pattern recognition, image processing and fuzzy reasoning, we present an approach which measures these similarities using a triangular norm. We show that in a covering approximation space, a triangular norm can induce an inclusion degree, and that the similarity measure between covering rough sets can be given according to this triangular norm and inclusion degree. Thirdly, two generalized covering-based rough set models are proposed, and we employ practical examples to illustrate their applications. Finally, relationships between the proposed covering-based rough set models and the existing rough set models are also made.     

The Development of Fuzzy Rough Sets with the Use of Structures and Algebras of Axiomatic Fuzzy Sets

The notion of a rough set was originally proposed by Pawlak underwent a number of extensions and generalizations. Dubois and Prade (1990) introduced fuzzy rough sets which involve the use of rough sets and fuzzy sets within a single framework. Radzikowska and Kerre (2002) proposed a broad family of fuzzy rough sets, referred to as (phi, t)-fuzzy rough sets which are determined by some implication operator (implicator) phi and a certain t-norm. In order to describe the linguistically represented concepts coming from data available in some information system, the concept of fuzzy rough sets are redefined and further studied in the setting of the axiomatic fuzzy set (AFS) theory. Compared with the (phi, t)-fuzzy rough sets, the advantages of AFS fuzzy rough sets are twofold. They can be directly applied to data analysis present in any information system without resorting to the details concerning the choice of the implication phi, t-norm and a similarity relation S. Furthermore such rough approximations of fuzzy concepts come with a well-defined semantics and therefore offer a sound interpretation. Some examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed construct. It is shown that the AFS fuzzy rough sets provide a far higher flexibility and effectiveness in comparison with rough sets and some of their generalizations.     

利用变精度粗糙熵的图像分割算法

图像分割是把图像分成若干个特定的、具有独特性质的区域并提取感兴趣目标的技术和过程,其结果将直接影响到目标物特征提取和描述,以及更进一步的目标物识别、分类和图像理解。因图像信息的复杂性和相关性,图像分割会出现不确定性和模糊性。图像用变精度粗糙集表示,结合粗糙熵和粒子群优化算法,提出变精度粗糙熵的图像分割算法,求出最大粗糙熵对应的最佳分割阈值,再用二值分割法对图像进行分割。实验结果表明,所提算法优于传统的单阈值分割法,且具有一定实用性和灵活性。     

A rank ordered filter for medical image edge enhancement and detection using intuitionistic fuzzy set

This paper gives a novel scheme using intuitionistic fuzzy set theory to enhance the edges of medical images. Medical images contain lots of uncertainties, as they are poorly illuminated and fuzzy/vague in nature. So, direct segmentation techniques will not produce better results. There are lots of researches on edge enhancement starting from non-fuzzy to fuzzy set, but proper enhancement (highlighting important structures) is not obtained. Enhancement of edges helps in recovering the important structures that are not visible properly. Even minute pathological blood vessels/cells are not visible properly and in that case edge enhancement will enhance these blood vessels/cells. Intuitionistic fuzzy set theory is found suitable in medical image processing as it considers more (two) uncertainties as compared to fuzzy set theory. In the processing phase, image is initially converted to intuitionistic fuzzy image and intuitionistic fuzzy entropy is used to obtain the optimum value of the parameter in the membership and non-membership functions. Then it computes the total variation of the pixels with respect to the median value of the image window (rank order filtering). This enhances the borders or the edges of the image. The resulting image is then segmented (edge detected) using standard Canny's edge detector, when simply using Canny's edge detector does not give better result. From the result it is observed that on comparing with non-fuzzy and fuzzy methods, the proposed method gives better information about the images, which is helpful to the pathologists in accurate diagnosing of diseases.     

Rough approximations on a complete completely distributive lattice with applications to generalized rough sets

The generalizations of rough sets considered with respect to similarity relation, covers and fuzzy relations, are main research topics of rough set theory. However, these generalizations have shown less connection among each other and have not been brought into a unified framework, which has limited the in-depth research and application of rough set theory. In this paper the complete completely distributive (CCD) lattice is selected as the mathematical foundation on which definitions of lower and upper approximations that form the basic concepts of rough set theory are proposed. These definitions result from the concept of cover introduced on a CCD lattice and improve the approximations of the existing crisp generalizations of rough sets with respect to similarity relation and covers. When T-similarity relation is considered, the existing fuzzy rough sets are the special cases of our proposed approximations on a CCD lattice. Thus these generalizations of rough sets are brought into a unified framework, and a wider mathematical foundation for rough set theory is established.     

An Improved Method for Edge Detection and Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy Cellular Automata

Image segmentation is one of the most important and challenging problems in image processing. The main purpose of image segmentation is to partition an image into a set of disjoint regions with uniform attributes. In this study, we propose an improved method for edge detection and image segmentation using fuzzy cellular automata. In the first stage, we introduce a new edge detection method based on fuzzy cellular automata, called the texture histogram, and empirically demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method and its robustness in denoising images. In the second stage, we propose an edge detection algorithm by considering the mean values of the edges matrix. In this algorithm, we use four fuzzy rules instead of 32 fuzzy rules reported earlier in the literature. In the third and final stage, we use the local edge in the edge detection stage to more accurately accomplish image segmentation. We demonstrate that the proposed method produces better output images in comparison with the separate segmentation and edge detection methods studied in the literature. In addition, we show that the method proposed in this study is more flexible and efficient when noise is added to an image.     

Generalized fuzzy rough sets determined by a triangular norm

The theory of rough sets has become well established as an approach for uncertainty management in a wide variety of applications. Various fuzzy generalizations of rough approximations have been made over the years. This paper presents a general framework for the study of T-fuzzy rough approximation operators in which both the constructive and axiomatic approaches are used. By using a pair of dual triangular norms in the constructive approach, some definitions of the upper and lower approximation operators of fuzzy sets are proposed and analyzed by means of arbitrary fuzzy relations. The connections between special fuzzy relations and the T-upper and T-lower approximation operators of fuzzy sets are also examined. In the axiomatic approach, an operator-oriented characterization of rough sets is proposed, that is, T-fuzzy approximation operators are defined by axioms. Different axiom sets of T-upper and T-lower fuzzy set-theoretic operators guarantee the existence of different types of fuzzy relations producing the same operators. The independence of axioms characterizing the T-fuzzy rough approximation operators is examined. Then the minimal sets of axioms for the characterization of the T-fuzzy approximation operators are presented. Based on information theory, the entropy of the generalized fuzzy approximation space, which is similar to Shannon’s entropy, is formulated. To measure uncertainty in T-generalized fuzzy rough sets, a notion of fuzziness is introduced. Some basic properties of this measure are examined. For a special triangular norm T = min, it is proved that the measure of fuzziness of the generalized fuzzy rough set is equal to zero if and only if the set is crisp and definable.     

Roughness based on fuzzy ideals

The theory of rough set, proposed by Pawlak and the theory of fuzzy set, proposed by Zadeh are complementary generalizations of classical set theory. Many sets are naturally endowed with two binary operations: addition and multiplication. One concept which does this is a ring. This paper concerns a relationship between rough sets, fuzzy sets and ring theory. It is a continuation of ideas presented by Kuroki and Wang [N. Kuroki, P.P. Wang, The lower and upper approximations in a fuzzy group, Inform. Sci. 90 (1996) 203-220]. We consider a ring as a universal set and we assume that the knowledge about objects is restricted by a fuzzy ideal. In fact, we apply the notion of fuzzy ideal of a ring for definitions of the lower and upper approximations in a ring. Some characterizations of the above approximations are made and some examples are presented.     

Dual concepts in fuzzy theory: Entropy and knowledge measure

Entropy in a fuzzy set measures the amount of ambiguity/imprecision present in the fuzzy set. In this paper, we introduce a knowledge measure of a fuzzy set and its generalization (accuracy measure). The knowledge measure may be considered as a dual measure of fuzzy entropy. We also investigate the effectiveness and application of the proposed knowledge measure in multiple attribute decision making. Furthermore, we provide a result for obtaining a class of knowledge measure. We also prove a general method for obtaining a knowledge measure using accuracy measure. Among some suggested implications of the proposed fuzzy accuracy measure, we demonstrate the application of fuzzy accuracy measure in image thresholding.     

Rough Sets Model Based on Random Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic Operators

As knowledge block in knowledge base is fuzzy and obtained randomly, we propose a random fuzzy rough set model based on random fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic operators. We give some properties of the random fuzzy rough set. We investigate the relationship between fuzzy measures defined by lower approximation and upper approximation of fuzzy set and fuzzy probability measures.     

基于核模糊粗糙集的高光谱波段选择算法

为了减少高光谱波段图像间的冗余,降低运算时间,为后续分类任务提供有效支持,提出了基于核模糊粗糙集的高光谱波段选择算法。高光谱图像相邻波段间相似性较强,为进一步有效地度量波段的重要性,引入核模糊粗糙集理论。考虑波段中类的分布特性,根据波段的下近似集分布定义波段间的相关性,进而结合波段的信息熵定义波段的重要度。采用最大相关性最大重要度的搜索策略对高光谱图像进行波段选择。最后在常用高光谱数据集Indiana Pines农业区上,采用J48及KNN分类器进行测试。与其他高光谱波段选择算法相比,该算法在两个分类器上的总体平均分类精度分别提升了4.5和6.6个百分点。实验结果表明所提算法在处理高光谱波段选择问题时具有一定优势。     

覆盖粗糙直觉Fuzzy集模型的一点注记

通过对一类覆盖粗糙直觉模糊集模型中粗糙度定义的分析,对其所存在疏漏进行了改进;再将粗糙熵的概念引入到该模型,研究直觉模糊集的不确定度量;通过例子说明该度量的有效性。     

基于粗隶属函数的粗糙集模型的推广

通过粗隶属函数,将粗糙集理论与模糊集理论联系起来,建立一种粗糙集理论与模糊集理论间的关系。把粗隶属函数视为论域上的一个特殊模糊集,用它的!-截集和强"-截集的概念,将经典粗糙集模型进行推广,提出基于等价关系的隶属度粗糙集模型,验证一些有用的性质,并证明该模型比Pawlak粗糙集模型具有更好的精度。最后将基于等价关系的隶属度粗糙集模型拓展到基于一般二元关系的广义隶属度粗糙集模型,并给出其相应的性质。     

An expert system based on fuzzy entropy for automatic threshold selection in image processing

In pattern recognition and image processing, the selection of appropriate threshold is a very significant issue. Especially, the selecting gray-level thresholds is a critical issue for many pattern recognition applications. Here, the maximum fuzzy entropy and fuzzy c-partition methods are used for the aim of the gray-level automatic threshold selection method. The fuzzy theory has been successfully applied to many areas, such as image processing, pattern recognition, computer vision, medicine, control, etc. The images have some fuzziness in nature. In this study, expert maximum fuzzy-Sure entropy (EMFSE) method for the maximum fuzzy entropy and fuzzy c-partition processes in automatic threshold selection is proposed. The experimental studies were conducted on many images by testing maximum fuzzy-Sure entropy against maximum fuzzy-Shannon entropy (MFSHE), maximum fuzzy-Havrada and Charvat entropy (MFHCE) methods for selecting optimum 2-level threshold value, respectively. The obtained experimental results show that the used MFSE method is superior to other MFSHE and MFHCE methods on selecting the 2-level threshold value automatically and effectively.     

粗糙集的不确定性度量准则

针对现有粗糙集不确定性度量中有些定义在某种情况下并不合理,给出粗糙集不确定性度量的基本准则,证明除二次模糊度外其它几种不确定性度量都是满足基本准则的不确定性度量。由于满足基本准则的不确定性度量仍然可能存在不足,文中对基本准则中的单调性进行进一步限制,提出不确定性度量的扩展准则,并证明模糊熵和修正模糊度是满足扩展准则的不确定性度量,而粗糙度、粗糙熵和线性模糊度都不满足扩展准则。这些结论为已有的不确定性度量的合理性(或不合理性)提供理论说明,也为设计新的不确定性度量方法提供依据。     

不完备信息系统中基于模糊测度的知识不确定性度量

考虑到不完备信息系统中属性的相似关系和缺失值对系统不确定性的影响,如果仍然利用分块大小来衡量知识的信息量或粗糙性将变得不合理。本文在信息系统中定义了模糊测度系统信息熵、知识粗糙熵和粗集粗糙熵,证明了模糊测度粗糙熵的合理性及其性质,并举例说明如何选择合理的测度计算模糊测度粗糙熵,最后运用到知识的约简,为信息系统的约简提供了一种新的途径。     

Granular computing based on fuzzy similarity relations

Rough sets and fuzzy rough sets serve as important approaches to granular computing, but the granular structure of fuzzy rough sets is not as clear as that of classical rough sets since lower and upper approximations in fuzzy rough sets are defined in terms of membership functions, while lower and upper approximations in classical rough sets are defined in terms of union of some basic granules. This limits further investigation of the existing fuzzy rough sets. To bring to light the innate granular structure of fuzzy rough sets, we develop a theory of granular computing based on fuzzy relations in this paper. We propose the concept of granular fuzzy sets based on fuzzy similarity relations, investigate the properties of the proposed granular fuzzy sets using constructive and axiomatic approaches, and study the relationship between granular fuzzy sets and fuzzy relations. We then use the granular fuzzy sets to describe the granular structures of lower and upper approximations of a fuzzy set within the framework of granular computing. Finally, we characterize the structure of attribute reduction in terms of granular fuzzy sets, and two examples are also employed to illustrate our idea in this paper.     

基于粗糙集理论和FCM的图像聚类方法

提出一种将粗糙集方法与模糊C均值聚类(FCM)算法结合的图像聚类方法。借助于粗糙集理论在处理大数据量、消除冗余信息等方面的优点,减少模糊C均值聚类的训练数据量,克服其因为数据量大而处理速度慢等缺点,同时利用模糊C均值聚类好的聚类性能,对经过约简的最小属性子集进行聚类分析,实现图像聚类的快速、准确、鲁棒等优点。在人脸图像上的聚类实验取得了很好的效果。