驻留滑移带与晶界和孪晶界的交互作用

对含有退火孪晶的多晶铜进行了不同塑性应变幅下的应变疲劳实验,利用扫描电镜及其电子通道衬度技术（SEM-ECC）观察了表面滑移形貌、疲劳裂纹和位错组态,研究了驻留滑移带与晶界和孪晶界的交互作用．结果表明,在晶界附近和远离晶界处观察到位错组态分布的不均匀现象．这种不均匀性导致多晶铜中疲劳裂纹首先沿着普通大角晶界开裂,在孪晶界处由于应变相容性较好而难以产生疲劳裂纹．     

水下覆盖层结构的声学特性分析

根据波动理论应用分层分析的方法得到了不同入射角度、不同背衬情况时声波在水下覆盖层结构中的吸声、反射系数以及透射损失等,并数值计算了不同入射角度下三种背衬条件下的透射损失,分析表明:声波垂直入射时透射损失性能最差;水背衬时水下覆盖层结构的透射损失低频时很小,中高频时急剧增加;单壳背衬低频时壳体本身起主要的吸收作用;中高频时水下覆盖层结构的吸收作用逐渐明显;双层壳背衬时其透射损失频响曲线出现谐振峰,削弱水下覆盖层结构的声学性能,总体来说,敷设非均匀结构要优于敷设均匀结构。     

X射线成像术(上)

该文着重从衬度的形成讨论了X射线成像。介绍衬度生成的三种机制:吸收、位相变动和衍射。还介绍了成像设备的主要构成部件:X射线源(X射线发生器、直线加速器和同步辐射),各类探测器、像增强器与显示器,机械、控制与数据处理系统等;应用各种衬度形成的一些成像方法也作了简述,如利用吸收衬度的造影成像、数字减影和双色减影成像、计算机断层成像;利用相位衬度的干涉仪法、类同轴全息法和衍射增强法;利用衍射衬度的Lang透射法和Berg-Barrett反射法等,并用少量例子说明。     

一种基于声学超表面的管道消声声衬设计研究EI北大核心CSCD

通过设计长度渐变的狭缝单元阵列,提出一种基于梯度声学超表面的管道声衬模型。建立了该超表面声衬的声学特性数值仿真模型和理论计算模型,对其降噪特性及机理进行分析,并探究改变结构参数和声衬空间布局对降噪特性的影响,通过试验验证了该超表面声衬的消声效果。结果表明,超表面结构使声衬的降噪频段明显向低频拓展,并显著拓展其降噪频段,分析表明声衬的空间布局对其降噪效果也有很大影响。     

高静水压下障板样品声特性的计算与测量

为研制一种在声呐水下声系统中起到屏蔽噪声、提高声基阵空间增益作用的耐压、低频、宽带声障板,设计了声管样品,根据分层介质中的声传播理论,利用多层均匀结构的传递矩阵法计算了它在空气和水介质背衬下的声压反射系数和透射系数,在不同的背衬情况下具有明显不同的声学特性。制备了直径206mm的样品,利用杭州应用声学研究所水声驻波管和行波管测量系统测量了频率范围100Hz～4kHz、静水压范围从常压到2MPa的声学性能,测量结果和理论计算值基本吻合,声障板样品在静水压状态下具有一定的低频、宽带反声特性。     

X射线成像术(下)

该文的前半部分(本刊上一期)已扼要介绍了X射线成像的三种衬度机制及成像设备各主要组件的构造,下半部分将继续介绍应用各种衬度的不同的成像方法和一些实例。     

X射线束点尺寸对X射线相位衬度成像的影响

X射线相位衬度成像利用X射线穿过样品后的相位变化,通过衍射信息来获得样品的结构特征。X射线相位衬度成像在生物影像、显微成像以及材料科学研究中有重要的应用。如果X射线成像样品物质密度比较低,它对X射线的吸收很小,所以常规的吸收衬度成像质量较差,不易分辨样品的结构细节。理论分析和实验研究都表明当X射线束点尺寸减小到一定尺度后,X射线源的空间相干性增强,采用相位衬度成像可以提高低密度样品的成像质量。X射线相位衬度成像质量与X射线束点尺寸,样品到影像记录平面之间距离直接相关。本文研究了X射线束点尺寸与低密度样品影像边沿轮廓宽度和对比度之间的影响关系。研究结果表明,根据低密度样品的介电常数、X射线源到样品距离,以及样品到影像记录平面距离,存在最优化的X射线束点尺寸。在该最优化配置条件下,低密度样品的X射线成像可以获得最好的图像质量。     

40 t锅炉低频消声器的设计

40 t燃气锅炉的低频噪声在频率63 Hz及12 5Hz尤为突出,是影响环境噪声达标的关键成分。通过对吸声材料声学特性的调研,根据相关纤维材料在上述低频段的声学基本常数[γ]和Z c;分析不同流阻率的多孔材料层背衬刚壁时,相关低频吸声系数的变化。同时按燃气锅炉排烟消声器的流阻要求,进而对阻性消声器的构造开展综合研究,设计一种内置整流体的圆筒状消声器。声学测量表明：5 m长、φ 2.4 m外径、通道直径φ 1.6 m内置整流体0.6 m的圆筒状排烟消声器,在31.5到250 Hz低频段有10～16 dB的降噪量,解决锅炉运转时低频噪声超标问题,使当地环境噪声达标。     

水下声学超材料研究

声学超材料在空气中应用的研究已经很多,通过对其声学负参数的研究可以实现负折射、 声隐身、 波束控制以及超分辨成像等功能.声学超材料在空气中的良好应用也让更多的研究者们聚焦水下声学超材料(简称水声超材料)声聚焦、声透射等的研究,其在水下的研究涉及到流固耦合以及模式转换的影响,会更加复杂.水下研究的主要难题有尺度大、低频性...     

包含光源面积的整体相位衬度调制传递函数

在部分相干光学理论的基础上,建立了一个整体相位衬度调制传递函数理论模型,模型中包含了光源焦点面积大小对X线相衬成像系统相位调制的影响,并通过数值模拟和数据计算,提出了X线相衬成像系统对光源焦点面积的选择原则,和焦点面积确定条件下的成像参数优化方法,结果表明,这种包含X线光源面积因素的相位衬度调制传递函数模型,更能反映整个系统的光学成像性能,更能有利于成像参数的优化设计。     

孪晶片层结构在室温轧制过程中的微观结构演变

研究了一种具有纳米孪晶片层结构的电解沉积铜的微观结构特征及其在室温轧制形变后的微观结构演变.结果表明,电解沉积制备的纯铜样品由柱状晶组成,柱状品内含有平行于样品沉积表面的纳米量级厚度的高密度孪晶片层结构,在孪晶界上缺陷很少,为共格孪晶界.形变后,孪晶片层的微观结构特征与片层厚度密切相关.粗大的孪品片层的形变行为以全位错运动为主,而细小的孪晶片层的形变行为以肖克莱(Shockley)位错在孪晶界上的滑移为主,从而导致几个纳米厚的超细孪晶片层消失.     

Influence of interface energy and grain boundary on the elastic modulus of nanocrystalline materials

With reducing the grain size into nanometer scale for polycrystalline materials, the influence of nonlocal interactions in grain boundaries on the mechanical properties of the material is reinforced as well as the interface energy stemming from the surfaces of grains is increased, resulting in that the mechanical properties of the polycrystalline represent size-dependence significantly. In this work, the influence of the interface energy and grain boundaries on the elastic properties of nanocrystalline materials is investigated in the framework of continuum mechanics. An analytical expression of the elastic modulus is addressed to describe the grain size effects on the Young’s modulus of nanocrystalline materials. The numerical results illustrate that the elastic modulus of nanocrystalline materials decreases with the reduction of the grain size to nanometer scale. The grain size effects become remarkable when the grain size lowers down to several tens nanometers, and the influence of the interface energy and grain boundary must be taken into account. The contribution of the density on the mechanical properties in nanocrystalline materials is analyzed by discussing the influence of the grain boundary thickness on the elastic modulus. The comparison between the proposed theoretical results and the present measurement shows that the proposed model can predict the experiments quite well.     

Phase transformations in nanocrystalline alloys synthesized by mechanical alloying

The effect of nanometer grain size and extensive grain boundary regions in nanocrystalline alloy systems was investigated for the chemical order-disorder, structural, precipitation, and spinodal phase transformations. The kinetic paths for approach to the chemically ordered phase from the disordered phase in FeCo-Mo alloys were observed to be the same at different temperatures due to grain boundaries acting as short-circuited diffusion paths for atom movements. The structure of Fe₃Ge was bcc for small crystallite size and the equilibrium fcc phase developed only after a critical grain size was attained. This was understood as a manifestation of the Gibbs Thomson effect. The precipitation phase transformation in Fe-Mo alloys proceeded by a rapid movement and clustering of the Mo atoms to the grain boundaries that was correlated to the size of the nano grains, and subsequent formation of the Mo rich lambda phase directly in the grain boundary regions. The composition fluctuation domains for spinodal decomposition in nanophase Fe-Cr alloys were observed to be linearly correlated to the growth of grains.     

00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢热塑性的研究

为了充分认识00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢的热塑性,用Gleeble-2000热模拟试验机研究了00Cr17钢的热变形行为.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢不同温度下的显微组织进行了观察和分析.结果表明,00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢在900～1050℃和高于1350℃下均出现了明显的脆性.在900～1050℃中温区,热塑性恶化主要是由于晶界上析出Cr23C6所致,而在1350℃以上的高温区,热塑性恶化主要是由于部分晶界优先开始熔化所致.     

Sliding and Migration of Tilt Grain Boundaries in a Mg–Zn–Y Alloy

Sliding and migration of tilt grain boundaries in a Mg–Zn–Y alloy have been investigated on the atomic scale using aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Grain boundary sliding is accommodated by non‐basal dislocations moving along the grain boundary; grain boundary migration is induced by the motion of grain boundary dislocations with synchronized grain boundary diffusion. Simultaneous sliding and migration of tilt boundaries take place in both Mg matrix and long period stacking ordered phases. These results provide evidence for occurrence of grain boundary motion, which may play a role in plasticity of this kind of Mg alloys.     

Linking Grain Boundaries and Grain Growth in Ceramics

The macroscopic properties of most materials are strongly influenced by grain size. In ceramic materials the microstructure usually results from the sintering process. Understanding the basic mechanisms of grain growth on an atomic length scale in ceramics would be beneficial to tailor the microstructure for improved macroscopic performance of devices. A method is presented using grain growth experiments to select samples for closer examination of grain boundaries with transmission electron microscopy. The growth experiments are used to identify temperatures were changes at grain boundaries occur at high temperature. Subsequently samples of interest are investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The correlation between TEM results and changes in grain growth behavior can be used to gain closer insight into the processes occurring during grain growth at an atomic length scale. Strontium titanate is used as model system to demonstrate the combination of growth experiments with TEM results. Normal grain growth shows two distinct drops in growth rate in the temperature range between 1 300 and 1 425 °C, independent of the A‐site to B‐site stoichiometry of the perovskite. In previous studies a high preference for grain boundary planes oriented parallel to the 100 direction of one of the adjacent grains was found in the high temperature regime. This study shows that the preference does not exist in the low temperature regime possibly explaining the change in grain growth rate.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on aluminum substrates using NaNO<Subscript>3</Subscript> electrolytes

A superhydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 166.0° and a tilting angle of 1.5° was fabricated on an aluminum substrate by electrochemical machining using neutral NaNO₃ electrolytes, followed by fluorination. The fabrication process is based on the fact that the grain boundaries and dislocations on aluminum are anodic dissolved before the grain itself by an applied electric field. Using scanning electron microscopy to analyze surface morphology, micrometer scale caves, and protrusions were found on the surface, with numerous nanometer mastoids contained in the protrusions. These binary micro-nano rough structures, which are similar to the micro-structures of a lotus leaf surface, play an important role in achieving superhydrophobicity. The effects of processing time, processing current, and electrolyte concentration on superhydrophobicity were also examined. The results show that electrochemical machining does not require rigid processing parameters, uses a simple device, and is highly efficient and environmental friendly. The optimum processing conditions are a processing time of 60 min, a processing current of 250 mA, and an electrolyte of 0.15 mol/L.     

铸造Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr合金在时效过程中的组织与性能演变

采用金相观察、硬度测试、单轴拉伸、扫描电镜观察、能谱分析、透射电镜观察等手段,研究了铸造Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr合金在时效过程中的组织与性能演变。结果表明,经固溶处理后,合金具有较强的塑性变形能力,延伸率可达10%以上,但强度较低。随时效程度增加,合金强度升高塑性降低,经225℃/3h时效处理后,合金为欠时效状态,与基体共格的β″相是主要的强化相,断口以解理面、韧窝、撕裂棱和晶界为主要特征。经峰值时效处理后,与基体呈半共格关系的β′相是主要的强化相,合金抗拉强度超过300 MPa,但塑性急剧降低,断口以解理面、撕裂棱和晶界为主要特征,与欠时效样品相比,解理面所占比例明显增加,且解理面及晶界光滑。进入过时效状态后,合金的强度降低,但延伸率有所提升,断口以晶界和解理面为主要特征。     

淬火速率对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr合金挤压棒材组织及硬度的影响

通过硬度测试、扫描电镜、透射电镜研究淬火速率对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr合金挤压棒材组织及硬度的影响。结果表明:淬火速率低于100℃/s时,硬度开始明显下降;2℃/s淬火时,硬度下降了43%。淬火速率低于100℃/s时,随着淬火速率降低,冷却过程中(亚)晶界及晶内弥散粒子处非均匀形核析出η平衡相的数量和尺寸明显增加,时效强化效果明显降低。相同淬火速率时,晶内η平衡相尺寸大于晶界η平衡相尺寸。在所研究的淬火速率范围内建立起硬度值与η平衡相面积分数间的定量关系。     

Effect of the structural state on the cold brittleness and fracture toughness of low-alloyed molybdenum

We investigate the effects of the chemical and phase compositions of grain boundaries and the state of an excess phase on the fracture toughness, cold brittleness, and strength of low-alloyed molybdenum by the methods of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The structural state of the material was changed without changing grain sizes by annealing in various modes at different temperatures. It was shown that the level of segregation of interstitials on grain boundaries is determined by both the annealing temperature and distinctive features of the evolution of excess phases. Embrittlement of grain boundaries results in a decrease in the strength and fracture toughness of the material and in an increase in its temperature of cold brittleness. In the case of transcrystalline fracture, the material exhibits better mechanical properties correlated with distinctive features of the evolution of excess phases inside the grains.Translated from Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 34–44, September–October, 1994.