关停期注水技术研究及应用

国内外低渗透油藏普遍存在物性差,注水开发难以达到设计注采比,油藏保持合理压力开发难度大,储层应力敏感性强,压力降低储层不可逆伤害大,产量递减快且恢复困难等问题。针对这些问题国内外知名低渗透油藏均推荐采用超前注水技术提前注水达到指定压力后开发,可改善开发效果,显著提高采收率。而对于错过了实施超前注水时机开发地层压力已经降到合理压力以下的低渗透油藏,如何恢复压力并保持合理压力开发是目前这类低渗透油藏面临的重大难题。为了解决这一难题,我们在七棵树油田开展利用低油价油井关停时机实施注水加快速度补充能量试验,并应用油藏数值模拟技术和动态监测情况相互应证的方法,形成了一套适合低渗透油井关停期注水的技术策略,得出关停期注水技术提效的关键在于油井复产后合理提液,成功实现对应油井増油30%。     

高18块二次开发阶段实施效果及认识

高18块莲花油层油藏地质情况较为复杂,平面上储层分布不均匀,先后经历了天然能量开采、蒸汽吞吐开采、注水开发等方式,开始出现稳产期短,含水上升快,开发效果差,依靠单一的开发方式无法兼顾不同砂体的开发要求,鉴于此,开展该块二次开发研究。     

低渗透油藏压驱注水工艺及发展方向

伴随老油田持续高效开发，油田进入高含水开发后期，油田稳产转向稠油、低渗透等难动用储层，油藏埋藏深、储层物性差等问题突出。低渗透油藏在油田占据重要地位，已动用储量低渗透油藏占比较高。常规水驱开发工艺普遍呈现注水压力高、欠注严重、油井产液低等问题，低渗透油藏开发效果差，产能递减快。结合油田提液稳产技术需求，开发出针对低渗透油藏的压驱注水工艺，开展了工艺优化和现场应用，通过分析开发效果及存在问题，指明技术的发展方向。     

文南油田文33沙三上油藏整体压裂引效研究

文33块沙三上油藏属典型的高压低渗透复杂断块砂岩油藏,油藏单井日产量小,稳产状况差,产量下降快;注水井吸水能力差,注水压力高,而采油井难以见到注水效果;油井见效后含水上升速度快,而采液指数和采油指数急剧下降,对油藏稳产造成很大困难。2000年以来通过缩小井距注水开发,并适时实施整体压裂引效措施,有效地实现了文33块沙三上油藏的高效注水开发。     

低渗透油藏注水开发存在问题分析

针对目前低渗透油田注水开发存在注水井注入压力上升快、吸水能力变差,采油井产量下降快、采收率低的一些突出问题,分析了产生这些问题的主要原因。研究表明,由于注入水水质问题、储层的敏感性、开采过程中储层有效应力增加以及低渗透油藏过度压裂造成注入水沿裂缝窜流等是造成低渗透油藏注水开发效果差的主要原因,并且储层伤害具有动态性、叠加性和不可恢复性。低渗透油藏注水开发中,应注重注水水质精细处理和注入水与地层水的配伍性,合理控制注采速度,保持地层能量,优化压裂方案,避免因过度压裂引起的注入水窜流,不能有效地开采基质中的剩余油。     

浅谈注水井注水压力方法研究

低产低渗油田,且具有天然裂缝,地层条件十分复杂,油藏物性条件差,开发难度大,产量和注水常常达不到预期指标。有效地提高注水量,保持地层能量,增大驱动压差,提高注入水的波及效率,促进油井见效增产。提高注水压力并不可能是无限制地提高压力,还应该充分考虑地层、套管、地面设备的承受能力。因此有必要开展高压强化注水合理的注水压力的研究。     

高压低渗油藏注水开发研究

刘庄油田沙二下油气藏渗透率0.29-43×10-3μm2,压力系数为1.2¹.4,属于典型的高压低渗油藏,并且构造复杂,断块破碎,油藏,大多数井都是单井单块,弹性开采,能量下降快,产量难以维持,因此单井产量低,采收率低。在该油田开展注水开发研究对提高该地区采收率及采油速度具有重要意义。     

低渗透油田提质增效方向研究与应用

针对低渗透油藏物性差、孔喉小、多相流渗流规律复杂等问题,以精细注水、有效注水为基础,加强井网井距与储层非均质性、注水质量与孔喉结构、注水与均衡渗流、采油与油藏供给能力的适配,强化分层注水、周期注水、脉冲注水等低成本技术的应用,实现增能提液,改善低渗油藏的开发效果和效益。     

桩西低渗透油藏增注技术研究与应用

桩西采油厂投入注水开发的低渗单元具有油藏类型多、构造复杂、储层岩性差异大、物性差、埋藏深等特点,加之注水水质难以达到低渗油藏注水标准要求,致使大多数注水井注水压力逐渐增加、注水量逐渐减少,形成了“注不进、采不出”的被动局面,严重影响了单元注水开发效果。针对这一开发矛盾,近几年桩西采油厂在进行储层伤害机理研究、回注污水处理技术研究的基础上,积极探索低渗油藏水井增注的新工艺,实施了以酸化增注、增压泵增注、振动增注等措施为主的配套增注工艺,使部分低渗单元注水开发效果得到了一定程度改善。     

影响低渗透油藏注水开发效果的因素与改善策略探讨

渗透率在(0.1~50)×10~(-3)μm~2范围内的油藏称做低渗透油藏,经过相关探勘统计,我国低渗透油藏占我国油储量资源的22%,开发低渗透油藏资源是目前亟待解决的问题。影响低渗透油藏注水开发效果的因素主要分为地质因素和开发因素,当前低渗透油藏的开发效果并不理想,存在注水压力高、油井供液不足、产量递减快、采油速度低等问题,导致出现了高含水、低采收率、开发效果差的现状。本文对低渗透油藏注水开发效果的影响因素进行分析,并且提出一些改善策略。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Mono- and Polyacetals

Abstract

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 6 acetals by molecular oxygen and ozone in liquid phase have been studied. Reaction with molecular oxygen (70°C, 15–16 hr) leads to the formation monoethers of the corresponding glycols with 68–90% selectivity. Salts of metals and complexes with crown-ethers have increased the reaction rate significally. Ozone have reacted with acetals with formation similar products. The mechanisms of intermediate stages have been proposed.     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.