Axially compressed cylindrical shells with local settlement

The design of cylindrical metal silos and tanks is often controlled by considerations of buckling under axial compression. Whilst the effects of geometric imperfections on the buckling strength have been extensively explored, few studies have explored the effects of defects in the boundary conditions and the effects of residual stresses have received even less attention.This paper investigates the initiation and development of imperfections caused by local differential settlement at the supported base and their effect on the elastic buckling of a thin cylindrical shell under axial compression. The shells were treated as initially perfect with perfect support, but developing geometric imperfections and residual stresses as a consequence of local displacement at the supported edge and with residual stresses consistent with the induced geometric imperfections.The results raise interesting questions concerning the criteria of failure and appropriate tolerance measurements for constructed cylindrical shells.     

Zentrische Druckversuche an schlanken UHPC‐Stützen

Axial compression tests on slender columns – unreinforced slender columns: a taboo? – Debate on potential and risk Within the project of the Priority Programme (SPP) 1542 ”Concrete light“, which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), unreinforced UHPC columns with square and rectangular cross‐section were tested under axial compression in the subproject ”Cross sectional adaption for rod‐shaped elements in compression“. The results were compared with test series of other researchers. The focus of the study was on the buckling behavior of columns with different conditions of end support. A hinged and a fixed support have been applied for these experiments. In addition to an analysis of the failure process, the results were compared with the Euler buckling load and the normal stress in consideration of second‐order effects. Concluding, advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are presented, compared, and discussed.     

Buckling of cracked cylindrical thin shells under combined internal pressure and axial compression

Linear eigenvalue analysis of cracked cylindrical shells under combined internal pressure and axial compression is carried out to study the effect of crack type, size and orientation on the buckling behavior of cylindrical thin shells. Two types of crack are considered; through crack and thumbnail crack. Our calculations indicate that depending on the crack type, length, orientation and the internal pressure, local buckling may precede the global buckling of the cylindrical shell. The internal pressure, in general, increases the buckling load associated with the global buckling mode of the cylindrical shells. In contrast, the effect of internal pressure on buckling loads associated with the local buckling modes of the cylindrical shell depends mainly on the crack orientation. For cylindrical shells with relatively long axial crack, buckling loads associated with local buckling modes of the cylindrical shell reduce drastically on increasing the shell internal pressure. In contrast, the internal pressure has the stabilizing effect against the local buckling for circumferentially cracked cylindrical shells. A critical crack length for each crack orientation and loading condition is defined as the shortest crack causing the local buckling to precede the global buckling of the cylindrical shell. Some insight into the effect of internal pressure on this critical crack length is provided.     

有多条轴对称焊接凹陷的钢圆柱薄壳在内压力和轴压力共同作用下的强度

钢筒仓中圆柱薄壳承受内压力和轴压力共同作用:在轴压和低内压作用下,壳可发生弹性失稳;在轴压和高内压作用下,壳可发生塑性破坏.内压轴压共同作用下的圆柱薄壳对几何缺陷比较敏感:单条轴对称焊接凹陷可使壳的承载力降低;而多条轴对称凹陷由于相邻凹陷的相互作用,可使壳的强度进一步降低;对于小间距的凹陷,这种相互作用更为明显.本文首次对有多条小间距轴对称凹陷轴压圆柱薄壳的整体结构在不同水平内压作用下的强度进行了有限元分析,并将计算结果与欧洲规范EC3的设计曲线进行比较,对EC3的设计曲线提出了修改意见,从而达到安全设计的目的.     

Elasto-plastic buckling of compression members as a coupled instability

In the paper the author shows that plastic deformations can be considered as a bifurcational instability of the atomic lattice. Thus, the plastic buckling of a compression bar is examined like a coupled instability between the general buckling by flexural and the local buckling by plastic deformations. The modified Hunt-Burgan model is studied and an interaction relationship between the elastic buckling load and the plastic collapse load is determined. Although this relationship is obtained in an elastic field, the form corresponds to the Ayrton-Perry relationship for plastic buckling, used by Maquoi and Rondal for the analytical expressions of the ECCS buckling curves. However, one can see that the general imperfections corresponding to Eulerian buckling and local imperfection due to residual stresses have different effects, in opposition to Maquoi-Randal relationships. A new relationship for the simple plastic buckling and coupled plastic buckling are proposed.     

基于改进一致缺陷模态法的轴压圆柱薄壳极限承载力分析

对结构进行缺陷稳定分析的主要方法是一致缺陷模态法和随机缺陷模态法,一致缺陷模态法对薄壁圆柱壳结构进行非线性分析得到的极限承载力与其实际承载能力有一定差距,随机缺陷模态法则工作量很大。基于圆柱薄壳轴压失稳呈现出多模态屈曲的特点,本文提出改进一致缺陷模态法,通过对圆柱壳分别施加不同屈曲模态找到最不利缺陷分布形式。文中通过有限元法验证了改进一致缺陷模态法的可靠性,同时指出按照某一类高阶屈曲模态施加初始缺陷能得到薄壳的最不利极限承载力。     

Plastic mechanisms database for thin-walled cold-formed steel members in compression and bending

Short members of thin-walled cold-formed (TWCF) steel sections, in compression and bending, fail by forming local plastic mechanisms. Taking into account the localised buckling pattern, the collapse of slender members, due to the interaction between local and overall buckling modes, is always characterised by local plastic mechanism failure mode. Based on these two observations, the ultimate strength in interactive buckling of these members can be regarded as an interaction between localised plastic mode and overall elastic one.The yield line mechanism method has been widely used to predict the sectional strength (e.g. local) of thin-walled cold-formed steel members that involve failure mode characterized by local collapse mechanisms. This method can be also used to study post-collapse behaviour and to evaluate the load-carrying capacity, ductility and energy absorption.This paper is based on previous studies and some latest investigations of authors, as well as the literature collected data. It represents an attempt to make an inventory, classify and range geometrical and analytical models for the local-plastic mechanisms aiming to characterize the ultimate capacity of some of the most used cold-formed steel sections in structural applications.     

高轴压比下复式钢管混凝土柱 钢梁连接节点抗震性能试验

为了研究高轴压比下复式钢管混凝土柱 钢梁连接节点的抗震性能,按照现行规范设计了3个强柱弱梁型复式钢管混凝土外环板节点试件,进行了低周往复加载试验,研究其在高轴压比下的破坏形态、承载能力、变形能力以及耗能能力等。结果表明:增加水平环板的宽度可以有效提高节点的延性;锚固腹板加肋可以增加梁柱连接节点的初始刚度,增强节点的整体性,从而提高节点的承载能力和耗能能力;节点试件的破坏表现为钢梁翼缘首先发生屈服,随着水平荷载加大,试件同时出现梁端塑性铰和柱端塑性铰的破坏形态,锚固腹板加肋和水平环板加宽的试件在加载后期出现明显的柱端压弯破坏,各节点核心区应力较小,基本处于弹性阶段,因此高轴压比下复式钢管混凝土柱 钢梁连接节点可实现强节点要求,但不能满足“强柱弱梁”的抗震设防要求。     

Torsional buckling behaviour of stiffened cylinders under combined loading

In this study cylindrical boundary conditions for finite element analysis are formulated that allow torsional displacement and buckling of a sector of a cylinder of half axial height, and of a circumferential arc angle that will divide into 360°. Finite element tests are carried out on un-stiffened elastic cylinders to verify the method of analysis against classical elastic torsional buckling theory.Elastic–plastic limit point finite element tests are carried out on ring and stringer stiffened and stringer stiffened cylinders to investigate the effects of stiffeners on post-buckling behaviour in torsion.A stringer stiffened cylinder is subjected to many combinations of axial force and surface pressure in the elastic range of response and then tested to failure in torsion to investigate the effects of axial and surface pressure loads on the resistance to plastic collapse in torsion.     

Enhancement of seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns with buckling-restrained reinforcement

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns with light confinement prevalent in developing countries exhibit low ductility with brittle shear failure, especially when buckling of longitudinal rebars takes place. This study applies the buckling restraining concept widely used in seismic resistant steel structures to reinforcing bars. Two RC columns 270 mm×300 mm in cross section with a height of 1200 mm and minimum (non-seismic) transverse reinforcement were tested under cyclic lateral loading. Buckling-restrained reinforcement was provided over the critical zone. The buckling-restraining casing effectively prevented buckling of slender vertical bars under a substantially high axial load level, resulting in a more ductile mode of failure with the evident formation of plastic hinge at the base of the column. Prior to gravity load collapse, the drift capacities and the degraded concrete shear capacities of the specimens were significantly increased compared to their counterparts without casings.     

Quasi-static axial buckling behavior of NiTi thin-walled cylindrical shells

The quasi-static axial buckling response of super-elastic NiTi thin-walled cylindrical shells has been investigated. The results show that the main buckling pattern is the non-axisymmetric mode with various circumferential patterns depending on the geometry of a specimen. The specific energy is strongly related to the geometry and the buckling mode of a specimen. The austenite–martenite phase transition is concentrated in the buckling area to form so-called phase transition hinges. The buckling behavior of a specimen is significantly related to the phase transition and phase transition hinges. After unloading a NiTi specimen can recover to its initial shape, which differs from an elastic–plastic specimen.     

Experimental research on concrete-filled square steel tubular slender columns with inner I-shaped CFRP under axial compression

对7个内置工字形CFRP型材的方钢管混凝土长柱进行了轴压性能试验研究,得到了荷载-跨中挠度曲线和荷载-应变曲线,并分析了其受力过程及破坏特征。试验结果表明：内置工字形CFRP型材的方钢管混凝土轴压长柱的破坏模式为弯曲失稳破坏。随着长细比的增大,试件的承载力降低。试件的荷载-挠度曲线可分为弹性段、弹塑性段以及下降段。采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对内置工字形CFRP型材的方钢管混凝土轴压长柱受力性能进行有限元模拟,模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好。在此基础上,分析了长细比、混凝土强度、钢材强度、含钢率和有无CFRP对组合柱受力性能的影响。分析结果表明,长细比对柱的受力性能影响较大,随着长细比的增加柱的承载力明显下降;提高混凝土强度可以提高柱的承载力,但延性有所降低;提高钢材强度和增大含钢率均可以提高柱的承载力;设置工字形CFRP型材可以提高柱的承载力和变形能力。     

Instability of cracked CFRP composite cylindrical shells under combined loading

Numerical analysis of cracked composite cylindrical shells under combined loading is carried out to study the effect of crack size and orientation on the buckling behavior of laminated composite cylindrical shells. The interaction buckling curves of cracked laminated composite cylinders subject to different combinations of axial compression, torsion, internal pressure and external pressure are obtained, using the finite element method. In general, the internal pressure increases the critical buckling load of the CFRP cylindrical shells while torsion and external pressure decrease it. Numerical analyses show that axial crack has the most detrimental effect on the buckling load of a cylindrical shell while for cylindrical shells under combined external pressure and axial load, the global buckling shape is insensitive to the crack length and crack orientation.     

基于纵筋屈曲约束构造的RC柱轴压性能试验研究

在地震往复荷载作用下柱端塑性铰区常出现纵筋屈曲破坏的现象,为有效减缓RC柱端部纵筋屈曲破坏,开发了一种纵筋屈曲约束构造,进一步通过6组RC柱轴压静力试验,研究分析了不同纵筋屈曲约束构造形式、屈曲约束长度等对RC柱轴压力学性能的影响,考察钢筋混凝土柱的轴压性能及其破坏模式。研究结果表明：所提出的纵筋屈曲约束构造能在纵筋屈曲变形时提供较大的横向约束,可显著减缓纵筋屈曲破坏;套管长度范围内纵筋的无粘结构造可减小纵筋局部应力;RC柱纵筋屈曲约束构造可有效提升受压RC柱的极限承载能力和延性性能。     

Collapse design of large steel digester tanks

This paper deals with practical problems encountered in the design of seismically loaded liquid-filled vertical tanks. Global stability, buckling under combined action of axial compression and internal pressure and the effect of flexible boundaries on axial buckling are studied. The question of the mutual interaction of global and local failure modes is considered. Numerical studies on the basis of finite element-discretized-shell models are carried out which show the typical features of the different failure modes. Both the effect of internal pressure on axial buckling (elephant foot failure) as well as the flexibility of the base ring results in noteworthy reductions of the axial buckling resistance. Global stability effects turned out to play no major role in the present tank design.     

Seismic behavior of T‐shaped steel reinforced concrete shear walls in tall buildings under cyclic loading

Shear walls are often used as the primary lateral load resisting elements in high‐rise buildings because of their large in‐plane stiffness and strength. It is a common practice to combine rectangular walls to form T‐shaped, I‐shaped and L‐shaped walls for functionality and esthetic reasons. Three relatively slender steel reinforced concrete (SRC) shear walls with T‐shaped cross‐sections were constructed and tested to failure under cyclic lateral loading. This research was conducted to assess the failure mechanism, hysteretic behavior, ductility and energy dissipating capacity of SRC T‐shaped walls under various axial load ratios. All the specimens exhibited a flexural mode characterized by crushing of the concrete and buckling of the steel at the free web boundary. The experimental results showed good hysteretic characteristics without pinching phenomena. The ductility coefficient varied from 2.3 to 4.1, and the deformation capability decreased with the increasing of axial load ratios. The stiffness, strength and ductility of T‐shaped walls are dependent upon the direction of the applied lateral loads. Higher stiffness and strength and lower ductility are achieved when the flange is in tension. The failure mechanism suggested that special attention should be paid to the design of the free web boundary to prevent premature failure under compression. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic performance and collapse prevention of concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubular arches

The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the seismic behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) arches using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). A nonlinear elastic–plastic finite element model is developed using OpenSees software and is verified with a shaking table test. Single-record IDA studies indicate that a CFST arch undergoes global dynamic instability when subjected to ground motions of increasing intensity levels. During this process, either dynamic elastic buckling or dynamic elastic–plastic buckling may occur. Dynamic strength, which is defined as the capacity for preventing global dynamic instabilities of CFST arches, is determined with a series of multi-record IDA calculations. A lower bound equation that takes into account the effect of slenderness ratio, axial compression ratio, and included angle is proposed for the prediction of the dynamic strength of CFST arches.     

金属薄壁圆柱壳轴压试验研究

对在轴压作用下充液的金属薄壁圆柱壳屈曲前沿柱壳不同高度的轴向和径向应变以及上端液体的内压变化进行了研究,找出了轴向和径向应变的变化规律,试验发现：轴压和内压基本呈线性规律;径向应变变化以中点上下基本对称,轴向应变变化大致呈均匀分布。     

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns,Part I: Modeling

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns under eccentric loading may undergo local and overall buckling. The modeling of the interaction between local and overall buckling is highly complicated. There is relatively little numerical study on the interaction buckling of high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns. This paper presents a new numerical model for simulating the nonlinear inelastic behavior of uniaxially loaded high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns with local buckling effects. The cross-section strengths of CFST beam-columns are modeled using the fiber element method. The progressive local and post-local buckling of thin steel tube walls under stress gradients is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. New efficient Müller's method algorithms are developed to iterate the neutral axis depth in the cross-sectional analysis and to adjust the curvature at the columns ends in the axial load–moment interaction strength analysis of a slender beam-column to satisfy equilibrium conditions. Analysis procedures for determining the load–deflection and axial load–moment interaction curves for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns incorporating progressive local bucking and initial geometric imperfections are presented. The new numerical model developed is shown to be efficient for predicting axial load–deflection and axial load–moment interaction curves for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns. The verification of the numerical model and parametric studies is given in a companion paper.