强碰撞中型冲击机冲击环境特征

强碰撞中型冲击机是GJB150.18-1986规定的标准考核设施之一,它主要对于质量介于120 kg～2.7 t的舰船设备进行冲击考核,用于评定舰船设备的抗冲击能力 [1]。美国的中型冲击机经过大量的冲击环境试验,经过总结制定MIL-S-901系列中的标准考核工况,我国的中型冲击机仿照美国来设计,考核标准也参照美国标准来制定,但我国中型冲击机的冲击环境特征是什么,影响冲击环境的因素是什么,现有标准存在的问题是什么还不是十分清楚。针对这些问题给出我国中型冲击机应满足的冲击环境要求,提出我国舰船设备抗冲击考核标准的改进建议。     

冲击试验试样简易定位装置

缺口冲击是检验材料韧性的主要手段。试验要求缺口对中偏差不大于±0.2mm,对中超差将影响测试的准确性。老式冲击试验机一般无缺口对中装置,试样对中大部分采用对中样板手工操作,效率低精度也差,对试验速度有一定要求的低温冲击及试验数量大时很不适用。现介绍一种我们设计制作的端面试样定位装置,它可以很方便地安装于JB30型冲击试验机上,实现试样的快速准确定位而不影响测试结果。     

金属材料夏比冲击试样V型缺口的测量精度

金属材料夏比冲击试样V型缺口测量不规范导致冲击试验测试值严重失准,比例图形绘制的精度及正确画法是保证冲击试样尺寸和形状完全满足GB/T229-2007规定的重要手段,因此要严格控制夏比冲击试样V型缺口的测量精度,用于缺口投影仪检验缺口质量和加工精度的标准公差带图形的绘制要统一标准。     

多方向冲击条件下隔振器冲击特性试验研究

作用在设备上的冲击载荷往往是多方向的,导致安装在设备上的隔振器同时产生不同方向的大变形。此时,隔振器的冲击特性与实验室单方向冲击条件下获得的试验结果会存在差异。多方向冲击对隔振器冲击特性的影响目前国内外相关研究很少,需要开展一些探索性的工作。为此,使用落锤式冲击机对BE120和EA120两型橡胶隔振器进行两个方向冲击载荷同时作用下的冲击试验研究。试验结果表明,隔振器的冲击刚度与其主轴方向的冲击刚度存在相关性。但由于目前试验样本太少,试验结论并不能代表所有类型隔振器的特性。     

冲击测试中峰值拟合方式的比较与仿真

冲击信号的准确测量研究有着非常重要的意义,而峰值就是冲击测量中最为重要的参数.众所周知,在测量的数模转换过程中,必然伴随有一部分信号损失,尤其是峰值损失较大.因此,有必要选择合适的拟合方式来提高冲击测量的精度.采用Lab Windows/CVI对冲击测试中多种峰值拟合的方式进行了比较与分析,提出了若干建议,并通过仿真予以验证.     

冲击试验试样定位器

国标GB/T229—1994中7.5条规定“试样缺口对称面应位于两支座对称面上,其偏差不应大于0.5mm”.但由于一般国产冲击试验机没有试样缺口自动定位装置,要将试样缺口在支座上准确放置只能利用“跨距样板”手工放置,因此放置试样耗时较长,效率较低.特别在高温或低温冲击试验中,试样从介质中移出至打击的时间根本无法满足标准中7.10条“必须在3～5s内打断试样”的规定.为满足标准中7.10条的要求,必须压缩放置试样时间,采用试样定位器是一种有效的方法.定位器的作用是当放置试样时能使试样准确定位,而冲击时又不与试样接触以不改变原受力状态.定位器如图1所示,活动基座上有两个前定位块和两个后定位块,它们作用是防止定位杆与试样支座或冲击试验机摆锤座壁直接发生碰撞.活动基座钻两个孔,两条导向杆分别从中穿过,使活动基座能在导向杆轴向上往复运动.定位杆(图2)用旧千分尺改制,将其螺纹部分截短,测量端磨尖.定位杆采用千分尺的目的是高、低温试验时能对试样膨胀量进行补偿.拉力电磁铁接冲击试验机“冲击”开关时,拉力电磁铁接通,将活动基座往后拉,当“冲击”开关断开时,活动基座在弹簧的作用下恢复原位.     

复合材料机翼格栅结构低速冲击损伤仿真研究

针对采用格栅结构的某无人机机翼,研究了机翼格栅结构在承受低速冲击下结构材料的损伤特性;在ABAQUS软件中建立了冲击损伤过程有限元模型,采用Hashin-Rotem应变失效准则和Camanho参数退化方式,对无穿透破坏前提下的单侧带蒙皮格栅结构进行了冲击仿真实验.研究了针对不同格栅结构构型、不同冲击位置、不同冲击能量等情况下的损伤特性.结果表明:对结构不同位置进行冲击时,结构损伤类型、面积、扩展特性等都有极大的不同,而且复合材料结构不同铺层的损伤特性也有很大差异;验证了格栅结构对损伤扩散具有良好的限制能力,表明格栅结构具有很好的抗损伤能力.     

双层隔振装置冲击试验研究

通过跌落式冲击试验方法,验证了柴油电机组双层隔振装置可以达到有效的冲击隔离效果,从而保证舰船设备在强烈冲击环境中仍能正常工作.双层隔振装置的自振周期远大于冲击输入持续时间才能取得良好的冲击隔离效果,建立的跌落式冲击试验装置可以用来进行中小型舰船设备的抗冲击能力校核试验.     

测量不确定度直接评定法和综合评定法的几个典型实例第二讲综合评定法实例1——金属冲击试验测量不确定度的评定(续)

最佳测量能力是在检测处于理想状态时,k=2的扩展不确定度。对于冲击试验可以借助于合乎GB／T18658-2002标准要求的一组（≥25个）标准冲击试样来评定,评定步骤与方法同前。这种情况下得到的Sp较小,因为标样材质的均匀性比一般检测试样的均匀性好。显然,此时标样的标准差应采用标样组的实际标差Sfact,冲击试验机的误差也应采用证书上给出的实际误差Efact（实际误差E的半宽）来进行计算,对于最佳测量能力的评定,可以分为以下四种情况：     

夏比V型缺口冲击吸收能量测试失准原因的探讨

针对夏比V型缺口冲击吸收能量的实际测量值明显偏高的情况,调查了夏比冲击试验测试值失准的原因,具体分析了加工方法、加工设备和测量方法对夏比V型缺口冲击试样尺寸及测量精度的影响,以及如何避免冲击吸收能量测试值失准的措施及建议。     

Entwicklung der Normungsarbeit zum Kerbschlagbiegeversuch nach Charpy

Development of standardization work for the Charpy impact test This article shows how the necessity for the standardization of impact testing arose and the development of standardization work at the national, European and international levels. An overview is given about the national and supranational standards for impact testing (test method, verification and calibration of testing machines, calibration of reference test pieces) and the main points of the new presently valid standards are explained.     

Performance Verification of Impact Machines for Testing Plastics

Valid comparison of impact test energies reported by various organizations and over time depends on consistent performance of impact test machines. This paper investigates the influence of various specimen and test parameters on impact energies in the 1 J to 2 J range for both Charpy V-notch and Izod procedures, leading toward the identification of a suitable material for use in a program to verify machine performance. We investigated the influences on the absorbed energy of machine design, test material, specimen cross sectional area, and machine energy range. For comparison to published round robin data on common plastics, this study used some common metallic alloys, including those used in the international verification program for metals impact machines and in informal calibration programs of tensile machines. The alloys that were evaluated include AISI type 4340 steel, and five aluminum alloys: 2014-T6, 2024-T351, 2219-T87, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6. We found that certain metallic alloys have coefficients of variation comparable to those of the best plastics that are reported in the literature. Also, we found that the differences in absorbed energy between two designs of machines are smaller than the differences that can be attributed to the specimens alone.     

Ductile to brittle transition of an A508 steel characterized by Charpy impact test: Part I: experimental results

This study is devoted to the ductile-brittle transition behavior of a French A508 Cl3 (16MND5) steel. Due to its importance for the safety assessment of PWR vessels, a full characterization of this steel with Charpy V-notch test in this range of temperature was undertaken. The aim of this study is to provide a wide experimental database and microstructural observations to supply, calibrate and validate models used in a local approach methodology. Mechanical and fracture properties of the steel have been investigated over a wide range of temperatures and strain-rates. Effects of impact velocity on ductile-brittle transition curve, on ductile tearing and on notch temperature rise are presented and discussed. A detailed study of ductile crack initiation and growth in Charpy specimens is also carried out. From fractographic investigations of the microvoids nucleation around carbide second phase particles, a plastic strain threshold for nucleation is determined for this material. A508 Cl3 steels undergo a transition in fracture toughness properties with temperature, due to a change in fracture mode from microvoids coalescence to cleavage fracture. A systematic investigation on the nature and the position of cleavage triggering sites and on any change in the ductile to brittle transition (DBT) range has been carried out. This leads to the conclusion that manganese sulfide inclusions do not play an increasing role with increasing test temperature as recently mentioned in other studies on A508 Cl3 steel with a higher sulfur content. In a companion paper [Tanguy et al., Engng. Fract. Mech., in press], the numerical simulation of the Charpy test in the ductile-brittle transition range using fully coupled local approach to fracture is presented.     

10Ni5CrMoV钢低温冲击断裂行为研究

采用示波冲击试验方法，研究了１０Ｎｉ５ＣｒＭｏＶ钢在冲击断裂过程中各部分能量与温度的关系。在２０℃～－１００℃温度范围内，裂纹形成功（Ｅｉ）基本不变，裂纹扩展功（Ｅｐ）显示与总冲击功相一致的转变特征。在上平台，１０Ｎｉ５ＣｒＭｏＶ钢具有高的裂纹扩展功，Ｅｐ＞１００Ｊ；在转折区，钢的韧脆转变平缓。试验结果表明，Ｅｐ＝Ｅｉ对应的温度可作为韧脆转折温度。本试验钢的韧脆转折温度低达－８５℃，具有优良的低温韧性。     

High‐temperature testing in a Charpy impact pendulum using in‐situ Joule heating of the specimen

In this paper, an innovative approach to high‐temperature testing of subsize Charpy V notched specimens is introduced. The design concept is to heat the specimen on the specimen piece supports up to the moment of impact by flowing AC electric current through it. This approach allows a very accurate centring of the specimen with respect to the anvils and the control of their temperature up to the moment of impact. The temperature profile measured by using the in‐situ heating device on ferritic steel specimen over the notch temperature range of 400°C < T < 750°C is presented. The impact energy was measured at different temperatures going through the eutectoid phase transformation of the ferritic steel specimens, with different carbon composition, to investigate the validity of the instrumented in‐situ heating method. The method is particularly appropriate to estimate the ductile brittle transition that occurs at high temperature in some metallic alloy systems. Also, its wide range of specimen heating rate provides new research tools for studying, for example, the intermediate temperature embrittlement of metals and alloys.     

用四点弯曲试验确定焊接接头的薄弱区

通过全厚度的四点弯曲试验确定了 14MnNbq钢焊接接头的薄弱区 ,该方法简单直观 ,其结果得到了冲击试验的验证     

14MnNbq钢及其焊缝的断裂抗力表述

以深缺口宽板拉伸试验的结果为基础 ,通过建立宽板试验与冲击试验的关系 ,得到了 14MnNbq钢及其焊缝的断裂抗力表达式 ,为该钢的防断适用性分析提供了试验依据     

Determination of the Fracture Toughness of a Low Alloy Steel by the Instrumented Charpy Impact Test

An attempt to establish a non-empirical relationship between the Charpy V-notch energy CVN and the fracture toughness K _Ic is presented. We focus our study on the lower shelf of fracture toughness and on the onset of the ductile-to-brittle transition of a A508 Cl.3 low alloy structural steel. The methodology employed is based on the `local approach'. Brittle cleavage fracture is modelled in terms of the Beremin (1983) model, whereas the ductile crack advance preceding cleavage in the transition region is accounted for with the GTN model (Gurson, 1977; Tvergaard, 1982; Tvergaard and Needleman, 1984. Mechanical testing at different strain rates and temperatures allowed the establishment of the constitutive equations of the material in a rate dependent formulation. Numerous fracture tests on different specimen geometries provided the large data set necessary for statistical evaluation. All specimen types were modelled with finite element analysis. Special consideration was taken in order to handle the dynamic effects in the Charpy impact test in an appropriate way. The fracture toughness could be predicted from Charpy impact test results, on the lower shelf, by applying the `local approach'. In the transition region the parameters of the Beremin model were found to deviate from those established on the lower shelf. Detailed fractographic investigations showed that the nature of `weak spots' inducing cleavage fracture changes with temperature. It is concluded that the Beremin model must be refined in order to be applicable in the ductile-to-brittle transition region.     

Acoustic emission monitoring of split formation during Charpy impact testing of high strength steel

Abstract

Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring has been used to detect split formation during room temperature low blow Charpy impact testing of high strength thick strip steels. The AE signal analysis identified separate signals originating from hammer impact, plastic deformation (verified using Charpy impact testing on mild steel with no splits) and split initiation/growth. The presence of splits was confirmed by sectioning and fractography, and the splits were brittle in nature. A possible correlation between the AE signal features and fracture mode is presented.     

借助准标样测算夏比冲击试验测量不确定度的方法

为解决在测定材料冲击吸收功出现用户验收结果与出厂检验结果不一致的问题,提出了用准标样测算冲击试验测量不确定度的方法。这种方法可作为双方在进行冲击值比对分析时都能接受的评定方法。