Effectiveness of environmental offsets in environmental impact assessment: practitioner perspectives from Western Australia

Environmental offsets are positive mitigation measures implemented during environmental impact assessment (EIA) approvals to compensate for unavoidable negative environmental actions. Through interviews with 29 practitioners experienced with offsets, this study investigated the level of support for environmental offsets in Western Australia, implementation of the mitigation sequence and achievement of ‘net environmental gain’ and ‘like for like’ in practice. In-principle support for the use of offsets was almost unanimous. However, the practical workability of ‘like for like’ was questioned along with claims that offsets failed to deliver net benefits. Greater guidance and follow-up will be necessary if practice is to live up to expectation.     

A review of the use of environmental offset as a policy mechanism in the environmental impact assessment process (EIA) in Western Australia

This paper reviews the use of offsets in the Western Australian (WA) environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. First, an overview and analysis of offsets as a policy tool in EIA is provided, noting that it has its origins in the practice of ecological restoration and uses the principle of the no net loss (NNL). Second, the implementation of WA offset policy is discussed noting the emergence of two new types of offsets in response to the uncertainty associated with some major resource projects. The first type is a ‘residual risk’ offset, which is provided in recognition of the uncertain risks associated with the proposal. The second type is a ‘banked’ offset, which is called upon only in the event that negative environmental impacts occur. Finally, it is proposed that these ‘offsets for uncertainty’ could be used more broadly in EIA where there is significant uncertainty of impacts provided the residual risk is considered acceptable.     

筑坝河流的生态补偿

从河流的连续性特征出发分析了大坝对于河流生态系统的胁迫问题。指出要在自然-社会-经济复合生态系统中全面权衡筑坝的利弊得失。讨论了对于筑坝河流进行生态补偿的可行性,建议开展河流生态系统功能价值评估,建立生态补偿的合理机制。     

3S技术在区域生态功能区划中的应用——以河南省濮阳市为案例

生态功能区划是区域社会经济协调发展的基础性工作,3S技术则是保证区划科学与准确的重要技术手段。以河南省濮阳市为例,介绍了3S技术在区域生态功能区划中的应用及其优势与特点,即数据的准确性、现势性和科学性得到进一步提高,而且空间分析功能充分实现了不同权重生态因子的叠加,同时在区划过程中充分考虑生态格局对生态功能的影响,因而区划结果更具科学性和现实意义。     

假肢接受腔阳模数控加工刀具的运动轨迹规划

应用表面建模方法，建立了假肢接受腔的三维数学模型。针对假肢接受腔的独特外形特征，研制了加工假肢接受腔阳模的三轴联动数控机床，该机床控制系统采用开环系统，可以运行CAD／CAM软件。对加工假肢接受腔阳模的刀具进行了运动轨迹规划，推导出了切削点的计算公式。根据三维刀具半径补偿原理，确定了刀具的刀位点运动轨迹。经过临床实例加工表明：该数控机床和刀具运动轨迹规划算法完全满足实际应用要求。     

基于大数据的消费者行为和餐饮空间规划研究

目的研究在大数据背景下,餐饮空间规划和消费者行为之间的关系,为优化空间规划提供依据。方法研究消费者的行为流程模式,找到影响空间规划的行为数据,分析这些行为数据和餐厅空间规划之间的关系。结论寻座和离座行为产生的交通数据是影响餐饮空间规划的直接因素,等位和就餐行为产生的时间、消费数据是间接影响因素。关于行为—体验—空间的数据关联分析,可作为优化空间规划的依据,能增加消费者的满意度和餐厅的翻台率。     

Physical aspects of a-Si:H/c-Si hetero-junction solar cells

We report on the basic properties of amorphous/crystalline hetero-junctions (a-Si:H/c-Si), their effects on the recombination of excess carriers and its influence on the a-Si:H/c-Si hetero-junction solar cells. For that purpose we measured the gap state density distribution of thin a-Si:H layers and determined its dependence on deposition temperature and doping by an improved version of near-UV-photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the Fermi level position in the a-Si:H and the valence band offset were directly measured. In combination with interface sensitive methods such as surface photovoltage analysis and our numerical simulation program AFORS-HET, we found an optimum in wafer pretreatment, doping and deposition temperature for efficient a-Si:H/c-Si solar cells without an i-type a-Si:H buffer layer. We reached at maximum 19.8% certified efficiency by a deposition at 210 °C with an emitter doping of 2000 ppm of B₂H₆ on a well cleaned pyramidally structured c-Si(n) wafer.     

新发展格局下自然资源与国土空间规划标准化工作思考

标准化工作是保障和引领生态文明新时代自然资源与国土空间治理的有效手段。本文通过分析自然资源部组建以来,自然资源与国土空间规划标准化工作取得的积极成效,以及存在的标准供需不平衡不充分、信息化和国际化程度不高等问题,提出需要按照高质量发展、高水平治理的要求,加强自然资源与国土空间规划领域标准化工作的顶层设计,注重基础能力建设,优化工作程序,强化标准实施监督,提升信息化和国际化水平,为推进自然资源治理体系和治理能力现代化发挥基础性和战略性作用。     

Maximizing benefits for biodiversity: the potential of enhancement strategies in impact assessment

Our demands on natural systems outweigh the capacity of those systems to support us. This paper calls for an approach to development that consistently delivers ‘net benefit’ for biodiversity or ‘ecological enhancement’. Examples of enhancement are presented through four case studies in India undertaken between 2005 and 2010. Actions focus on improving the overall ecological structure, composition and functions of sites; strengthening ecological networks by creating new habitats and buffer areas; and improving the services provided by the ecosystems, without jeopardizing biodiversity. While recognizing the importance of quantitative metrics of impacts and mitigation measures to determine outcomes, such measures were not available in these cases; enhancement is evaluated primarily in relation to pre-project conditions. The paper emphasizes the importance of considering alternatives that satisfy the mitigation hierarchy, and proposes a number of criteria for evaluating ecological enhancement.     

Competition for space during bacterial colonization of a surface

Competition for space is ubiquitous in the ecology of both microorganisms and macro-organisms. We introduce a bacterial model system in which the factors influencing competition for space during colonization of an initially empty habitat can be tracked directly. Using fluorescence microscopy, we follow the fate of individual Escherichia coli bacterial cell lineages as they undergo expansion competition (the race to be the first to colonize a previously empty territory), and as they later compete at boundaries between clonal territories. Our experiments are complemented by computer simulations of a lattice-based model. We find that both expansion competition, manifested as differences in individual cell lag times, and boundary competition, manifested as effects of neighbour cell geometry, can play a role in colonization success, particularly when lineages expand exponentially. This work provides a baseline for investigating how ecological interactions affect colonization of space by bacterial populations, and highlights the potential of bacterial model systems for the testing and development of ecological theory.     

空间网格结构频域风振响应分析模态补偿法

大跨空间网格结构是频率密集性结构,按照模态分析法,尽管考虑多阶振型的影响有时也难以包含所有的主要贡献模态。从数值分析中可以发现,大跨空间网格结构风振分析中往往存在着一些高阶振型,它对风振响应的贡献比较大,但由于其频率高往往很容易被忽略。本文根据模态对系统应变能的贡献,提出了一种有效的选取主要贡献模态的方法,为了克服包含所有主要贡献模态的困难,本文提出了一种简单的方法来补偿由于高阶模态遗漏而产生的误差,并通过一个网壳的算例对所提出方法的有效性进行了验证。     

基于自适应免疫遗传算法的IPPS问题研究

针对工艺规划与调度集成(Integration of Process Planning and Scheduling,IPPS)的多目标优化问题,将遗传算法基本理论与免疫应答机理相结合,并引入IPPS问题研究中,构造了融遗传算法和免疫机理为一体的自适应免疫遗传算法(Self-adaptive Immune Genetic Algorithm,SIGA)。该算法以遗传算法为主体并加入免疫算子,通过免疫系统的自适应、免疫识别、学习、记忆、激增和抑制等复杂的信息处理机理,有效地解决了规模大、约束多、目标函数非单一的IPPS问题。最后以实例进行仿真优化,验证了模型算法的正确性和有效性。     

DEM分析法在土地整理项目中应用

本文以江西省上饶县皂头等乡(镇)土地整理项目为例,探讨了数字高程模型在土地整理规划中的应用。通过项目区数字高程模型的建立,实现项目区地形的三维可视化地形分析,判断项目区地形现状,辅助土地整理规划辅助设计,为该类地区整理项目中总体规划方案确定、工程项目规划以及工程量测算等方面提供参考和依据。