润滑油基础油氧化过程研究

本研究旨在深入探究不同来源的润滑油基础油在热、氧环境下的性能指标、结构变化以及氧化过程变化。通过采用赛波特色度仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪以及热重分析仪等仪器,对润滑油基础油的氧化行为进行系统的表征分析。研究结果显示,在热、氧环境下,石油基基础油由于含有较多的环烷烃,其性能较易受到氧化影响而发生改变。合成基础油的性能同样会发生变化,但变化幅度相对较小。因此,合成基础油可以使润滑油性能保持相对稳定,但与石油基基础油之间的差异并不显著。     

聚α-烯烃和酯类合成航空润滑基础油特性分析

合成航空润滑油基础油具有良好的润滑性能、黏温性能、高温安定性能、低温流动性能、抗氧化性能和挥发性。使用合成航空润滑基础油,能够有效满足航空发动机升级换代所带来的各种要求,因此得到广泛应用。简要介绍了目前使用最多的聚α-烯烃(PAO)和酯类油的结构与性能,对比了这两种润滑油品的性能特点,重点分析了两者的高温衰变机理。     

植物蜡基润滑添加剂研究现状及发展趋势

介绍了植物蜡质的相关内容，综述了植物蜡基润滑添加剂在3种不同摩擦副的摩擦学性能，归纳总结了植物蜡基润滑添加剂的抗磨减摩机理。针对目前植物蜡基润滑添加剂研究大多是在3种摩擦副抗磨减摩性能研究上的局限性，提出研究范围扩展到其他类型的摩擦副以及以四球机和环块试验机为实验的各种摩擦学性能参数上，同时对其针对润滑油基础油的抗氧化安定性、低温性等其他性能的影响及和其他润滑添加剂的配伍性、在适配其他基础油等方面的发展趋势做了预测。     

硬脂酰苯并三氮唑的合成及其润滑性能研究

采用二环己基碳二亚胺缩合法由硬脂酸和苯并三氮唑合成了硬脂酰笨并三氮唑,产率85%,并通过FTIR证实获得了目标产物.采用四球实验机评价了硬脂酰苯并三氮唑作为润滑添加剂的抗磨减摩性能.结果表明,所合成的硬脂酰苯并三氮唑具有较高的稳定性和很高的抗极压性能,可以明显改善基础油的抗磨减摩性能.     

高黏度烷基苊基础油的合成及润滑性能研究

目前润滑基础油主要来源于石油资源,基于我国富煤贫油的现状,开发煤基原料合成润滑基础油的工艺路线具有重要意义。以煤化工过程产生的多环芳烃（苊）和烯烃为原料,以离子液体（[Et₃NH][Al₂Cl₇]）为催化剂通过烷基化反应探索了高黏度润滑基础油的合成。通过调控烯烃（己烯或辛烯）和苊的反应比例,合成了四种不同组成和结构的多烷基苊基础油,通过GC和GC-MS对其成分进行了分析。对不同油品的物化性能指标进行表征,揭示了产物组成结构和性质的关系,烷基苊基础油具有高的黏度（10.1~19.5 mm²·s^-1,100℃）、苯胺点（<63℃）和起始氧化温度（>190℃）;同时,烷基苊作为润滑基础油表现出优良的摩擦学性能,且随着苊环侧链烷基化程度的增加,其抗载荷能力会增强。     

高黏度烷基苊基础油的合成及润滑性能研究

目前润滑基础油主要来源于石油资源,基于我国富煤贫油的现状,开发煤基原料合成润滑基础油的工艺路线具有重要意义。以煤化工过程产生的多环芳烃（苊）和烯烃为原料,以离子液体（[Et₃NH][Al₂Cl₇]）为催化剂通过烷基化反应探索了高黏度润滑基础油的合成。通过调控烯烃（己烯或辛烯）和苊的反应比例,合成了四种不同组成和结构的多烷基苊基础油,通过GC和GC-MS对其成分进行了分析。对不同油品的物化性能指标进行表征,揭示了产物组成结构和性质的关系,烷基苊基础油具有高的黏度（10.1~19.5 mm²·s^-1,100℃）、苯胺点（<63℃）和起始氧化温度（>190℃）;同时,烷基苊作为润滑基础油表现出优良的摩擦学性能,且随着苊环侧链烷基化程度的增加,其抗载荷能力会增强。     

合成润滑油基础油的现状分析

高端润滑油基础油相比于Ⅰ/Ⅱ类基础油相比有许多优点。合成润滑油基础油属于高端润滑油基础油,是通过化学合成的方法生成的润滑油基础油,相比于矿物基润滑油基础油,各方面性能更为优秀。本文从高端润滑油基础油的产品应用范围及市场情况出发,详细地介绍了其中PAO基础油和聚乙烯润滑油基础油的产品现状,对两者合成的工艺技术进行了对比分析。     

合成齿轮油的特性与应用优点

目前矿物基础油用于齿轮润滑已达到极限,在很多情况下不能满足应用需求。而合成基础油用于齿轮油表现出很多应用优点。本文简述了齿轮的主要类型及工作特点;介绍了齿轮油的组成、作用及性质要求;重点阐述了齿轮油合成基础油的种类及其应用优点。     

聚α-烯烃合成航空润滑基础油特性分析

分析了聚α-烯烃的分子结构,研究了聚α-烯烃合成航空润滑基础油的结构与性能的相关性,重点探究了聚α-烯烃基础油组成结构与粘度之间的内在联系。得出结论:可通过改变聚α-烯烃的主链长度、聚合度、侧链数量等结构因素来改变聚α-烯烃粘度大小。     

聚α-烯烃航空润滑基础油高温裂解衰变研究

随着飞机发动机工作温度的不断提高,在用航空润滑油品质衰变问题越发严重,特别是聚α-烯烃航空润滑基础油在高温作用下会发生严重的裂解衰变,由此引发聚α-烯烃航空润滑油性能改变,难以满足现代飞机发动机使用的要求。从聚α-烯烃的本体结构特点出发,分析了聚α-烯烃润滑基础油在高温作用下热裂解的衰变过程,比较了聚α-烯烃润滑基础油高温裂解前后理化性能的变化,并且论述了聚α-烯烃航空润滑基础油高温热裂解衰变程度评定方法。     

聚α烯烃合成润滑油发展及其应用研究

聚α烯烃(PAO)是应用最为广泛的合成基础油料之一,与其他合成油及矿物油相比,聚α烯烃具有高低温性能优异、高黏度指数、热氧化安定性良好、低倾点、高闪点和使用寿命长等特点,这些优异的特性使聚α烯烃的应用市场广阔,特别适用于航空航天、军事、运输和化妆品等行业。阐述了聚α烯烃在现代工业合成润滑油中的应用现状并指出今后的重要发展方向。     

环氧生物质油在合成润滑油基础油的研究进展

衍生于植物油和动物脂肪的生物质油是生物润滑油的重要原料。与矿物油相比,生物质油具有低毒性、高生物降解性、高润滑性和良好的黏温性等优点,但其含双键和甘油酯基导致低温流动性和氧化稳定性差。因此,生物质油不宜直接作为润滑油基础油使用。生物质油经环氧化改性增加了氧化稳定性,加强了对金属表面的吸附,提高了润滑性。但是,单纯进行环氧化改性,也会导致油品的黏温性和低温流动性变差。因此,需要对环氧生物质油进一步开环改性。对比选择性氢化、异构化等改性方法,环氧化-开环方法反应条件温和,分子设计空间大。本文总结了由环氧植物油通过开环醚构化、酰化合成生物基础油的现状和发展趋势, 重点阐述了环氧植物油及其衍生物环氧脂肪酸甲酯与有机醇、羧酸和酸酐合成润滑油的研究进展,分析了改性分子结构对润滑油性能的影响,讨论了合成生物润滑油研究中尚存的问题, 并认为优化改性工艺、开发绿色高效的催化剂是未来的发展方向。     

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Biolubricants are becoming interesting alternatives to mineral lubricants. Despite their advantages, development of lubricants from vegetable oils may compete with food production, turning their use impractical due to socio‐economic aspects. Here, cardanol is used as raw material in the synthesis of novel biolubricants under environmentally friendly conditions. These compounds are characterized by NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal‐oxidative studies show the elevated stability and higher onset oxidative temperatures. Tribological analyses performed under high‐frequency linear‐oscillation motion indicate lower coefficients of friction and wear rates compared to a synthetic oil. Therefore, cardanol, under simple, fast, and sustainable processes can be transformed into valuable alternatives for petroleum‐based lubricants. Practical Applications: The novel cardanol‐based biolubricants presented in this work show interesting chemical and lubricity properties superior to standard synthetic oils, which make them potential substitutes for the current oil‐based products used as lubricants. Additionally, the ecofriendly methodologies employed reduce significantly the reaction time as well as eliminating the need for catalysts or solvents, making these processes viable alternatives for the traditional methods reported in literature for the synthesis of this class of compounds.     

Effects of additives on oxidation characteristics of palm oil‐based trimethylolpropane ester in hydraulics applications

Hydraulic fluids represent one of the most important groups of industrial lubricants. Increasing attention to environmental issues drives the lubricant industry to choose vegetable‐based hydraulic fluids which are biodegradable as compared to mineral‐based fluids. However, the lubricating properties of vegetable oil, such as poor oxidative stability and high pour point, have hindered their use. In this study, trimethylolpropane ester, which was derived from palm‐based methyl ester, was used as the base hydraulic fluid. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimum formulation for palm oil‐based synthetic lubricants by using suitable additives that can improve the oxidative stability and viscosity in accordance with the standard regulations for hydraulic fluid applications. The oxidative stability of the oil was evaluated by total acid number (TAN) and viscosity tests. In general, base oil without additive began to degrade after 200 h. The formulated oil, on the other hand, was quite stable even after 800 h of operation. The best formulation was obtained using 1.0% of either additive A or additive B. Both TAN and viscosity values were found to increase with increasing heating temperature. Meanwhile, the results have also shown that additive A performs better than additive B. After 800 h of exposure, the final TAN value for the formulated oil was only at 0.32 as compared to 4.88 mg KOH/g for the oil without additive. However, the kinematic viscosity of the oil at 40 and 100 °C was almost unchanged as compared to the oil without additive.     

聚α-烯烃合成油及其在润滑油中的地位

随着润滑油规格的日益严格,对高质量润滑油的需求呈增长趋势,对合成油的需求量明显增长。合成油中的聚α-烯烃(PAO)是市场需求增长最快的品种之一。国外PAO的生产主要采用乙烯齐聚法生产,国内目前主要采用石蜡裂解法生产,其产品质量与国外相比有较大的差距。作者对此提出了相关发展建议。引用文献8 篇。     

国外润滑油基础油生产技术进展

详细阐述了各种润滑油生产技术的发展趋势，包括传统基础油；高、极高和超高粘度指数基础油；合成基础油；可生物降解油品以及废油再生技术。     

Chemical modification of vegetable oils for lubricant applications

Owing to the unfavorable impact on the environment of mineral oil-based lubricants, there has been a steady increase in the demand for biodegradable, environment-friendly lubricants. However, development of a biodegradable base fluid that could replace or partially substitute conventional mineral oil is a big challenge. Vegetable oils are recognized as rapidly biodegradable and are thus promising candidates as base fluids in environment-friendly lubricants. Vegetble oils have excellent lubricity, but poor oxidation and low-temeprature stability. This paper presents a series of structural modifications of vegetable oils using anhydrides of different chain lengths. The reaction was monitored and products were confirmed by NMR, FTIR, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Experimental conditions were optimized for research quantity and for laboratory scale-up (up to 4 lb=1.8 kg). The thermo-oxidation stability of these new lubricant base fluids was tested using pressure differential scanning calorimetry and TGA. The chemically modified base fluids exhibit superior oxidation stability in comparison with unmodified vegetable oils. These base fluids in combination with suitable additives exhibit equivalent oxidation stability compared with mineral oil-based formulations.     

RE170、RE170/R227ea与矿物油的互溶性评价

随着制冷剂R22逐步淘汰, RE170、RE170/R227ea新型环保制冷剂有应用前景, 其和润滑油能否互溶直接影响制冷系统的使用效果。根据标准SH/T 0699-2000建立了一套制冷剂和润滑油的互溶性测试系统, 对RE170、RE170/R227ea和矿物油的互溶性进行了试验研究。结果表明:RE170的矿物油溶液在含油率为10%~60%时, 当温度低至-50℃时没有出现分层或絮状物, 二者互溶性非常好;混合制冷剂RE170/R227ea的矿物油溶液在含油率为14.6%±0.5%的基准情况下, 当R227ea的质量分数在35%~60%变动时RE170/R227ea和矿物油的低温两相分离温度随R227ea含量增加而上升, 当R227ea质量分数低于38%时混合制冷剂和矿物油在-50℃时仍能良好互溶, 当R227ea质量分数超过55%时混合制冷剂和矿物油在室温下已经不能互溶。最后, 结合经验公式法和溶解度参数法提出了新的评价方法来评价纯制冷剂及二元混合制冷剂和矿物油的互溶性。     

Basestock Oils for Lubricants from Mixtures of Corn Oil and Synthetic Diesters

Environmentally friendly vegetable oils and their derivatives represent alternatives to mineral-based lubricants. Vegetable oils have high biodegradability and low production costs. Their poor thermo-oxidative stability and poor low temperature properties are disadvantages in their use as lubricant basestocks. In our study we used corn oil and diester mixtures, which become lubricants when additives are introduced. These mixtures of corn oil and di-2-ethylhexyl-adipate (DOA) and di-2-ethylhexyl-sebacate (DOS) offer a wide range of kinematic viscosities, pour points lower than −39 °C and flash points over 218 °C. The diameters of wear scars measured under four-ball testing (40 daN) are less than 0.90 mm and the copper strip corrosion test result is 1a. The differential scanning calorimetry study and thermogravimetric study under nitrogen atmosphere and in synthetic air are reported. From these studies a higher thermal stability was observed for corn oil than for diester oils. The thermo-oxidative instability occurred at temperatures higher than 350 °C. The low production cost of corn oil and its mixtures with diesters makes them an attractive alternative to mineral oil lubricants.     

Technology for rerefining used lube oils applied in Europe: a review

The European oil rerefining industry is comprised of 28 plants treating waste oil, which represent one‐third in volume of the total European market for lubricants. The biggest European rerefineries with capacity greater than 40 000 tons/year apply various technologies for recycling of used oils from different sources. Used oil recycling technology has undergone significant changes over the past decade. With the newly developed rerefining technologies it is possible to produce higher quality base oil compared with the traditional and old acid clay methods. Currently in Europe the following re‐refining methods are widely used: solvent extraction (N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (Germany), Interline process (United Kingdom, Spain)); combined vacuum distillation and solvent extraction (Vaxon process (Denmark, Spain); hydroprocessing (Hylube process (Germany)); combined thin film evaporation and hydrofinishing (CEP process (Finland)); combined thermal de‐asphalting and hydrofinishing (Revivoil process (Italy, Poland, and Spain)). The majority of applied technologies in Europe is appropriate for rerefining of synthetic lubricating oils, which currently are replacing the conventional mineral lube oils due to their enhanced performance characteristics. However, for the rerefining technologies applying alkaline treatment (CEP, Vaxon) and hydrofinishing step (Cyclon, Snamprogetti, Revivoil) the amount of synthetic or semi‐synthetic oils based on esters in the feedstock should be eliminated, since these oils are less stable under alkali and hydrofinishing conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry