An International Marine-Atmospheric 222Rn Measurement Intercomparison in Bermuda Part I: NIST Calibration and Methodology for Standardized Sample Additions

As part of an international ²²²Rn measurement intercomparison conducted at Bermuda in October 1991, NIST provided standardized sample additions of known, but undisclosed (“blind”) ²²²Rn concentrations that could be related to U.S. national standards. The standardized sample additions were obtained with a calibrated ²²⁶Ra source and a specially-designed manifold used to obtain well-known dilution factors from simultaneous flow-rate measurements. The additions were introduced over sampling periods of several hours (typically 4 h) into a common streamline on a sampling tower used by the participating laboratories for their measurements. The standardized ²²²Rn activity concentrations for the intercomparison ranged from approximately 2.5 Bq · m⁻³ to 35 Bq · m⁻³ (of which the lower end of this range approached concentration levels for ambient Bermudian air) and had overall uncertainties, approximating a 3 standard deviation uncertainty interval, of about 6 % to 13 %. This paper describes the calibration and methodology for the standardized sample additions.     

Calibration of Electret-Based Integral Radon Monitors Using NIST Polyethylene-Encapsulated 226Ra/222Rn Emanation (PERE) Standards

The recently developed ²²²Rn emanation standards that are based on polyethylene-encapsulated ²²⁶Ra solutions were employed for a first field-measurement application test to demonstrate their efficacy in calibrating passive integral radon monitors. The performance of the capsules was evaluated with respect to the calibration needs of electret ionization chambers (E-PERM^®, Rad Elec Inc.). The encapsulated standards emanate well-characterized and known quantities of ²²²Rn, and were used in two different-sized, relatively-small, accumulation vessels (about 3.6 L and 10 L) which also contained the deployed electret monitors under test. Calculated integral ²²²Rn activities from the capsules over various accumulation times were compared to the averaged electret responses. Evaluations were made with four encapsulated standards ranging in ²²⁶Ra activity from approximately 15 Bq to 540 Bq (with ²²²Rn emanation fractions of 0.888); over accumulation times from 1 d to 33 d; and with four different types of E-PERM detectors that were independently calibrated. The ratio of the electret chamber response E_Rn to the integral ²²²Rn activity I_Rn was constant (within statistical variations) over the variables of the specific capsule used, the accumulation volume, accumulation time, and detector type. The results clearly demonstrated the practicality and suitability of the encapsulated standards for providing a simple and readily-available calibration for those measurement applications. However, the mean ratio E_Rn/I_Rn was approximately 0.91, suggesting a possible systematic bias in the extant E-PERM calibrations. This 9 % systematic difference was verified by an independent test of the E-PERM calibration based on measurements with the NIST radon-in-water standard generator.     

An International Marine-Atmospheric 222Rn Measurement Intercomparison in Bermuda Part II: Results for the Participating Laboratories

As part of an international measurement intercomparison of instruments used to measure atmospheric ²²²Rn, four participating laboratories made nearly simultaneous measurements of ²²²Rn activity concentration in commonly sampled, ambient air over approximately a 2 week period, and three of these four laboratories participated in the measurement comparison of 14 introduced samples with known, but undisclosed (“blind”) ²²²Rn activity concentration. The exercise was conducted in Bermuda in October 1991. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations in ambient Bermudian air over the course of the intercomparison ranged from a few hundredths of a Bq · m⁻³ to about 2 Bq · m⁻³, while the standardized sample additions covered a range from approximately 2.5 Bq · m⁻³ to 35 Bq · m⁻³. The overall uncertainty in the latter concentrations was in the general range of 10 %, approximating a 3 standard deviation uncertainty interval. The results of the intercomparison indicated that two of the laboratories were within very good agreement with the standard additions, and almost within expected statistical variations. These same two laboratories, however, at lower ambient concentrations, exhibited a systematic difference with an averaged offset of roughly 0.3 Bq · m⁻³. The third laboratory participating in the measurement of standardized sample additions was systematically low by about 65 % to 70 %, with respect to the standard addition which was also confirmed in their ambient air concentration measurements. The fourth laboratory, participating in only the ambient measurement part of the intercomparison, was also systematically low by at least 40 % with respect to the first two laboratories.     

Calibration of Radon-222 Reference Instrument in Sweden

A simple procedure to calibrate and characterize a recently developed radon-222 reference instrument is described. The system, which is now used as the official national Swedish reference, is quick and easy to use. Systematic as well as random errors are smaller than in an earlier system and compare well with other systems, as has been shown in a number of international intercomparison measurements.     

Calibration of Scintillation Cells for Radon-222 Measurements at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Zinc sulfide coated scintillation cells are the primary method for measuring radon-222 at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Radiation Programs (ORP), Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility (EERF). These cells are used to measure concentrations of radon in exposure chambers that are used to calibrate or test other devices or instruments. Individual cells are calibrated by analyzing samples of air with known concentrations of radon produced by emanation of radon from standard radium-226 solutions obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The calibration procedure includes ingrowth of radon-222 into equilibrium with the radium in the standard solution, transfer from the solution into an evacuated container, and dilution with a measured volume of air. Samples of the radon in air mixture are transferred to evacuated scintillation cells and sealed for 4 h prior to counting, which allows secular equilibrium to be established between the radon and its decay products.Calibration factors for each individual cell are computed by decay correcting the radon to the time of collection and calculating the ratio of count rate (cpm), corrected for background, to radon activity (Bq) for the specific volume of the cell. Four or more calibration factors are determined for each cell and aver-aged to provide the calibration factor used for measurements. Calibrations are repeated at 6-mo intervals, and the results of each calibration are compared to the previous averages. When calibration factors fall outside the 95% confidence interval, they are rejected and the cell is checked for defects prior to recalibration.     

The Calibration of dc Voltage Standards at NIST

This document describes the procedures used at NIST to calibrate dc voltage standards in terms of the NIST volt. Three calibration services are offered by the Electricity Division: Regular Calibration Service (RCS) of client standard cells at NIST; the Volt Transfer Program (VTP) a process to determine the difference between the NIST volt and the volt as maintained by a group of standard cells in a client laboratory; and the calibration of client solid-state dc voltage standards at NIST. The operational procedures used to compare these voltage standards to NIST voltage standards and to maintain the NIST volt via the ac Josephson effect are discussed.     

The NIST Detector-Based Luminous Intensity Scale

The Système International des Unités (SI) base unit for photometry, the candela, has been realized by using absolute detectors rather than absolute sources. This change in method permits luminous intensity calibrations of standard lamps to be carried out with a relative expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2, and thus a 2 standard deviation estimate) of 0.46 %, almost a factor-of-two improvement. A group of eight reference photometers has been constructed with silicon photodiodes, matched with filters to mimic the spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision. The wide dynamic range of the photometers aid in their calibration. The components of the photometers were carefully measured and selected to reduce the sources of error and to provide baseline data for aging studies. Periodic remeasurement of the photometers indicate that a yearly recalibration is required. The design, characterization, calibration, evaluation, and application of the photometers are discussed.     

仿生复眼系统标定及测量方法研究

为了实现对近景目标物的三维测量,研制了一种小型仿生复眼系统。介绍了该复眼系统的结构及其参数设计原则,并对该系统采用的标定、三维测量等算法进行研究。首先根据复眼成像特点搭建了标定和测量平台,并分别使用张正友的方法、直接线性变换法、Tsai式两步法三种摄像机标定方法对复眼的中心子眼进行标定,通过比较实验结果发现Tsai式标定方法精度更高,更适用于本复眼系统的标定。然后针对边缘子眼光轴与图像传感器不垂直问题,提出了一种新的图像畸变数学模型,有效的提高了边缘子眼的标定精度。最后建立了多子眼三维探测模型,并探索了多子眼成像对复眼相机测量精度的影响,认为三子眼可获得比双子眼更高的精度和稳定性。实验结果表明,在距离复眼相机150?260 mm范围内,该复眼探测系统的三维测量相对误差在2%左右,在满足仪器小型化的同时能基本实现近景三维测量。     

VXI总线仪器自动计量校准系统的研究

VXI总线仪器由于其性能优越且软，硬件体系具有开放性，在航空，航天，电子通信，交运运输，军事等领域得到广泛的应用。作为一种自动测量设备，VXI总线仪器自身的计量校准也是必要的，不可回避的。本文结合作者的研究课题，阐述了进行VXI总线仪器校准的必要性和特殊性，分析比较了几种VXI总线仪器校准方案，组建了一套自动校准系统，论述了校准软件的结构及软件误差的控制措施，最后展望了VXI总线仪器校准的发展方向。     

一种新的六端口测量系统自校准方法

提出了一种新的六端口自校准方法.本方法从六端口相对功率理论出发,导出了六端口系统常数的自校准方程,给出了求解系统常数初值的方法,并利用梯度法对方程组求解,仿真结果表明用一个匹配负载、四个失配负载就可以解出系统常数.     

带引压管腔的压力测量系统动态校准技术研究

在动态压力测量领域中,带引压管腔的压力测量系统常被用于空间狭小、工况恶劣等情况下的压力测量,压力信号经过引压管腔传递会发生畸变,引压管腔是降低压力测量系统频响的首要因素.本文首先介绍了带引压管腔的压力测量系统物理结构模型,阐述管腔动态特性影响动态测量机理.其次,介绍了现有引压管腔主要校准方法和装置,开展新型校准装置和方...     

CNC数控机床在线测量系统的校准装置研究

目前,国内尚无针对CNC数控机床在线测量系统的相关的标准和校准规范。为统一技术要求,本文研究了CNC数控机床在线测量系统的工况条件及其计量特性参数,提出了有别传统三坐标测量机校准方法的校准方案,研制了符合基于公差带位置判别废品原理的标准器组,以在线测量系统的测工件的方式,反向校准CNC在线测量系统的尺寸精度,解决其量值溯源问题。     

美国海军装备计量标识管理介绍

介绍了美国海军装备计量标识管理制度。对美国海军装备计量技术活动、计量和校准计划、计量需求目录内容进行了说明,并介绍了计量标识管理的一些规定,详细说明了美海军计量标识的种类、用法、样式、注意事项等情况。     

基于微小形变测量的旋翼天平高精度测力校准系统

旋翼天平原位校准中,校准力精确加载是提高校准精度的重要因素。校准装置结构形变会给校准力加载造成误差,影响校准精度。针对这一问题,设计了旋翼天平测力校准系统。该系统采用激光三角法实现微小位移测量,通过测量立方靶块空间位置变化,计算力加载点位移;建立数学模型,分析结构形变对校准力加载影响,测量校准力。经实验,该系统可以消除结构形变影响,准确测量校准力,提高校准力加载精度。     

CNC机床在线测量系统校准方法研究

目前CNC机床在线测量系统的校准方法在国内有用激光干涉仪、标准量块等一些用于企业的针对性方法,缺少适用于计量校准机构的校准方法,本文根据该系统的工作原理,对CNC机床在线测量系统的校准方法进行研究,提出几项计量特性参数,并结合实际情况设计了校准方案,研制了校准用计量标准器,分析了数据的处理方法.经研究表明,本文的校准方...     

Intercomparison of the LBIR Absolute Cryogenic Radiometers to the NIST Optical Power Measurement Standard

The Low Background Infrared calibration (LBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) presently maintains four absolute cryogenic radiometers (ACRs) which serve as standard reference detectors for infrared calibrations performed by the facility. The primary standard for optical power measurements at NIST-Gaithersburg has been the High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR). Recently, an improved radiometer, the Primary Optical Watt Radiometer (POWR), has replaced the HACR as the primary standard. In this paper, we present the results of comparisons between the radiometric powers measured by the four ACRs presently maintained by the LBIR facility to that measured by the HACR and POWR. This was done by using a Si photodiode light-trapping detector as a secondary transfer standard to compare the primary national standards to the ACRs maintained by the LBIR facility. The technique used to compare an ACR to the trap detector is described in detail. The absolute optical power measurements are found to be within 0.1 % of the primary standard for all the ACRs examined in this study.     

Calibration of a Speckle Interferometry Full-Field Strain Measurement System

Abstract:  This study describes the calibration of a full-field speckle interferometry strain measurement system using the calibration specimen and protocol defined in the Standardisation Project for Optical Techniques of Strain measurement (SPOTS) standard. The specimen was based on the monolithic embodiment of a four-point bending test and was manufactured from aluminium following the SPOTS design. Strain-gauge rosettes attached to the upper and lower faces of the beam were used to derive two correction factors of an analytical expression that predicted the strains generated in the gauge section of the beam. Following the SPOTS protocol, the comparison of measured and predicted strains yielded two fit parameters and their associated uncertainties for each of three displacement-load steps which indicated the closeness of the data sets. An acceptable calibration was achieved for the single normal component of in-plane strain considered in this study, for each load step employed. For the highest load range, which generated a maximum strain of approximately 810  μ strain in the gauge section, the overall calibration uncertainty was found to be 35.3  μ strain, which in relative terms can be expressed as 2.2% of the strain measurement range for which the instrument was calibrated.     

A Data Bank on the Calibration and Measurement Facilities of National Metrological Institutes

Topics are considered related to data support to the MRA arrangement. Data classification and representation forms are considered. Facilities are presented for a new computerized data system and methods of working with accumulated information, and a quantitative evaluation is given for the state of the published CMC data for leading countries.__________Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 64–67, February, 2005.     

航空发动机压力计量测试的发展趋势

系统地分析了航空发动机压力计量测试的发展趋势,有针对性地指出了研制新型特殊的压力传感器、发展非接触式动态压力测试校准技术、发展现场压力测试及校准技术以及形成健全的发动机研制生产压力计量保障体系是目前主要的研究发展方向。     

2 m激光干涉测长基准装置

阐述了2 m激光干涉测长基准装置工作原理及系统组成,以线间距测量功能为基础,研究了接触式和非接触式的几何测长对准方法,实现了其测长功能拓展应用。介绍了实现纳米精度测长的技术措施。对称布局的双光电显微镜同步扫描测量接长的方式实现2 m刻线间距测量,信号处理系统具有标准间距位置脉冲发生功能,可以实现位移传感器动态触发校准和其它应用。对于高质量的线纹尺,2 m激光干涉测长基准装置单次测量刻线间距的最佳瞄准精度优于10 nm(1σ),1 m测量范围内的线纹测量不确定度U=（20+40 L） nm （k=2）。