梯度功能材料热应力缓和优化设计

在研究梯度功能材料热应力缓和优化问题时,提出了一个分析梯度功能材料中间层体积组分规律的关系式,并运用这个关系式,结合优化理论,对热应力缓和梯度功能材料进行了计算,并得出一些对梯度功能材料设计有价值的结论。     

功能梯度材料结构拓扑优化设计研究

在航天飞行器材料与结构的设计中,提高性能和减轻重量始终是两大主要任务.功能梯度材料(FGM)的概念是针对高速航天器中材料的应力缓和问题提出的;拓扑优化则是现代优化设计中减重设计的重要手段.文章根据拓扑优化的概念和功能梯度材料的概念之间存在的紧密联系,本质上都考虑了材料属性的连续性改变,基于SIMP模型,并采用凸规划求解策略以及周长控制方法,实现了功能梯度MBB梁和功能梯度夹层结构中夹芯的拓扑构型设计,设计结果揭示了功能梯度材料中性能指数和材料模型对优化构型中材料分布的影响规律.     

基于VC＋＋6．0缓和热应力型FGM空心球体智能化设计

根据梯度功能材料的热应力模型,材料物性参数数据库,通过VC＋＋6．0开发一个缓和热应力型的智能化设计系统,实现缓和热应力型FGM设计的智能化和系统化。     

梯度功能材料的梯度设计与应力分析

采用有限元分析软件,对316L/ZrO2层状复合材料和不同层数的梯度功能材料进行了热应力和拉应力分析,为实验制备316L/ZrO2梯度功能材料确定了最佳梯度层数。结果表明:热工作时温度在梯度功能材料内部是逐层过渡的;梯度功能材料有良好的应力缓和能力;随着层数的增加,热应力缓和能力和抗拉伸能力越来越强,当层数增至五层时,材料内部产生的拉应力不再递减,稍有增加,经综合分析确定了材料的最佳梯度层数为四层。     

梯度功能材料特性评价技术的研究现状

本文对具有热应力缓和特性的梯度功能材料(functionally Gradient Materials,FGM)的隔热性能、热疲劳特性、耐热冲击特性、热应力缓和性能以及梯度层的力学性质的评价原理、方法以及评价装备的现状进行了阐述;对梯度功能材料特性评价技术其发展方向及在我国的发展趋势也进行了简要论述。     

梯度热障涂层服役条件下的蠕变响应分析

利用数值方法研究了陶瓷/金属梯度功能热障涂层在服役条件下的热-力响应,同时考虑了梯度功能热障涂层各层的蠕变现象,数值研究表明在对梯度功能热障涂层进行热-力响应分析过程中,材料的蠕变现象是不能够忽略的,即使该层材料是富陶瓷材料。     

细观结构参数对功能梯度压电板的力场和挠度场的影响

假定功能梯度压电材料的物性参数沿着厚度方向,按照幂函数、e指数函数及正弦函数3种不同的梯度模型分布,从三维电弹性耦合的基本方程出发,采用层合模型并利用状态变量法对功能梯度压电板的应力场和挠度进行分析.分别考虑作用机械荷载和电荷载,并且在此基础上分析了不同的材料组份和几何尺寸对功能梯度压电材料的板得力场和挠度场的影响,并对数值结果进行了对比分析研究.为功能梯度压电结构设计及材料优化提供一定参考依据.     

功能梯度材料的研究现状及应用

为了对功能梯度材料的发展趋势进行探讨,从功能梯度材料的概念、性质、开发背景、研究现状（包括材料设计、材料制备、材料性能评价）以及在航天、核领域、生物医学、化学、电磁、民用建筑等方面的广泛应用．对功能梯度材料以后的发展趋势进行了简单的预测．同时指出,功能梯度材料的研究应将基础理论研究同工艺制造及性能评价结合起来,以促进梯度材料技术更快发展．     

功能梯度材料圆（环）板的屈曲分析

基于经典板理论，推导了功能梯度材料圆形板在边界面内均布压力作用下的轴对称屈曲方程．假设功能梯度材料性质沿板厚度方向按成分含量百分比的幂指数形式连续变化，用打靶法求解所得方程，得到了功能梯度材料圆(环)板的临界屈曲载荷，并分析了材料的梯度性质、内外半径比以及边界条件对板临界载荷的影响．     

先进材料及其应用研究进展

论述了极限材料、智能材料、复合材料及梯度功能材料等先进材料的开发与应用研究进展。超微粒子和纳米材料等极限材料具有巨大的表面积,因而具有特殊的磁、光、电、热特性,已成为新材料 的基本组元;非晶材料则具有很高的强度,良好的电磁特性和耐腐蚀特性。形状记忆材料、压电材料、电（磁）流变体、光纤、储氢金属等智能材料具有特殊的热、力、电、磁、光效应,是智能元件和智能结构的重要组分。定向凝固复合材料属平衡反应型复合材料,晶界少,具有良好的稳定性和抗疲劳性,是理想的高温材料。梯度功能材料的成分、组织及化学、力学、热学性能也呈梯度变化,可缓和应力集中,延长使用寿命,成分的梯度变化,也赋予材料一些特殊性质,材料制作与性能评价方法将是梯度功能材料今后研究的重点。     

ELASTOPLASTIC OPTIMUM DESIGN OF Ni/TiC FUNCTIONAL GRADIENT MATERIAL

The thermal residual stresses developed in a disk-shaped.Ni/TiC functionally gradient material (FGM) during its fabricationare investigated by an elastic-plastic finite element numerical ap-proach.Constitutive relations for the graded Ni-TiC composite interlayers between pure metal Ni and ceramic TiC are estimated by usingan effectiv-medium approach,and effective plastic strain and stressdistributions are computed for simulated cooling from an assumed fab-rication temperature.Analyses are performed for a fixed specimen ge-ometry and the graded region is treated as a series of perfectly bondedequal-thick layers.The restults are compared with those obtained by on-ly considering elastic material response to assess the effect of plasticityon the optimum fabrication design of the Ni/TiC FGM.It is demon-strated that the consideration of plasticity is of critical importance foroptimization of the metal/ceramic gradient materials.     

THERMO ELASTO—PLASTIC OPTIMUM DESIGN OF CERAMIC—METAL FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS-Ⅰ.MICROMECHANICAL AND GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS

The thermo elasto-plastic optimum design ofceramic-metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) wasinvestigated in this paper. The inelastic properties were firstevaluated using micromechanical approaches, then an elasto-plastic finite element model was used to calculate the thermalstress in the material. The effects of micromechanical ap-proaches, plasticity and graded interlayer thickness on thethermal stress relaxation characteristics and stress distribu-tions were studied. The results show that: (1) the macro elas-to-plastic response given by the mean-field micromechanicsand self-consistent micromechanics is nearly the same but theresponse given by the rule of mixture is different; (2)the ther-mo elasto-plastic behavior must be considered to realisticallyevaluate stress reduction, and the elasto-plastic optimum de-sign can get helpful information to determine the graded in-terlayer thicknesses; and(3) to optimize the microstructure ofthe graded material achieves reductions in critical stress com-ponent     

压铸模的功能梯度材料涂层性能分析

为了提高压铸模的使用寿命,用有限元方法对涂层为功能梯度材料的压铸模进行分析.梯度材料涂层分为5层,沿模具表面法向氮化钛所占的比例逐渐增加,分别为20%、40%、60%、80%、100%.在不同厚度涂层的应力分析中,涂层中氮化钛的比例不变,只增加每一层的厚度,涂层总厚度分别为0.002 mm,0.004 mm,0.006 mm,0.008 mm,0.01 mm.功能梯度材料的性能参数采用简单混合物运算法则计算.应用有限元法对有功能梯度材料涂层的模具和没有功能梯度材料涂层模具的温度场、应力场进行比较分析,并对不同厚度功能梯度材料涂层的应力进行研究.结果显示:当功能梯度材料涂层的厚度为0.006 mm时温度场分布更合理,表面剪应力及压应力变化平缓,有效延长了模具寿命.     

热载荷作用下含裂纹功能梯度板的有限元分析

为深入理解功能梯度材料的热断裂行为,研究了热载荷作用下任意热机械属性功能梯度材料板的裂纹尖端特性.利用解析方法推导了不含裂纹功能梯度板的温度场和热应力场,根据叠加法,把热应力场转化为裂纹表面载荷,采用基于非均匀单元的有限元方法计算分析了稳态热载荷下功能梯度板的裂纹尖端特性,并针对不同材料热机械属性分布形式,考察了热应力...     

横观各向同性功能梯度圆板弯曲问题的精确解

对周边为弹性支承边界条件下的横观各向同性功能梯度材料圆板轴对称弯曲问题进行了分析.将位移函数写成傅里叶-贝塞尔级数的形式,根据横观各向同性功能梯度材料基本方程,并针对指数函数形式的梯度分布情况,对功能梯度圆板轴对称弯曲问题的位移和应力进行了精确分析.并通过具体算例,分析了在圆板上、下表面荷载作用下,材料性质的不同梯度变化对圆板结构响应的影响.分析结果表明,材料性质的梯度变化对圆板的力学性能有显著影响.     

Coupled thermal-mechanical analysis of two ITER-like first wall mockups under heat shock of plasma disruptions

The first wall of the fusion reactor is a plasma-facing component and is a key link to maintain the integrity of structure during thermal shock induced by plasma disruptions. Be and W/Cu functionally graded materials are two kinds of important plasma-facing materials(PFM) of first wall in fusion reactor currently. Previous researches seldom comparatively evaluated the normal servicing and heat shock resistance performance of first walls with those two kinds of PFMs. And also there lacks coupled thermal/mechanical analysis on the heat shock process in consideration of multiple thermal/mechanical phenomena, such as material melting, solidification, evaporation, etc., which is significant to further understand the heat shock damage mechanism of the first wall with different PFMs. With the aim of learning more detailed mechanical mechanism of thermal shock damage and then improving the thermal shock resistance performance of different first wall designs, the coupled thermal/mechanical response of two typical ITER-like first walls with PFM of Be and functionally graded W-Cu respectively under the heat shock of 1–2 GW/m~2 are computed by the finite element method. Special considerations of elastic-plastic deformation, material melting, and solidification are included in numerical models and methods. The mechanical response behaviors of different structures and materials under the normal servicing operation as well as plasma disruption conditions are analyzed and investigated comparatively. The results reveal that heat is mainly deposited on the PFM layer in the high energy shock pulse induced by plasma disruptions, resulting in complex thermal stress change as well as mechanical irreversible damage of thermal elastic and plastic expansion, contraction and yielding. Compared with the first wall with Be PFM, which mitigates the damages from heat shock at most only in the PFM layer with cost of whole PFM layer plastic yielding, the first wall with graded W-Cu PFM is demonstrated to be possessed both of higher heat shock resistance performance and normal servicing performance, provided its material gradient and cooling capacity are well optimized under practical loading conditions.     

线性分布载荷作用下功能梯度简支梁弯曲解析解

针对线性分布载荷作用下,材料属性在厚度上任意变化的功能梯度简支梁弯曲问题,利用应力函数法,对其解析解进行了研究.首先引入了一个应力函数Φ,根据平面应力状态的基本方程,得出了功能梯度梁的应力函数应满足的偏微分方程,并根据应力边界条件得出了应力函数及各向应力的表达式;进而根据功能梯度材料的本构方程和位移边界条件,得出了结构应变和位移的分布.通过将本文的解析解与有限元仿真结果进行对比,验证了计算结果的正确性;并求解了材料组分呈幂律分布的功能梯度梁的应力和位移分布,得到了上下表层材料的弹性模量比λ与组分材料体积分数指数n对应力和位移分布的影响.     

The non-local theory solution of a Griffith crack in functionally graded materials subjected to the harmonic anti-plane shear waves

In this paper, the dynamic stress field near crack tips in the functionally graded materials subjected to the harmonic anti-plane shear stress waves was investi- gated by means of the non-local theory. The traditional concepts of the non-local theory were extended to solve the fracture problem of functionally graded materials. To make the analysis tractable, it was assumed that the material properties vary exponentially with coordinate parallel to the crack. By use of the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with the help of a pair of dual integral equations, in which the unknown variable was the displacement on the crack surfaces. To solve the dual integral equations, the displacement on the crack surfaces was expanded in a series of Jacobi polynomials. Unlike the classical elasticity solutions, it is found that no stress singularities are present at crack tips. The non-local elastic solutions yield a finite hoop stress at crack tips, thus allowing us to use the maximum stress as a fracture criterion. The magnitude of the finite dynamic stress field depends on the crack length, the parameter describing the functionally graded materials, the circular frequency of the incident waves and the lattice parameter of materials.     

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES ON THERMAL STRESSES RESPONSE AND OPTIMUM DESIGN OF C/M FGMS UNDER THERMAL CYCLIC LOADING

The influence of temperature-dependentproperties on thermal stresses response and optimum design ofnewly developed ceramic-metal functionally graded materialsunder cyclic thermal loading and high temperature gradientenvironment is studied. The thermal conductivity of materialis considered to be dependent on the temperature. In this pa-per, the thermal stresses response of the material is calculatedusing a nonlinear finite element method. Emphasis is placedon the influence of temperature-dependent properties on thethermal stresses response characteristics, the thermal stressesrelaxation properly and the thermal stresses history under thedifferent graded compositional distributions and differentheat flux magnitudes. Through the analysis, it is suggestedthat the influence of temperature-dependent properties can notbe neglected in the thermal stresses response analysis and theoptimum design process of the material must be based on thetemperature-dependent thermo-elastic-plastic theory.