基于二维复判别分析的人脸识别研究

为了提高人脸正确识别率和效率,在行列方向的二维线性判别分析((2D)2LDA)基础之上,提出了一种二维复判别分析(2DCCDA)的人脸识别方法.该方法通过(2D)2LDA并行提取到的行和列特征矩阵,利用复二维鉴别式分析(C2DLDA)将行和列特征融合成复数特征矩阵,从复数特征矩阵中提取出最具分类能力的系数组成特征向量.相比较二维线性判别分析(2DLDA)和(2D)2LDA方法,2DCCDA需要更少的特征系数来表征一幅图像,并且正确识别率也相应提高.     

双向压缩二维特征抽取人脸识别新方法

提出了二维主成分分析(2DPCA)与二维线性鉴别分析(2DLDA)相结合的双向压缩投影的子空间人脸识别方法.该方法在进行一次2DPCA运算后,对特征矩阵进行转置,再进行2DLDA运算,与(2D)~2PCA与(2D)~2LDA相比,充分利用了2DPCA和2DLDA的优点,既包含了样本的类别信息,又消除了图像矩阵行和列的相关性,有效地提取了行和列的识别信息,识别特征维数也大幅度减少.在ORL和PERET人脸库上的实验表明,在不影响识别速度的情况下,其识别率优于现有二维特征提取方法.     

二维Gabor特征与三维NP-3DHOG特征融合的人脸识别算法

基于二维图像的人脸识别算法提取人脸纹理特征进行识别,但是光照、表情、人脸姿态等会对其产生不利影响。三维人脸特征能更精确地描述人脸的几何结构,并且不易受化妆和光照的影响,但只采用三维人脸数据进行人脸识别又缺少人脸纹理信息,因此文中将二维人脸特征与三维人脸特征相融合进行人脸识别。采用基于Gabor变换的二维特征与基于新的分块策略的三维梯度直方图特征相融合的算法进行人脸识别。首先,提取二维人脸的Gabor特征;然后,提取三维人脸基于新的分块策略的三维梯度直方图特征,旨在提取人脸的可辨别性特征;接下来,对二维人脸特征与三维人脸特征分别使用线性判别分析子空间算法进行训练,并使用加法原则融合两种特征的相似度矩阵;最后,输出识别结果。     

基于行列特征复融合的人脸识别

针对基于行列投影特征融合的二维线性判别分析中存在的问题,提出一种行列特征复融合的人脸识别算法。通过二维线性判别分析获得行和列的特征矩阵融合成一个复特征矩阵,从复特征矩阵重提取最具分类能力的系数组成特征向量。利用AT&T和AR人脸数据库对该算法进行性能测试,结果表明该算法具有较高的识别率。     

广义并行2维复判别分析的人脸识别

目的 针对2维线性鉴别分析提取人脸特征向量稳定性较差、仅对行或列方向提取特征时容易丢失不同行或列间有助于鉴别分析的协方差信息、同时存在特征维数较高的问题,提出一种广义并行2维复判别分析的人脸识别方法。方法 首先对人脸图像进行广义并行2维线性判别分析处理,根据特征值贡献率动态选取特征向量组成正交投影矩阵,完成水平和垂直方向上的投影;其次将处理后得到的两类特征矩阵以复数的实部和虚部形式相加,对融合后的特征矩阵进行广义2维复判别分析处理得到复特征矩阵;然后以复特征矩阵的特征值大小来衡量特征矩阵分量的识别性能,对特征矩阵分量进行重新排序,选取最具鉴别力的分量形成最终表征人脸的特征;最后采用最大相似度分类器比较测试样本与训练样本特征的相似度,进行人脸图像特征的分类识别。结果 在Yale、ORL、FERET、CMU-PIE及LFW人脸数据库上进行实验测试,该方法的最优识别率分别为100%、100%、98.98%、99.76%及98.67%,特征维数在8590之间,表明该方法对复杂条件下的人脸识别有较高的准确率和较低的空间占有率。结论 该方法能够有效克服2维线性鉴别分析提取特征稳定性差、特征空间中特征重叠、存储系数多、特征维数高的缺点,表现出较高鲁棒性和准确率及较低空间复杂度的特性。     

基于分块二维线性鉴别分析的人脸识别

基于2DLDA方法,提出了一种基于图像分块的二维线性鉴别分析(M2DLDA)的人脸识别方法。该方法首先对原始人脸图像进行必要的预处理后进行分块,再对分块后的子图像分别采用2DLDA方法进行特征提取,最后用最小距离分类器进行识别。该方法的优点：分块后能有效的抽取人脸图像的局部特征有利于分类;降低了2DLDA方法提取的特征矩阵的维数;特征提取是基于图像矩阵的,抽取方便快速。在ORL人脸数据库上的实验结果表明：该方法在识别性能上优于2DLDA方法。     

融合双向2DLDA和局部SVD的人脸识别

针对人脸识别中光照、表情、姿态的影响,提出一种融合双向二维线性鉴别分析和局部对称平均的人脸识别新方法。通过双向二维线性鉴别分析对整幅图像进行特征提取,利用局部奇异值分解对称平均提取图像的局部特征。对2种方法提取到的特征利用基于加权欧式距离的最近邻分类器进行融合识别,在ORL人脸库上的实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

均值漂移LDA优化FSIF的三维人脸识别

针对传统的三维人脸识别算法受光照、姿态、表情及场景变化影响导致耗时过多及成本过高的问题,提出了一种基于均值漂移线性判别分析优化尺度不变特征融合(FSIF)算法。使用均值漂移线性判别分析找到五个类似于查询人脸的最佳候选类;利用尺度不变特征融合提取出候选人脸及查询人脸的融合特征描述符,并进行特征匹配得到目标人脸;根据特征描述符的匹配关键点数目完成人脸的识别。在USCD/Honda、FRGC v2及自己搜集的人脸数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法解决了降低FSIF人脸识别的计算复杂度,并在不降低识别性能的前提下大大地节约了成本,相比几种较为先进的三维人脸识别算法,该算法取得了更好的识别效果。     

基于双向2DLDA与LDA相结合的SAR目标识别算法

线性判决分析(LDA)用于图像特征提取时,存在着损失二维空间结构信息、计算复杂度大的缺点。二维线性判决分析(2DLDA)弥补了LDA的缺点,但2DLDA仅消除了图像各列间的相关性,所提取的图像特征维数仍然较大。为解决上述问题,采用双向2DLDA与LDA相结合的特征提取算法对图像的行和列同时进行压缩,减少特征矩阵维数,降低计算量。实验结果表明,所提出的SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像目标识别方法有效地降低了图像数据维数,提高了识别率,并克服了方位角变化对识别结果的影响。     

一种基于2DLPP和2DLDA的人脸识别方法研究

局部保持投影（locality preserving projection,LPP）和线性鉴别分析（linear discrimin antanalysis,LDA）是两种有效的一维特征提取方法,广泛应用于人脸识别领域。但采用一维特征提取方法时会存在列向量化时样本的结构信息被破坏和样本在提取特征时必须对协方差矩阵进行特征分解,对于高维小样本的问题很容易出现协方差矩阵奇异的问题。文中提出将二维局部保持投影（2DLPP）和二维线性鉴别分析（2DLDA）这两种方法在特征层进行融合并应用在人脸识别。基于人脸库AR上的实验表明,该方法比传统的IJPP和LDA识别性能更高,因此可作为一种新的人脸识别方法。     

Adaptively weighted sub-directional two-dimensional linear discriminant analysis for face recognition

A novel image classification algorithm named Adaptively Weighted Sub-directional Two-Dimensional Linear Discriminant Analysis (AWS2DLDA) is proposed in this paper. AWS2DLDA can extract the directional features of images in the frequency domain, and it is applied to face recognition. Some experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results confirm that the recognition rate of the proposed system is higher than the other popular algorithms.     

基于图像分块的改进Fisher人脸识别算法

二维方法用于图像矩阵特征提取,虽然速度快,但影响了分类速度。针对二维线性鉴别分析（Two-Dimensional Linear Discriminant Analysis,2DLDA）的特点,研究了一种基于图像分块的改进Fisher人脸识别算法,该算法首先对人脸图像进行压缩降维处理,得到相应的特征矩阵,然后利用改进Fisher算法对特征矩阵进行类间离散度矩阵和类内离散度矩阵的计算,该算法充分考虑了类别信息,避免了传统Fisher算法造成的小样本问题,有效提高了分类速度。基于ORL（Olivetti Research Laboratory）与Yale人脸数据库的实验结果证明了该算法的有效性。     

Expressions Recognition of North-East Indian (NEI) Faces

Facial expression is one of the major distracting factors for face recognition performance. Pose and illumination variations on face images also influence the performance of face recognition systems. The combination of three variations (facial expression, pose and illumination) seriously degrades the recognition accuracy. In this paper, three experimental protocols are designed in such a way that the successive performance degradation due to the increasing variations (expressions, expressions with illumination effect and expressions with illumination and pose effect) on face images can be examined. The whole experiment is carried out using North-East Indian (NEI) face images with the help of four well-known classification algorithms namely Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (KNN), combination of Principal Component Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA + LDA), combination of Principal Component Analysis and K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (PCA + KNN). The experimental observations are analyzed through confusion matrices and graphs. This paper also describes the creation of NEI facial expression database, which contains visual static face images of different ethnic groups of the North-East states. The database is useful for future researchers in the area of forensic science, medical applications, affective computing, intelligent environments, lie detection, psychiatry, anthropology, etc.     

Face recognition by decision fusion of two-dimensional linear discriminant analysis and local binary pattern

To investigate the robustness of face recognition algorithms under the complicated variations of illumination, facial expression and posture, the advantages and disadvantages of seven typical algorithms on extracting global and local features are studied through the experiments respectively on the Olivetti Research Laboratory database and the other three databases (the three subsets of illumination, expression and posture that are constructed by selecting images from several existing face databases). By taking the above experimental results into consideration, two schemes of face recognition which are based on the decision fusion of the two-dimensional linear discriminant analysis (2DLDA) and local binary pattern (LBP) are proposed in this paper to heighten the recognition rates. In addition, partitioning a face non-uniformly for its LBP histograms is conducted to improve the performance. Our experimental results have shown the complementarities of the two kinds of features, the 2DLDA and LBP, and have verified the effectiveness of the proposed fusion algorithms.     

Kernel-based nonlinear discriminant analysis for face recognition

Linear subspace analysis methods have been successfully applied to extract features for face recognition.But they are inadequate to represent the complex and nonlinear variations of real face images,such as illumination,facial expression and pose variations,because of their linear properties.In this paper,a nonlinear subspace analysis method,Kernel-based Nonlinear Discriminant Analysis (KNDA),is presented for face recognition,which combines the nonlinear kernel trick with the linear subspace analysis method-Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (FLDA).First,the kernel trick is used to project the input data into an implicit feature space,then FLDA is performed in this feature space.Thus nonlinear discriminant features of the input data are yielded.In addition,in order to reduce the computational complexity,a geometry-based feature vectors selection scheme is adopted.Another similar nonlinear subspace analysis is Kernel-based Principal Component Analysis (KPCA),which combines the kernel trick with linear Principal Component Analysis (PCA).Experiments are performed with the polynomial kernel,and KNDA is compared with KPCA and FLDA.Extensive experimental results show that KNDA can give a higher recognition rate than KPCA and FLDA.     

基于小波和非负稀疏矩阵分解的人脸识别方法

提出了利用小波变换(WT)、非负稀疏矩阵分解(NMFs)和Fisher线性判别(FLD)来进行人脸识别。用小波变换分解人脸图像,选择最低分辨率的子段,既能捕获到人脸的实质特征,又有效地降低了计算复杂性;非负稀疏矩阵分解能显示地控制分解稀疏度和发现人脸图像的局部化表征;Fisher线性判别能在低维子空间中形成良好的分类。实验结果表明,这种方法对光照变化、人脸表情和部分遮挡不敏感,具有良好的健壮性和较高的识别效率。     

Two-dimensional locality adaptive discriminant analysis

Two-dimensional Linear Discriminant Analysis (2DLDA), which is supervised and extracts the most discriminating features, has been widely used in face image representation and recognition. However, 2DLDA is inapplicable to many real-world situations because it assumes that the input data obeys the Gaussian distribution and emphasizes the global relationship of data merely. To handle this problem, we present a Two-dimensional Locality Adaptive Discriminant Analysis (2DLADA). Compared to 2DLDA, our method has two salient advantages: (1) it does not depend on any assumptions on the data distribution and is more suitable in real world applications; (2) it adaptively exploits the intrinsic local structure of data manifold. Performance on artificial dataset and real-world datasets demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method.

     

融合2DPCA和模糊2DLDA的人脸识别

结合模糊集理论、双向二维主成分-线性鉴别分析((2D)2PCALDA)的特点,提出一种新的人脸图像特征提取方法。算法首先对人脸图像进行二维主成分分析(2DPCA)处理,再用模糊K近邻算法计算图像的隶属度矩阵,并将其融入到2DLDA过程中,从而得到模糊类间散射矩阵和模糊类内散射矩阵。与(2D2PCALDA相比,该算法充分利用了(2D)2PCALDA的优点,有效地提取了行和列的识别信息,并充分考虑了样本的分布信息。在Yale和FERET人脸数据库上的实验结果表明,该方法识别效果优于(2D)2PCALDA、双向二维主成分分析((2D)2PCA)等方法。