硝酸介质中锝与肼的反应研究

利用滴定肼、跟踪七价锝浓度随时间变化的方法,研究了硝酸介质中得与肼的反应。实验证实:锝与肼的反应存在诱导期,该诱导期的时间长度与七价锝的初始浓度有关,与肼的初始浓度无关;     

PUREX流程中锝对U(Ⅳ)-肼的稳定性影响

通过分光光度法研究了硝酸体系中锝催化硝酸氧化U(Ⅳ)-肼的反应,结果表明:温度和锝浓度是影响锝催化硝酸氧化U(Ⅳ)速率的主要因素,Tc催化硝酸氧化U(Ⅳ)反应对Tc的级数为1.23,反应活化能Ea=79.2kJ/mol,Tc催化硝酸氧化U(Ⅳ)反应对U(Ⅳ)的级数为0,平均速率常数为1.60×10-4 min-1。肼浓度对锝催化氧化U(Ⅳ)的速率影响较小,Tc-U(Ⅳ)-肼体系中肼的氧化和U(Ⅳ)的氧化同时进行,但U(Ⅳ)早于肼氧化完,随后肼快速氧化完全,与Tc-肼体系相比,肼的氧化速率略有降低,U(Ⅳ)对肼的氧化既有促进作用,又有抑制作用。Tc-U(Ⅳ)-Pu(Ⅲ)-肼体系中,当锝浓度为0.005 mol/L,Pu(Ⅲ)稳定存在的时间小于45min。     

Purex流程铀钚分离工艺中锝对镎走向的影响

在HNO3-U(Ⅳ)-N2H4-Tc(Ⅶ)-Np(Ⅴ)体系中,Np(Ⅴ)迅速还原为Np(Ⅳ)。对比研究表明,Tc是该体系中Np(Ⅴ)迅速还原的主要原因。该体系中的主要反应是U(Ⅳ)将Tc(Ⅶ)还原为Tc(Ⅳ),进而Tc(Ⅳ)将Np(Ⅴ)还原为Np(Ⅳ)。本文通过串级和台架实验研究了该体系中锝对镎走向的影响。结果表明,Np(Ⅴ)的还原速度随HNO3浓度、初始Tc浓度的增大和温度的升高而加快。在模拟Purex流程铀钚分离工艺的条件下,试管串级和微型混合澄清槽台架实验结果表明,提高1AP料液中Tc(Ⅶ)的浓度、升高反应温度,Np进入1BU中的百分含量增加。     

腐殖酸对Tc价态影响研究

在模拟高放废物深地质处置环境的低氧(O2含量小于5×10-6)、低Tc(Ⅶ)初始浓度(10-8 mol/L)条件下,研究腐殖酸浓度对Tc(Ⅶ)价态影响。结果显示,腐殖酸对99Tc液闪测定存在淬灭效应,但当腐殖酸浓度在40 mol/L以下,保持闪烁液体积为样品体积20倍可消除影响;在此基础上分别用四苯砷氯-氯仿萃取法和LaCl3沉淀腐殖酸法独立进行腐殖酸-Tc(Ⅶ)体系中锝价态研究,所得Tc(Ⅳ)和Tc(Ⅶ)价态分布结果基本吻合,表明两种研究方法均可用于腐殖酸-Tc(Ⅶ)体系中低浓度Tc价态研究;研究发现平衡350天的不同浓度Fluka腐殖酸-Tc(Ⅶ)体系中,Tc(Ⅶ)浓度长期保持稳定,而Tc(Ⅳ)浓度很低,表明即使在低氧气氛中,Fluka腐殖酸也未对Tc(Ⅶ)表现出明显还原行为,腐殖酸在地下水中的存在可能是高放废物地质处置中Tc(Ⅶ)阻滞的不利因素。     

模拟高放废物地质处置条件下锝在去离子水体系中的胶体行为

⁹⁹Tc是高放废物地质处置中重点关注的关键核素,深地质处置条件下其在地下水中的胶体行为对其迁移行为可能存在较大影响,亟需系统开展研究。本文在模拟高放废物地质处置的低氧和低浓(氧气含量小于5 ppm、⁹⁹Tc初始浓度10^-9～10^-5 mol/L)条件下,首先探讨了用膜过滤法研究锝胶体行为的可行性,发现pH值和离子强度等对⁹⁹Tc的液闪测定无明显影响,且过滤器对Tc(Ⅳ)和Tc(Ⅶ)均无显著吸附行为,基于此初步建立了锝胶体行为研究的膜过滤实验方法,并采用该方法研究了去离子水体系中锝的胶体行为。结果表明：Tc(Ⅶ)不易发生水解反应,在低氧条件下无明显胶体行为,并能长期稳定地存在于体系中,可能具有较强的迁移能力;Tc(Ⅳ)易水解而聚集为胶体,在较宽pH值范围内(pH=4～11)以真胶体形式在398 d实验周期内较长期地稳定存在于体系中,其浓度高于以离子形态存在的Tc(Ⅳ)的数倍甚至1个数量级,所形成的胶体可能会提高地质处置条件下Tc(Ⅳ)的迁移能力,但体系离子强度升高会使Tc(Ⅳ)胶...     

Purex流程1B工艺单元中锝对U(Ⅳ)-肼稳定性的影响

正通过分光光度法研究了硝酸体系中锝催化氧化U(Ⅳ)-肼的反应,结果表明:温度和锝浓度是影响锝催化氧化U(Ⅳ)速率的主要因素;U(Ⅳ)浓度的影响呈现一级反应特征,肼浓度对锝催化氧化U(Ⅳ)的速率影响较小;Tc-U(Ⅳ)-肼体系中肼的氧化和U(Ⅳ)的氧化同步进行,U(Ⅳ)早于肼氧化完,随后肼快速氧化完,与Tc-肼体系相比,肼的氧化速率仅是略有延缓;U(Ⅳ)对肼的破坏既有促进作用,又有抑制作用。对于Tc-U(Ⅳ)-Pu(Ⅲ)-肼体系,在锝浓度0.005mol/L下,Pu(Ⅲ)稳定存在的时间低于45min(图1)。     

硝酸体系中Pt催化肼的分解

研究了肼的初始浓度、硝酸浓度、催化剂的量(S/V)、温度、β放射性对Pt催化肼分解反应速率的影响,获得了其动力学方程。结果表明:增大肼的初始浓度、温度、催化剂的量和降低硝酸浓度,肼的分解速率加快;β放射性对Pt催化体系中肼的分解速率有显著的提高作用,其分解表观速率常数比单独Pt催化提高了19.3倍,比单独β辐解提高了1.35倍,β放射性辐照位置不同肼的分解速率也不同。Pt催化硝酸体系中肼分解的动力学速率方程为:-d c(N 2H+5)/d t=kc(N 2H^+5)c^-0.39(HNO 3),296 K时,速率常数k=(5.90±0.35)×10^-3mol/(L·min),活化能E a=(333.3±2.9)J/mol。     

碱性条件下Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO-4的动力学研究

为了解在碱性介质中Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO4^-的动力学性质,用萃取法和液闪计数法研究了TcO4^-,Sn(Ⅱ),OH浓度和温度对Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO4^-反应速率的影响。结果表明,TcO4^-被Sn(Ⅱ)还原为Tc(Ⅳ),Sn(Ⅱ)与TcO4^-发生氧化还原反应的计量式可表示为：3Sn(Ⅱ) 2Tc(Ⅶ)-3Sn(Ⅳ) 2Tc(Ⅳ)。在碱性介质中,Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO4^-的化学反应速率方程为：-dc(TcO4^-)／dt=kc(TcO4)c^-0.478(OH^-)c^0.629(Sn(Ⅱ)),反应的活化能Ea=29．08kJ／mol。     

硝酸体系中Tc(Ⅶ)与乙异羟肟酸的反应动力学研究

采用溶剂萃取法研究了HNO₃溶液中乙异羟肟酸（AHA）与Tc(Ⅶ)的相互作用。结果表明,有AHA存在时,Tc在30%TBP/煤油HNO₃体系中的分配比随反应时间下降,在实验条件下反应50 h后Tc在两相中的分配基本达到平衡,分配比D_Tc降至0.03,这表明Tc(Ⅶ)能被AHA还原为亲水性的低价Tc配合物［Tc^Ⅱ(NO)(AHA)₂H₂O］⁺;溶液吸收光谱显示,反应产物在428 nm（ε＝2 559 L·mol^-1·cm^-1）和565 nm处有吸收峰。通过溶剂萃取法得到Tc(Ⅶ)还原反应的表观反应速率方程式为r＝-dc(Tc(Ⅶ))/dt＝k′c(Tc(Ⅶ))c^1.6(AHA),在18 ℃下,c(AHA)＝1.0 mol/L,c(HNO₃)＝0.50 mol/L时半反应时间t_1/2＝16.5 h。进一步研究了溶液中有Pu(Ⅳ)存在时AHA与Tc(Ⅶ)的作用以及Tc分配比的变化。结果表明：Pu(Ⅳ)的存在会加快Tc(Ⅶ)转化为低价态亲水性配合物,而Pu的分配比在过程中基本不变。     

锝在Purex流程共去污段（1A槽）的走向

研究了在不同铀-锆-锝比条件下,硝酸浓度对Tc(Ⅶ)在30％TBP-OK中分配系数的影响,锝在1A槽中的萃取行为及走向。实验结果表明1A槽中1AF为2mol/L和3mol/LHNO3介质时,锝进入1AP的比例分别为14.4％和27.0％。当1AF料液经加热预处理后,以3mol/LHNO3进料时,99.8％的锝进入了1AP。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.