Theoretically estimated peak wind loads

Current estimation of peak pressure coefficients and peak wind loads on structures in the ASCE 7 Standard [American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Structures, ASCE 7-02, ASCE, Reston, VA, USA, 2002] is based on the assumption that they are distributed normally. However, this assumption is erroneous in the case of low-rise structures because the time varying pressures and loads along roof edges and ridges have been observed to be generally non-Gaussian [H.W. Tieleman, Z. Ge, M.R. Hajj, T.A. Reinhold, Pressures on a surface-mounted rectangular prism under varying incident turbulence, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 91 (2003) 1095-1115]. In this article, a new procedure is used to evaluate from one individual non-Gaussian sample record statistics of peak pressure or peak load coefficients. The initial step for the analysis requires the identification and evaluation of the appropriate marginal probability distribution. The results reveal that the distribution of the time histories of surface pressure and load coefficients is well represented by the gamma distribution, whose parameters can be adequately evaluated from the theoretical moment estimators. The corresponding distribution of the peaks of the sample records that represents either the pressure coefficients or the load coefficients, can then be obtained using a standard translation process approach. This information yields the mean and the standard deviation of the sample peaks, which are then used to determine the extreme coefficients associated at any selected probability level of non-exceedence. This latter step can be made by assuming that the distribution of the peaks follows the Extreme Value Type I (Gumbel) distribution. The analysis is applied to pressure measurements on the 1:50 scale model of the experimental building at the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL), and executed in the Clemson boundary-layer wind tunnel over a range of incident turbulence intensities.     

对称双塔楼建筑的风荷载分布特征

本文针对双塔楼建筑风场的相互干扰作用,通过风洞试验研究塔楼的风压分布,将风压沿截面进行积分求出沿结构柱网方向的合力,然后反算出沿柱网方向的整体体型系数,实现了把风洞试验结果换算为工程设计软件直接可用的数据。本文还讨论了风对高层建筑的扭矩作用,采用扭矩放大系数来考虑风致扭矩。针对某对称双塔结构的风压分布特征获得用于指导一般性对称双塔结构设计的风压和体型系数分布规律。     

球面壳体表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究

球面壳体是工程中一种常用的屋面结构形式。本文通过刚性模型风洞试验,对不同场地类别下球面壳体表面风压分布进行了同步测量。根据测到的同步风压分布数据,对壳体表面风压场特性进行了分析,包括平均风压系数及脉动风压系数分布、脉动风压的自功率谱及互功率谱分布、风压场的本征正交分解特性、雷诺数对壳体表面风压分布的影响等。结果表明,球面壳体模型表面风压分布受雷诺数的影响明显,且模型的曲面特性使得由风场本征正交分解得到的前几阶特征模态对整个风压分布的贡献增大。该研究为这类结构在抗风分析中风荷载的确定及数值模拟提供试验依据。     

紊流风特性参数对矩形结构表面平均风荷载的影响

为了得到风特性参数变化对结构表面风压分布的影响规律,在风洞中采用格栅紊流,分别形成了紊流强度相同但积分尺度不同与积分尺度相同但紊流强度不同的几种局部紊流风场,以此来研究紊流风特性参数对矩形结构表面风压分布规律的影响,并给出了考虑这些影响的修正公式。结果表明:紊流强度增大会使矩形结构表面正压区体型系数增大,负压区体型系数绝对值减小;正压区风压变化规律与结构尺度无关,负压区体型系数除了受来流紊流强度影响外,还存在明显的尺度效应;紊流积分尺度增大会使矩形结构表面体型系数绝对值也增大,但不同区域变化幅度没有规律,很难进行统一修正。     

Effect of building length on wind loads on low-rise buildings with a steep roof pitch

A wind tunnel model study was carried out on long, low-rise buildings with a steep roof pitch to determine the effect of the length-to-span aspect ratio on the external wind pressure distributions. The study showed a significant increase in the magnitude of the negative pressure coefficients on the leeward roof and wall, with an increase in aspect ratio, for oblique approach winds. These large suction pressures also generate large design wind load effects on the frames near the gable-end. The 1989 edition of the Australian standard for wind loads, AS 1170.2-1989 was found to underestimate the wind loads on steep pitch gable-roof buildings of aspect ratio greater than 3, on areas near the windward gable-end, and hence the critical bending moments in the supporting structural frames. The current Australian/New Zealand wind load standard, AS/NZS 1170.2-2002 specifies increased negative pressure coefficients on the leeward half of high pitch roof buildings, and critical bending moments in the supporting frames calculated from these distributions agree quite well with values obtained from the wind tunnel study. However, other major standards severely underestimate the critical bending moments, and the effective pressure coefficients producing those bending moments, especially on the leeward roof slope.     

大比例TTU模型表面风压分布试验研究

采用1∶3大比例模型,通过风洞试验研究了美国德州理工大学（Texas Tech University, TTU）建筑模型表面平均、脉动、峰值风压系数的分布规律,并与实测数据和小比例模型试验数据进行了对比,分析了影响试验结果的部分因素。结果表明：TTU建筑模型典型位置的风压系数试验数据与实测值在整体规律性变化上一致,但试验低估了屋檐、屋角在风向角165°~240°范围内的脉动、峰值风压系数;越靠近屋角流动分离区域测点的风压系数绝对值也越大,最靠近建筑屋面角点的测点峰值风压系数达-16.7;大比例模型屋角、屋檐等区域试验结果更接近于实测值,排除了测点测压管直径不匹配的影响后,考虑到试验中湍流度模拟与实际的差异,大比例模型模拟效果更优;试验样本长度影响峰值风压系数的计算,在屋角区域,长样本峰值风压系数值均相对较大;而离屋角较远时,长样本的峰值风压系数则可能相对较小。     

Net pressures on the roof of a low-rise building with wall openings

This paper deals with an investigation of the characteristics of net pressures on two significant roof areas of a low-rise building with two different dominant wall openings. Wind tunnel boundary layer studies were conducted on a corner and a gable-end roof area of a 1:50 geometric scale model of the Texas Tech University (TTU) test building with a corner and a central wall opening. Mean and peak pressure coefficients, RMS values for the pressure coefficient fluctuations about their mean, as well as roof external pressure—internal pressure correlation coefficients were obtained for the entire 360° wind azimuth range. Frequency domain studies were also conducted for a few selected point roof pressure situations from which the frequency-dependent roof external pressure—internal pressure phase difference functions, root coherence functions and the spectral density functions were obtained. The results show that the mean, RMS and peak net pressure coefficients are particularly enhanced relative to the coefficients for the roof external pressure in the ±50° wind range. Zero-time-lag correlation coefficients of up to −0.64 were obtained in agreement with results from past studies, while root coherence values of up to 0.7 were also recorded. It is demonstrated that the provisions of both the Australian/New Zealand wind loading code—the AS/NZS1170.2:2002, and the American wind loading code—the ASCE7-02, are sometimes non-conservative in the prediction of mean and peak net roof pressure coefficients. These are believed to be due to non-conservative internal pressure coefficients allowed for in these codes.     

高层建筑标准模型脉动风压特性大涡模拟适用方法研究

为提高钝体建筑结构绕流模拟结果的精度,基于两种大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)入口湍流生成方法,分别为NSRFG（narrow band synthesis random flow generation）方法和CDRFG（consistent discretizing random flow generation）方法,进行CAARC(commonwealth advisory aeronautical research concil)高层建筑标准模型绕流的数值模拟比较研究。以风洞试验结果为参照,在对大气边界层湍流风场进行模拟验证的基础上,详细对比分析采用上述两种方法模拟得到的建筑表面平均和脉动风压系数、绕流场湍流结构、风压系数概率密度分布特性等的差异,并着重从脉动风压非高斯特性角度进行探讨,检验采用上述两种方法模拟钝体建筑结构绕流的适用性和准确性。结果显示：在受来流直接作用的建筑迎风面,采用两种方法模拟的脉动风压基本都符合高斯特性;而在受分离流和尾流作用的侧风面和背风面,采用NSRFG方法能更好地反映建筑表面脉动风压的非高斯特性。极值风压分析表明,为了满足99.38%的保证率,CAARC标准模型迎风面极大与极小峰值因子需分别取为3.0和2.5,侧风面和背风面极大和极小峰值因子需分别取为2.5和4.0。     

Study on suitable method to simulate fluctuating wind pressurecharacteristics of standard high-rise building model based on LES

为提高钝体建筑结构绕流模拟结果的精度，基于两种大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)入口湍流生成方法，分别为NSRFG（narrow band synthesis random flow generation）方法和CDRFG（consistent discretizing random flow generation）方法，进行CAARC(commonwealth advisory aeronautical research concil)高层建筑标准模型绕流的数值模拟比较研究。以风洞试验结果为参照，在对大气边界层湍流风场进行模拟验证的基础上，详细对比分析采用上述两种方法模拟得到的建筑表面平均和脉动风压系数、绕流场湍流结构、风压系数概率密度分布特性等的差异，并着重从脉动风压非高斯特性角度进行探讨，检验采用上述两种方法模拟钝体建筑结构绕流的适用性和准确性。结果显示：在受来流直接作用的建筑迎风面，采用两种方法模拟的脉动风压基本都符合高斯特性；而在受分离流和尾流作用的侧风面和背风面，采用NSRFG方法能更好地反映建筑表面脉动风压的非高斯特性。极值风压分析表明，为了满足99.38%的保证率，CAARC标准模型迎风面极大与极小峰值因子需分别取为3.0和2.5，侧风面和背风面极大和极小峰值因子需分别取为2.5和4.0。     

低矮建筑风致局部瞬毁诱发次生灾害机理研究

基于缩尺比为1∶40低矮建筑在不同地貌条件下的风洞试验,研究因易损区局部风致破坏进而诱发低矮建筑屋面整体风毁的风载特性,分析屋面瞬间开孔所致瞬态峰值内压过冲效应,研究稳态阶段的内压分布特征及净风压极值分布规律。结果表明：建筑上游风场湍流度越大,屋面局部瞬间破坏所致过冲效应越明显;地貌对屋面迎风角部瞬间破坏所致过冲较分布区域的影响显著;屋面不同的区域开孔所致内压分布均匀,但内压值随风场湍流度增大呈增大趋势。风致建筑破坏所致内压系数试验值比我国现行荷载规范中建议取值大;屋面局部瞬毁进而诱发再次破坏主要分布在已损孔洞边缘及山墙部分。     

Analysis of hurricane wind loads on low-rise structures

Time series of pressure coefficients collected on the roof of a house by the Florida Coastal Monitoring Program during landfall of Hurricane Ivan on the Florida panhandle in 2004 are analyzed. Rather than using peak values, which could vary due to the stochastic nature of the data, a probabilistic analysis is performed to characterize extreme values of pressure coefficients and associated wind loads. It is shown that the pressure coefficient time series follows a three parameter Gamma distribution, while the peak pressure follows a two-parameter Gumbel distribution. The analysis yields a probability of non-exceedance of a given threshold of the pressure or load coefficients. For this specific house and specific storm, the 80 percentile load coefficient value of the probability of non-exceedance is −1.7. This is discussed in the context of ASCE 7 GCp values.     

大连市贝壳博物馆表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究

为了满足大连市贝壳博物馆的抗风安全需要,进行了刚性模型表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究。详细介绍了试验所采用的主要技术参数与基本的数据处理方法,给出了典型风向角下结构表面风压分布的等值线图和结构典型测点在不同风向角下的风压变化规律;分析了各风向角下绝对值最大的局部体型系数及其出现的位置,并将屋盖的局部体型系数与现行《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 5009—2001)进行了对比。结果表明:屋面上表面的风荷载主要表现为负压,顶部迎风挑檐边缘较大,屋面的尾流区域较小或为正压。屋面两侧的悬挑部分及主入口处迎风时分布有大面积正压,以靠近拐角部分最大,且这部分屋面对风作用反应敏感,设计时应考虑体型系数的变号情况。     

Distribution of background equivalent static wind load on high-rise buildings

In this paper, the along-wind and cross-wind fluctuating load distributions along the height of high-rise buildings and their correlations are obtained through simultaneous pressure measurements in a wind tunnel. Some typical methods proposed in some relative literatures, i.e., load-response correlation (LRC), and quasi-mean load (QML) and gust load envelope (GLE) methods, are verified in terms of their accuracy in describing the background equivalent static wind load distribution on high-rise buildings. Based on the results, formulae of the distribution of background equivalent static load on high-rise buildings with typical shapes are put forward. It is shown that these formulae are of high accuracy and practical use.     

弦弓式预应力柱面网壳结构风洞试验及风致效应研究

弦弓式预应力柱面网壳结构是一种新颖的结构形式,通过对网壳下部拉索施加预应力使结构成为自平衡体系,某火电厂干煤棚为弦弓式预应力柱面网壳结构在干煤棚结构中的首次应用,风荷载是其主要荷载之一,目前规范对该类网壳结构的体型系数未作明确规定,因此需要进行风洞试验来确定其体型系数,试验考虑了网壳周边环境的作用,严格模拟了规范规定的大气边界层风场,分析研究了网壳表面风压分布规律及其影响因素,给出了可供设计采用的体型系数,同时进行了风致效应的研究,研究表明,周边环境对网壳表面风压分布的影响较大而煤堆的影响较小,大气边界层风场中风速脉动导致的风压改变在设计时已不容忽视,风荷载对网壳下部预应力拉索应力起着卸载作用,各索的最大应力减少比例在20％左右。     

考虑特征湍流影响的体育场悬挑屋盖脉动风压谱模型

基于风洞试验对体育场悬挑屋盖的脉动风压谱进行系统研究,旨在得到适用于此类结构的脉动风压谱模型,为风振响应分析提供必要的信息。通过对屋盖表面脉动风压进行谱分析,可知在屋盖前缘处的风压谱与来流风速谱较接近,但屋盖后缘处则差异很大,表现出明显的漩涡脱落特征。因此脉动风压自谱采用来流谱与漩涡脱落谱相结合的形式来描述,并通过权数因子体现屋盖表面不同位置处流场作用的特点。对于脉动风压互谱则用指数衰减函数来表示,并确定了适用于悬挑屋盖的衰减系数。为验证所提出风压谱模型的有效性及特征湍流对风致效应的影响,对系列悬挑屋盖结构进行风振响应分析,风荷载时程分别采用风洞试验测得的风压时程、基于建议风压谱模型模拟生成的风压时程、按拟定常假设生成的风压时程。基于建议模型得到的响应结果与试验结果基本一致,基于拟定常假设的风振响应极值偏小10%～15%,均方根值偏小30%～40%,脉动风压谱建模中不可忽略特征湍流的影响。     

竖向外伸肋板对高层建筑气动力特性影响的试验研究

为研究建筑外表面竖向外伸肋板对高层建筑气动力的影响,试验中采用了1个未设置肋板的参考模型和4个不同肋板布置形式的研究模型,通过模型测压风洞试验,获得了不同风向角下各模型的表面风压,进而对比分析了各模型的基底弯矩系数和层风力系数。试验结果表明：在所有试验模型中,外伸宽度d(d=7.5%D,D为模型长度)较小且靠近建筑边缘(b=15%B,b为肋板与模型边缘距离,B为模型宽度)的竖向肋板可以有效降低横风向脉动层风力系数,最大降幅为40.17%;竖向肋板可以有效降低基底弯矩系数的极值,顺风向和横风向的基底弯矩系数极值最大降幅分别为28.64%和39.02%。通过对比横风向气动基底弯矩功率谱密度发现,无肋板参考模型与加肋板模型的功率谱密度接近,说明竖向肋板的作用并非改变横风向脉动风荷载的能量分布,而是降低其强度;通过研究基底弯矩的相平面轨迹发现,当竖向肋板外伸宽度较小时,顺风向和横风向基底弯矩相关性随着竖向肋板外伸宽度的增大而增强。总体上,通过合理的竖向肋板布置能够取得较为显著的气动优化效果。     

平屋盖围护构件设计风荷载研究

GB 50009-2012《建筑结构荷载规范》中未给出复杂体型且重要建筑物的风荷载局部体型系数,此类建筑物的风荷载需通过风洞试验确定。基于此,提出了基于风洞试验的围护构件设计风荷载计算方法,将规范中阵风系数与局部体型系数的乘积修改为局部体型系数与脉动风压系数极值之和的形式,称为风压系数极值。提出的围护构件设计风荷载计算方法不仅适用于迎风面围护构件设计风荷载的计算,也适用于气流分离区围护构件设计风荷载的计算。在脉动风压系数极值的计算中,考虑了气流分离区非正态风压时程的特性,采用非正态峰值因子的简化计算式,可简便确定非正态风压时程的峰值因子。以平屋盖围护构件设计风荷载的确定过程为例,对比了我国规范方法与文中方法的异同,提出了平屋盖围护构件风压系数极值的设计建议值。结果表明,采用文中提出的围护构件设计风荷载计算方法,基于风洞试验数据可确定气流分离区围护构件的设计风荷载,采用日本风荷载规范的屋盖风荷载分区方法是合理的;采用风洞试验得到的局部体型系数,套用GB 50009-2012规范方法确定气流分离区围护构件的设计风荷载,可能严重低估风荷载取值。     

大跨度柱面网壳结构风荷载特性风洞试验研究

为研究大跨度柱面网壳结构受特征湍流影响的风荷载特性,在大气边界层风洞中对一大跨度柱面网壳干煤棚结构进行刚性模型同步测压试验,获得了结构表面测点在36个风向角下的测压数据。根据测试结果分析了结构的平均、脉动风压分布特性,脉动风荷载谱以及测点间脉动风荷载的相关性等。结果表明：结构在不同风向角下,特征湍流的影响情况不同,平均风压和脉动风压最大值出现的位置和范围存在较大差别;结构迎风位置测点脉动风荷载无量纲功率谱数值较大,且频谱成分复杂,随着气流向尾流区域发展,无量纲功率谱谱峰宽度及对应的无量纲频率具有增大的趋势,且高频段的衰减速度变缓;测点间脉动风荷载相关性随着频率及测点间空间距离的增加而减小,当频率达到30 Hz时,其相干函数值快速衰减,可以近似认为不相关。     

广东科学中心风洞试验研究

广东科学中心屋面结构形式独特,现行规范无可供参考的体型系数,风振计算也无直接引用的方法。通过风洞模拟试验,得出了该屋面各区域的风压分布和最高最低风压峰值等参数。为确定风振系数,进行结构设计提供了依据。