60NiTi合金的热压缩变形与显微组织演变（英文）

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对在变形温度500～650℃和应变速率0.001～1 s^-1条件下的60NiTi合金进行热压缩变形,分析其热变形行为和显微组织,建立变形本构模型,绘制热加工图。结果表明,当压缩温度升高或应变速率降低时,峰值应力减小。合金的热变形激活能为327.89 k J/mol,热加工工艺参数为变形温度600～650℃和应变速率0.005～0.05 s^-1。当变形温度升高时,合金的再结晶程度增大;当应变速率增大时,位错密度和孪晶数量增大,Ni₃Ti相易于聚集;Ni₃Ti析出相有利于诱发合金基体的动态再结晶。动态回复、动态再结晶和孪生是60NiTi合金热变形的主要机制。     

300M钢的热变形行为及其变形组织演变研究

基于热压缩实验,对300M钢在应变速率为10s-1下的热变形行为及其变形组织演变进行了研究。结果表明:在试样高度压下量为50%,变形温度为700～750℃时,300M钢的应力-应变曲线呈流变失稳型,且变形组织出现绝热剪切;当变形温度为800～1000℃时,300M钢的应力-应变曲线呈双峰不连续动态再结晶型,且热变形过程出现了两轮动态再结晶;当变形温度为1050～1180℃时,300M钢的应力-应变曲线呈单峰不连续动态再结晶型,且热变形过程只发生了一轮动态再结晶。     

Effect of strain rate on hot deformation characteristics of GH690 superalloy

In order to clarify the effect of strain rate on hot deformation characteristics of GH690 superalloy, the hot deformation behavior of this superalloy was investigated by isothermal compression in the temperature range of 1000–1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–10 s^?1 on a Gleeble–3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The results reveal that the flow stress is sensitive to the strain rate, and the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is the principal softening mechanism. The strain rate of 0.1 s^?1 is considered to be the critical point during the hot deformation at 1000 °C. The DRX process is closely related to the strain rate due to the adiabatic temperature rise. The strain rate has an important influence on DDRX and CDRX during hot deformation. The nucleation of DRX can be activated by twin boundaries, and there is a lower fraction of ∑ 3ⁿ (n=1, 2, 3) boundaries at the intermediate strain rate of 0.1 s^?1.     

加工参数对铸态AZ31B镁合金热变形行为及组织演变的影响

借助热压缩实验研究了变形温度、应变速率和变形量对铸态AZ31B镁合金热变形行为及组织演变的影响规律。结果表明:(1)峰值应力随着应变速率的降低和温度的升高而减小,主要的形核机制为晶界弓出形核、亚晶旋转形核、孪生诱发形核,以及连续再结晶;(2)低于400℃变形时,温度的升高有利于再结晶的发生及晶粒细化;高于400℃时,晶粒尺寸开始迅速增大;(3)在小于等于400℃变形时,低速率0.1 s~(-1)更有利于再结晶晶粒细化;当变形温度高于400℃时,中速率1 s~(-1)更有利于再结晶晶粒细化;(4)高温低速率变形时,变形量主要影响晶粒尺寸,而高温高速率变形时,变形量主要影响动态再结晶程度。     

Prediction of effect of volume fraction, compact pressure and milling time on properties of Al-Al2O3 MMCs using neural networks

An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to predict the effect of volume fraction, compact pressure and milling time on green density, sintered density and hardness of Al-Al₂O₃ metal matrix composites (MMCs). Al-Al₂O₃ powder mixtures with various reinforcement volume fractions of 5, 10, 15% Al₂O₃ and milling times (0 h to 7 h) were prepared by mechanical milling process and composite powders were compacted at various pressure (300, 500 and 700 MPa). The three input parameters in the proposed ANN were the volume fraction, compact pressure and duration of the milling process. Green density, sintered density and hardness of the composites were the outputs obtained from the proposed ANN. As a result of this study the ANN was found to be successful for predicting the green density, sintered density and hardness of Al-Al₂O₃ MMCs. The mean absolute percentage error for the predicted values didn’t exceed 5.53%. This model can be used for predicting Al-Al₂O₃ MMCs properties produced with different reinforcement volume fractions, compact pressures and milling times.     

热变形条件对P92钢动态再结晶组织及机制的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟压缩试验机,研究P92锻态料在温度900℃～1300℃、应变速率0.5s-1～25s-1、变形程度50%条件下的热变形行为,分析热变形参数对应力-应变曲线、动态再结晶组织演变规律和机制的影响,获得了动态再结晶分数和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸。结果表明,P92钢动态软化机制有动态回复、不连续动态再结晶和几何动态再结晶3种方式。动态再结晶分数随温度的升高而增大,且随着应变速率的增大,发生不连续动态再结晶的温度范围扩大。采用提高热变形温度和高应变速率的改进工艺,可获得P92钢优良的组织和性能。     

Cu-Ni-Si-P合金热变形行为及热加工图

采用高温等温压缩试验,对Cu?Ni?Si?P合金在应变速率0.01~5?1、变形温度600~800°C条件下的高温变形行为进行了研究,得出了该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和本构方程。根据实验数据与热加工工艺参数构建了该合金的热加工图,利用热加工图对该合金在热变形过程中的热变形工艺参数进行了优化,并利用热加工图分析了该合金的高温组织变化。热变形过程中Cu?Ni?Si?P合金的流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的提高而增大,该合金的动态再结晶温度为700°C。该合金热变形过程中的热变形激活能Q为485.6 kJ/mol。通过分析合金在应变为0.3和0.5时的热加工图得出该合金的安全加工区域的温度为750~800°C,应变速率为0.01~0.1 s?1。通过合金热变形过程中高温显微组织的观察,其组织规律很好地符合热加工图所预测的组织规律。     

锻态TB6钛合金热变形行为及组织演变

在THERMECMASTER-Z型热模拟试验机上,对锻态TB6钛合金在真应变为0.92、变形温度为800℃～1150℃、应变速率为0.001s-1～1s-1的条件下进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,分析合金在β单相区条件下的热变形特点,并观察金相组织。结果表明,应变速率对合金流动应力的影响较显著;而变形温度对合金流动应力的影响在较高应变速率时较大,在较低应变速率时较小。动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和动态再结晶体积分数,随温度的升高而增大,随应变速率的增大而减小。从晶粒细化和动态再结晶组织均匀性考虑,当真应变为0.92时,变形温度选择在950℃～1050℃之间,应变速率选择在0.01s-1为宜。     

Hot deformation behavior of KFC copper alloy during compression at elevated temperatures

1 Introduction Along with the recent development in the semiconductor industries, precipitation-hardenable alloy copper strips with high electrical conductivity and strength, as well as excellent heat resistance, were commonly used as a leadframe materia…     

Hot deformation behavior of medium carbon V-N microalloyed steel

Processing maps for a medium carbon V-N microalloyed steel(designated as VN steel) and a medium carbon V-N bared steel(designated as Non-VN steel) were developed to study the hot deformation behavior and the influence of vanadium and nitrogen, in the temperature range of 750?1100 °C and strain rate range of 0.005?30 s^?1. Experimental results show that the processing map for the VN steel exhibits two dynamic recrystallization and three instability domains, while that for the Non-VN steel has one dynamic recrystallization and three instability domains. The instability domains of VN steel are larger than those of the Non-VN steel, and the VN steel is easier to be unstable when being hot deformed at high temperature and high stain rate. The addition and precipitation of vanadium and nitrogen can hinder the dynamic recrystallization. Compared with the Non-VN steel, the VN steel has higher dynamic recrystallization critical strain and the corresponding stress.     

铸态ER8车轮钢的热变形行为及本构模型研究

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在变形温度为900～1250℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1的条件下对铸态ER8车轮钢进行热压缩试验,得到真应力-真应变曲线.结果发现:其真应力-真应变曲线符合动态再结晶型软化机制,变形初始阶段,材料发生硬化,真应力快速增加,随着变形的继续,材料发生动态回复,加工硬化速率...     

镍钛形状记忆合金在热压缩变形下的动态回复和动态再结晶

通过获得镍钛形状记忆合金在应变速率(0.001～1 s-1)和变形温度(600～1000℃)下的压缩真实应力—应变曲线,研究镍钛形状记忆合金在热变形下的力学行为.通过显微组织演变研究镍钛形状记忆合金的动态回复和动态再结晶,获得应变速率、变形温度和变形程度对镍钛形状记忆合金的动态回复和动态再结晶的影响规律.镍钛形状记忆合金在600℃和700℃下,动态回复和动态再结晶共存,但在其他温度下表现出完全动态再结晶.增加变形温度或降低应变速率,导致较大的等轴晶粒.变形程度对镍钛形状记忆合金的动态再结晶具有重要的影响.在镍钛形状记忆合金的动态再结晶中存在临界变形程度,当大于临界变形程度时,较大的变形程度有助于获得细小的等轴再结晶晶粒.     

置氢TC21合金粉末烧结材料高温流变行为及组织演变

采用热压缩试验研究置氢量0.22wt%TC21钛合金粉末烧结材料在温度850℃~1000℃和应变速率0.001s-1~0.10 s-1范围内的流变行为和组织演变,分析了该合金烧结材料在试验参数范围内变形的应力-应变曲线特征。动力学分析获得置氢TC21合金粉末烧结材料高温压缩变形的应力指数和变形激活能分别为3.32kJ/mol和442.74kJ/mol,表明置氢TC21合金粉末制品在高温变形过程中均发生了动态再结晶。组织观察发现,在β相区变形时,β晶粒随金属流动方向明显被拉长、变形;在α+β相区变形时,β相的组织变化基本同其在β相区变形时一样,只是β相再结晶过程加剧;在α相区变形时,原始的的片状和等轴状组织中α相组织发生再结晶,初生的α相含量逐渐减少。平面应变状态下发生动态再结晶的临界变形量大于均匀单向压缩状态下的临界变形量。     

热变形温度和淬火速率对7085铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜,研究热变形温度和淬火速率对7085铝合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着热变形温度降低,再结晶体积分数显著增加,合金的力学性能先提高后降低;随着淬火速率的降低,晶界析出相粗化,晶界无沉淀析出带宽化,合金的力学性能降低。合金热变形温度越低,其淬火敏感性越高,这是由于在缓慢冷却的过程中,再结晶引起的大角度晶界和非共格的Al3Zr粒子成为MgZn2相的有利形核位置,降低合金的时效强化效应。     

Mechanical behavior of Al-Al2O3 MMC manufactured by PM techniques part I—scheme I processing parameters

Metal matrix composites (MMC) were manufactured using hot pressing followed by hot extrusion of aluminum (Al) powder reinforced by alumina (AI₂O₃) particles. Under tensile as well as compressive loads, a strength improvement of 64 to 100 % compared to the matrix material strength was obtained. The percent elongation to fracture ranged from 20 to 30%, which indicates good ductility as compared to the ductility of MMC manufactured by other techniques. Optical as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations were used for characterization of the material microstructure and fracture behavior. Porosity retained in the microstructure was very limited in the case of pure aluminum billets. Microstructural examination revealed uniform distribution of Al₂O₃ particles in the Al-matrix. Under tensile loads, voids opened by decohesion between the matrix and reinforcement. Such behavior led to a decrease in strength properties of the MMC as a function of reinforcement volume fraction. The fracture surface is dominated by the ductile fracture features, that is, dimples. Voids were found to initiate at retained porosity sites at the AI/AI₂O₃ interface or in the matrix close to the interface due to stress concentration. The SEM revealed the formation of a complex fine subgrain structure. Such a polygonized structure is a major source of strengthening.     

涡轮盘用GH4742合金动态再结晶行为

采用单道次等温压缩实验获得了GH4742合金在变形温度为980～1100℃,应变速率为0.005～5s~(-1)条件下的应力-应变曲线。以实验数据为基础,运用KM模型、Poliak-Jonas准则、Avrami模型较为系统地描述了该合金动态再结晶过程的流变应力、临界应变量、组织演化动力学等特征。并在Prasad功率耗散率模型的基础上,将动态再结晶组织转变体积分数引入其中,获得了动态再结晶过程的能量变化规律,借助微观组织表征技术,揭示了该合金动态再结晶机理。研究结果表明:GH4742合金随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,动态再结晶临界应变量减小,组织转变体积分数增加。发生完全动态再结晶时的功率耗散率大于0.44,形成机制为位错诱导的连续动态再结晶。     

Ti–4.5Al–6.5Mo–2Cr–2.6Nb-2Zr-1Sn钛合金的高温变形行为

超高强韧钛合金是制造超规格航空结构件的骨干材料。通过热模拟压缩实验研究了Ti-4.5Al-6.5Mo-2Cr-2.6Nb-2Zr-1Sn钛合金高温变形行为,采用临界条件动力学模型建立高温下动态再结晶体积分数预测模型。本研究取得的阶段性成果将为超大尺寸、复杂形状的关键结构件的集成制造提供理论支撑。     

Comparison of 10 μm and 20 nm Al-Al2O3 Metal Matrix Composite Coatings Fabricated by Low-Pressure Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying

Cold-gas dynamic spraying (“cold spraying”) was used to deposit aluminum-alumina (Al-Al₂O₃) metal-matrix composite (MMC) coatings onto 6061 Al alloy. The powders consisted of ?45 μm commercially pure Al that was admixed with either 10 μm or agglomerated 20 nm Al₂O₃ in weight fractions of 25, 50, 75, 90, and 95 wt.%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers microhardness testing, and image analysis were conducted to determine the microstructure, properties, and the volume fractions of reinforcing particles in the coatings, which was then converted to weight fractions. As the weight fraction of the Al₂O₃ in the coatings increased, the hardness values of the MMC coatings increased. A maximum hardness of 96 ± 10 HV_0.2 was observed for the MMC coating that contained the agglomerated 20 nm Al₂O₃ particles, while a maximum hardness of 85 ± 24 HV_0.2 was observed for the coatings with the 10 μm Al₂O₃ particles. The slight increase in hardness of the coating containing the agglomerated 20 nm Al₂O₃ particles occurred in a coating of Al₂O₃ content that was lower than that in the coating that contained the 10 μm reinforcing Al₂O₃ particles. The increased hardness of the MMC coatings that contained the agglomerated 20 nm Al₂O₃ particles and at lower reinforcing particle content was attributed to the increased spreading of the nanoagglomerated particles in the coating, which increased load-sharing and reinforcement capability of the particles. These results suggest that the use of nanoagglomerated, reinforcing hard-phase particles in cold-sprayed MMC coatings may be a more efficient alternative to the use of conventional micronsized reinforcing particles.     

Zn-8Cu-0.3Ti锌合金热变形的组织演变(英文)

利用Gleeble-1500热力模拟试验机在温度230~380°C,应变速率0.01~10 s-1的条件下进行均匀化态Zn-8Cu-0.3Ti锌合金的热压缩变形实验,测定真应力—真应变曲线,利用OM、SEM和TEM对变形组织进行分析。结果表明:在变形过程中该合金发生了TiZn15相的球化、析出相的粗化和基体η相的动态再结晶,形成了(η+ε+TiZn15)复相组织。变形过程中TiZn15相的球化有助于粒子协同方式实现粒子激发形核,有利于基体动态再结晶的发生。随着压缩变形温度的升高,基体动态再结晶晶粒的尺寸先减小后增大;随着应变速率和应变量的增大,动态再结晶进行得更充分;形变促进Cu原子的扩散,导致析出相的粗化,析出相的钉扎作用使组织得到细化。     

ZK60镁合金热变形过程中的应变强化与动态再结晶行为(英文)

研究ZK60合金的高温流变应力行为。分别采用Kocks-Mecking模型和Avrami方程对合金的应变强化和动态再结晶过程进行模拟,在此基础上,构建一个考虑合金动态再结晶软化的流变应力方程并对流变应力进行预测。结果表明:预测曲线与实验结果具有很高的相关系数,所构建的流变应力方程能准确地描述热变形过程中合金的流变应力行为。微观组织观察表明在变形初期合金组织主要为动态回复组织,随着应变增加,逐渐转变为再结晶组织。