上海市绿道网络规划研究初探

绿道是一种具有生态、娱乐、文化、审美等多种功能,可持续发展的绿色线性开敞公共活动空间网络。结合城市发展目标,本文研究了上海市绿道的功能定位,以游憩、交通、生态等功能为主,兼具文化保护功能。绿道网络规划思路依据分区特点采用差异化规划策略,以资源布局为引导要素进行路径识别,利用“反规划”途径选择绿道线路。根据功能定位、资源布局特点以及需求特征,绿道分为区域、市级、社区三级和生态型、滨水型、保护型和交通型4类,并且结合不同的分区特点,研究各分区内绿道适宜的网络模式。     

广东绿道多功能开发探索

随着珠三角绿道全面完善,广东省绿道网推广建没,绿道开始进入百姓日常生活,并期望深入挖掘绿道的多功能。提出使用需求决定绿道多功能开发方向,现阶段绿道多功能开发应嘲绕满足都市慢生活开展。绿道网的多功能开发就是要尽可能使绿道的绿色开敞空间满足都市人们慢生活的吃、住、行、玩、乐等等方方面面的需求。绿道要成为公众日常生活的一种方式,需实现绿道的网络化、生活化、关爱细致化、文化遗存保护化以及空间扩展化。在多功能的绿道管理上应重点关注法律法规、安全、后期维护以及绿道文化培育等4个方面。     

绿道在广东的兴起和创新

通过对绿道发展历史的研究,可以看出绿道内涵的拓展和功能的多样性对其蓬勃发展的重要性。对广东绿道兴起原因的深入分析,揭示出广东绿道具有“多目标,多功能和多样性”的三个特点。这三个特点使得广东绿道的功能和形式都多姿多彩,从而受到社会各界的欢迎。最后,文章通过对绿道给城市发展理念,宜居建设和生态保护带来的变化来分析绿道创新对广东城市发展的重要意义。     

校园绿道网络构建——以海南大学为例

绿道网络作为城市绿地系统规划的重要手段和生态基础设施,受到越来越多的重视.研究针对海南大学校园内绿地系统破碎化而失去整体感等问题,把绿道引入到校园绿地规划中,通过分析校园绿地布局,时如何构建校园绿道网络,实现生态、游憩及文化等功能的有机结合,做了有益的探讨,并提出可行性的绿道概念规划方案.     

The Greenways of Pavia: innovations in Italian landscape planning

Two Greenway plans for the Pavia area in Northern Italy will be discussed here: the “Battle of Pavia Greenway” and the “Milan–Pavia–Varzi Greenway”. The master plan for the Pavia Greenway was produced in 1999 and the first section was completed in spring 2003; the second greenway is in the advanced phases of the planning process. The idea of the greenway itself and the planning approach to design and implementation of these greenways are probably unique in Italy: although other greenways have been proposed and in some cases implementation started, none are based on such a broad and deep consideration of physical, economic and social factors. In both greenways, great importance has been given to the conceptually simple idea of obtaining the most from the greenway concept, while at the same time minimizing physical impact and implementation costs. This paper will describe the particularities of the local circumstances and the approach and methodology applied to both plans. It will also attempt a general evaluation of successes and failures in the development of these two greenways.     

论绿道在中国的社会意义及发展策略

绿道在中国的发展源远流长,源予西周时的“周道”,对中国城市建设起到重要作用。近年来珠三角、长三角地区在城市绿道、省内绿道及区域绿道三个不同层面的绿道建设实践成果明娃。审视了绿道的社会意义,通过对绿道建设带来的社会价值观、生活观、幸福感和安全感转变的研究,从而提出了绿道在中国的7大发展策略：文化为基础、生态为条件、人性为根本、总体布线、多点启动、并网贯通、立法保护。     

论美国绿道规划经验：成功与失败，战略与创新

在规划绿道之前,设计师需要从优秀的规划师前辈学习成功经验并吸取失败的教训,并需要制定明确的策略、采取适宜的手法,思考联系人与绿色空间的创新方法。绿道通过演绎重要文化特征、保护和改善生态功能以及为社区居民提供休闲娱乐,来体现场所的本质。回顾早期绿道规划者的一些重要经验,概述绿道规划的4个关键策略原则,强调新荚格兰绿道网络规划中提出的多功能规划方法,着眼于一些在美圈逐渐发展成熟的创新型绿道。一个稳固的绿道是多用途的,使人愉悦并结合生态功能。     

珠三角区域绿道规划设计技术指引的思考

珠三角区域绿道规划作为21世纪规划主题的绿道在中国的首次实践,在广东地区轰轰烈烈的得以开展。通过对《珠三角区域绿道(省立)规划设计技术指引》编制过程中的思考入手,着重分析了指引中绿道分类、绿廊宽度、慢行道宽度、景观设施、节点系统以及标识系统等绿道组分的量化和设计细节。     

探索中国绿道的规划建设途径 以珠三角区域绿道规划为例

中国具有丰富的绿道建设思想和杰出的范例。在人与自然和谐的中国传统规划设计理论指引下,基于珠三角的自然生态格局和城乡发展状况,重新布局和挖掘中国原始绿道,珠三角区域绿道规划以山、林、江、海为要素,形成"两环、两带、三核、网状廊道"的珠三角区域绿道规划框架,并以此串联多元自然生态资源和绿色开敞空间,营造多层次、多功能、立体化、复合型、网络式的珠三角"区域绿网"。提出走有中国特色的绿"道"之路,勇于担当时代先行者角色,构建中国特色的理想栖居生活。     

绿道规划研究进展与展望

总结国际上所开展的绿道规划的发展趋势。文献检索发现,绿道规划思想最早于公元前1000多年出现于中国的周代,但国际上公认的第一条绿道为美国波士顿地区祖母绿翡翠项链式的城市公园系统。现代绿道具有生态、娱乐和自然与文化遗产价值。同时对绿道规划概念与术语、绿道的分类、绿道效应评价等方面进行了系统总结与回顾,并对绿道规划的内容与管理措施进行了讨论,最后简单讨论了绿道规划面临的问题和发展趋势。     

Role of urban greenway systems in planning residential communities: a case study from Egypt

Greenways have long played a significant role in the development of urban and sub-urban areas. They help mitigate the loss of “natural” space, often have scenic qualities, provide for recreation, education, a sense of well-being, and preservation of the natural habitat. This article explores the concept, history and development of urban greenways. The article illustrates the concept of linked parks and urban greenways in structuring urban and sub-urban developments while suggesting a methodological blueprint for their implementation in the planning process. A case study of a sub-urban development west of the city of Cairo, Egypt is presented to demonstrate the role of urban greenway systems in planning residential communities. An in-depth investigation of the planning process, context, approach, and development concept is followed by an overview of the rationale and significance of the method. The objective of this article is thus two-fold. First, to illustrate the concept of urban greenway systems in structuring communities; and second, to suggest a model for the integration and proper application of the concept of linked parks and urban greenway systems in planning residential communities. In conclusion, the article identifies a step-by-step procedure for integrating natural, recreational and cultural greenways and corridors in planning future residential developments.     

Integrating public safety and use into planning urban greenways

Greenways provide much-needed natural corridors and environments in urban and suburban areas, along with recreational, transportation and nature education opportunities for urban residents. However, there is a tension between the natural environment and public use in urban areas. Local residents' concerns for safety through clear sightlines and the use of lighting along trails may compromise the ecological integrity and natural character of urban greenways, whereas natural corridors in the city are often considered as being potentially unsafe, and therefore essentially inaccessible to use by many residents, particularly women, children, aging people and those with disabilities. As a result, the planning and development of safe urban trails within natural greenways can be challenging and contentious. Prospect and refuge theory provides a theoretical framework for understanding the human ecological dimensions of environmental design. Within this framework, a growing body of environment-behavior research provides useful principles for planning and designing greenways that are both ‘green’ and safe. These principles include: visibility of others, visibility by others, choice and control, solitude without isolation, and environmental awareness and legibility. This paper outlines the ‘safe communities’ approach developed in the city of Toronto, Canada, and applies it to the planning and design of trails in urban greenway systems through a series of planning guidelines, with particular reference to the Greater Toronto Area experience. The paper concludes that only when public safety is paramount will the necessary community support be built which will allow the successful integration of natural greenways into the fabric of metropolitan areas.     

A comprehensive conservation strategy for Georgia's greenways

In 1976 the State of Georgia published the Environmental Corridor Study (K. Dawson, W. Munnikhuysen and R. Roark, 1976. Georgia Environmental Corridor Study. Office of Planning and Research, Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA). The study is a survey of greenway potential, focusing on a statewide interconnected system. The study process combined intrinsic values (natural resources, environmental quality and aesthetics) with extrinsic values (human use, accessibility, market demand and land use) and endangeredness to provide priorities for greenway conservation. In coordination with a unique program titled Heritage Trust, initiated by then-Governor Jimmy Carter to explore conservation easements, zoning and direct acquisition, the corridor study became recognized as an excellent source of information for greenway implementation. Under Heritage Trust, over 40 000 ha of land were acquired. The current governor, Zell Miller, established Preservation 2000, a program which is continuing the work of Heritage Trust for the 1990s. To quote from the recent Preservation 2000 brochure (H. Young, 1993. Preservation 2000 Program: Summary of Program and Progress. Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA). ‘By the end of 1994, the state will acquire [an additional 40 000 hectares] of natural areas, parks, greenways and other wild lands.’ The State of Georgia has also updated the corridor study in the Georgia Trails and Greenways Plan (A. Soriano, 1992. Georgia Trails and Greenways Plan. Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA), which provides technical assistance to local communities on issues of greenway planning including outdoor recreation planning process, land and water conservation programs, management issues and agency action plans. Unique to all of the planning and acquisition programs has been the hypothesis that, when site nominations are made for conservation purchase on a statewide basis irrespective of greenways, most priority conservation areas are found to be within greenway boundaries. This is certainly due to the substantial conservation potential of greenways. Of Heritage Trust nominations, 90% were within greenway corridors. This percentage has increased to 93% with the Preservation 2000 program. Greenways are increasing rapidly in importance as an overall conservation strategy in many areas throughout the world.     

Greenways for recreation and maintenance of landscape quality: five case studies in Portugal

The use of the concept of greenway can be identified in Portugal throughout the 20th century as a planning and design tool. Several examples, such as the ‘Improvement Plans for Lisbon’ by Ressano Garcia (1901), the continuum naturale concept [Cabral, F.C., 1980. O Continuum Naturale e a Conservação da Natureza. Conservação da Natureza. Serviço de Estudos do Ambiente, Lisbon; Andresen, T., 2001. Francisco Caldeira Cabral. Landscape Design Trust, Surrey, UK, 213 pp.], the Green Plan for Lisbon [Telles, G.R., et al., 1997. Plano Verde de Lisboa. Ed. Colibri, Lisboa, 197 pp.], deal with the subjects of implementing vegetation corridors, pedestrian networks and landscape quality. These examples establish Portuguese planning and design tradition within the international greenway movement first identified by Fabos [Fabos, J.Gy., 1991. From Park to Greenways into the 21st Century. In: Proceedings from Selected Educational Sessions, ASLA Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Missouri]. Though several projects have been developed at the planning level, there is a need to analyze the applicability of such a concept at the regional, municipal and local level. We must consider the characteristics of Portugal's cultural landscape, recognition by other professions dealing with planning and involvement by politicians. By analyzing five case studies, this paper shows the significance of the greenway as a planning and design strategy, which coincides, with the current objectives of political and planning authorities at the municipal level. It also proves that it is possible to reconcile political objectives and urban development while safeguarding landscape quality and providing new opportunities for public recreation and education. Greenway planning and design is now undoubtedly a subject of growing significance in Portugal.     

STUDY OF URBAN GREENWAY PLANNING BASED ON MULTI-SOURCE DATA ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL AND USER BEHAVIORS — THE GREENWAY ROUTE PLANNING OF HAIDIAN DISTRICT,BEIJING

Urban greenways play a key role to a city’s nonautomobile commuting and help alleviate traffic congestion. Currently, China’s greenway planning research and practice focuses mostly on suburban areas where greenways provide ecological, historical, cultural, and recreational services, while fewer studies explore urban greenways that serve citizens’ daily non-automobile commuting and recreational needs. Compared with suburban ones, urban greenways often face more spatial limits in the built-up areas and need to respond to more challenging demands. Supported by multisource data and the rise of big data technologies, this research explores the methods of urban greenway route planning that are underpinned through GIS spatial analyses (potential evaluation on spatial construction conditions of greenways) and big-data-based user behavior analyses (of citizens’ daily use of greenways). Demonstrating the authentic planning case for Haidian District, Beijing, the research proposes a series of construction strategies to urban corridors of roads, waterways, and railways, respectively, which integrate green spaces with non-automobile system, in order to improve the services of linear spaces in cities.     

The evolution of Greenways in China

This paper focuses on the evolution of Greenway planning and implementation in China, and provides a historical context to the Greenway concept. It was found that:

(1) Although the concept of Greenway was an adaptation from the Western World, the Chinese have a history of more than 2000 years of Greenway planning and implementation. Chinese Greenways have been called various names and were planned for various reasons.

(2) The long history of Greenway planning and implementation in China was mainly a “top-down” approach, which, while very effective under a centralized administrative system, often lacked a scientific basis and significant public participation.

(3) The functions of the Greenways were mainly protection and productive, with little concern for human uses such recreational uses of cycling and hiking.

Greenways in China are discussed chronologically and in three categories:

(1) Riparian Greenways run along rivers, streams and water channels. The history of these Greenways dates more than 2000 years, since a time when trees were grown along canals and city moats. They have in modern times evolved into a network of drainage channels.

(2) Greenways along transportation corridors. These Greenways run parallel to state and provincial highways, railroads, country roads and urban streets and evolved from tree plantings along highways. Used exclusively by emperors, the green corridor networks have been systematically planned and constructed at a national scale and directly organized by the central government.

(3) Greenways along farmland for wind protection. These plantings evolved from individual segments of windbreak rows to a network of protective windbreaks and the large, regional scale “Green Great Wall” project running along the northern edge of China.

As Greenways have evolved in China, they reflect changes in ideology, utilization and scale; from protection of production or beautification to ecological and multiple uses, and from small-scale fragments to a systematic regional and national network. The occurrence of disasters, the involvement of state leaders and the influence of science played an important role in the evolution of Greenways in China.The paper also argues that:

• the traditional top-down approach in Greenway planning and implement should be integrated with scientifically based methods;

• recreational uses should be considered and integrated into existing and planned Greenways;

• the recently invoked “city beautiful”, or cosmetic approach to Greenway planning and implementation should be stopped; and

• Greenways should be planned as an critical strategic element of ecological infrastructure at both the regional and urban scale during current rapid and extensive urbanization occurring in China.

波士顿大都市公园系统与珠三角区域绿道的比较研究——以深圳为例

在快速城市化进程中出现的用地无序扩张、环境恶化等问题的背景下,绿道规划有效遏制了城市蔓延,保护和改善了城市公共空间,从而达到可持续发展的目的.以美国波士顿大都市公园系统和深圳绿道为研究案例,通过介绍其规划思想和建设实施效果,对我国珠三角地区绿道的建设经验进行对比和总结,分析两者的相似性及差异性,详细阐述了美国绿道规划对构建我国区域规划可持续发展具有的重要意义.     

绿色通道及其规划原则

绿色通道作为一个重要的概念,在保护生态学、城市规划及景观设计学等诸多领域广泛应用.明确了绿色通道的定义、分类、功能及其理论背景,从人-自然关系的视角回顾了绿色通道规划的发展历史,从尺度、目标、构成、网络结构及横向协调等5个方面对绿色通道的规划提出了比较详细的一般性指导原则,将生态、休闲、文化等诸多功能的要求都包含其中,反映了绿色通道研究的最新趋势.     

International greenways: a Red River Valley case study

Building and preserving a network of greenways can be an intricate activity requiring interdisciplinary collaboration. Greenway segments often require local input and participation. In addition, greenways are not necessarily generic open spaces, but can be managed structurally to fulfill specific spatial and temporal requirements. This paper describes local activities in the Fargo (North Dakota)-Moorhead (Minnesota) metropolitan area related to preserving and embellishing the greenway focused around the Red River Valley of the North. This greenway is part of a larger Western Hemisphere greenway, composed of riparian corridors operating as wildlife habitat migration flyways and as resident wildlife habitat. Local activities include demonstration gardens, comprehensive corridor planning, habitat analysis, and revegetation studies. From 1985 to 1990, four spatial treatment investigations were completed, one spatial planning study was prepared, and five demonstration gardens were built. The spatial treatment investigations revealed that the wildlife occupying the greenway could be divided into four habitat-use dimensions, suggesting four important habitat associations for the greenway. The study also revealed three distinct vegetation zones for re-establishing herbaceous vegetation in non-wooded planting conditions. In addition, one experiment indicated that replanting the disturbed woodland corridor was not influenced by seedling size and that Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings were highly successful at surviving in a gap opening within the forest corridor. In the last experiment, a seeding application rate study indicated that seeding rates three times higher than recommended rates resulted in improved vegetation cover of non-wooded herbaceous vegetation planting sites. The spatial planning study illustrated landscape patterns for the greenway composed of a continuous tree canopy corridor, augmented by herbaceous vegetation patches, food plots, and snags. To build and manage the greenway, this investigation reaffirms the importance of multi-disciplinary collaboration, local participation, and the potential individualistic structure of a greenway. The study suggests that both broad landscape planning visions and detailed site endeavors are necessary to understand and manage the greenway successfully.     

以微气候营造为导向的绿道设计因素实测研究

城市绿道作为调节城市气候的重要手段,受到了广泛关注,如何从营造良好微气候的角度出发进行绿道设计值得探究。以广州地区为例,重点研究绿道设计中铺地材质和周围景观环境2个基本要素对绿道微气候的影响,探求适宜的绿道微气候营造方法。对不同铺地材质和周边景观环境组成的16条绿道进行实测,定量分析水体、树荫以及铺地性质等对绿道微气候的影响。研究表明:铺地材质和周边景观环境以不同的方式对绿道微气候产生不同程度的影响,两者组合时互相影响,共同调节绿道微气候。铺地材质主要通过加热空气调节绿道微气候,首选反射率适中、含水量较高的铺地材质,如透水砖等,利于降低空气温度并减少人行高度短波辐射,对于遮挡少的周围环境,尤其要避免与低反射率的沥青和水泥组合。不同周边景观环境调节热环境的方式各异,建议采用乔—水、乔—草等复合环境,既能有效控制太阳辐射量,又能生风、降低空气温度、改善综合热环境;应避免使用灌木,尤其是与不透水阶砖等具有高反射率的材料组合。根据周围环境和下垫面材质的特性及其相互影响来进行合理搭配,有助于营造良好的绿道微气候。