Stability analysis of connected large-scale renewable energy sources into Jordanian national power grid

ABSTRACT

Electricity and the underlying infrastructure for its production, transmission, and distribution are essential to the well-being of society. Jordan does not have the natural resources as its neighbours and imports 97% of its energy and fuel requirements, nearly 20% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. The rising cost of importing energy resources has forced the government to reconsider its energy consumption policies and address the issue of reliance on international energy markets for direct imports. This paper aims to study the effect of integrating large-scale renewable energy on the stabile behaviour of Jordanian transmission grid based on the 2017 scenario, and all analyses are made by DigSILENT; as a result of this paper, we understand when the system reaches the peak load, the grid will be stable, but the system will face unstable situations when the system reaches low load due to loss of wind.     

Energy minimization strategies and renewable energy utilization for desalination: a review

Energy is a significant cost in the economics of desalinating waters, but water scarcity is driving the rapid expansion in global installed capacity of desalination facilities. Conventional fossil fuels have been utilized as their main energy source, but recent concerns over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have promoted global development and implementation of energy minimization strategies and cleaner energy supplies. In this paper, a comprehensive review of energy minimization strategies for membrane-based desalination processes and utilization of lower GHG emission renewable energy resources is presented. The review covers the utilization of energy efficient design, high efficiency pumping, energy recovery devices, advanced membrane materials (nanocomposite, nanotube, and biomimetic), innovative technologies (forward osmosis, ion concentration polarization, and capacitive deionization), and renewable energy resources (solar, wind, and geothermal). Utilization of energy efficient design combined with high efficiency pumping and energy recovery devices have proven effective in full-scale applications. Integration of advanced membrane materials and innovative technologies for desalination show promise but lack long-term operational data. Implementation of renewable energy resources depends upon geography-specific abundance, a feasible means of handling renewable energy power intermittency, and solving technological and economic scale-up and permitting issues.     

Comparative analysis of three numerical methods for estimating the onshore wind power in a coastal area

Although there are many studies concerning the estimation of wind potential in different locations of Iran, an adequate evaluation of wind power for onshore locations of this country has not been investigated yet. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential of onshore wind in the south of Iran along the Gulf of Oman by comparing three Weibull numerical methods. In the first step, it became clear that the maximum likelihood method (MLM) compared to other methods represented the actual wind data with the lowest error rate and therefore it was selected as an accurate statistical distribution to model the wind speed of the investigated location. Using the MLM, the estimation of wind speed characteristics as well as the techno-economic evaluation of different wind turbines has been investigated. It was concluded that both technically and economically the studied area does not have sufficient wind power for the development of large-scale or grid-connected wind turbines. However, it may have enough power for non-grid-connected mechanical applications, such as wind generators for water pumping. Therefore, in the last part of this paper, an investigation of water pumping potential of the studied site by using adequate and modern wind turbines with lower start-up wind speed was recommended for future studies. Furthermore, it was suggested that the current methodology used in this research could be employed and extended in future studies to evaluate the wind potential of all onshore locations of Iran including onshore locations along the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea.     

Wind energy potential,development and current trends in India: a review

The demand for electricity is increasing day by day in the world. In a developing country such as India, the electricity demand is increasing at a terrifying rate as compared to the meagre supply. At present, the Indian power industry is mostly based on fossil fuel. Nowadays, wind energy has emerged as a renewable energy source which has a huge power generation capacity. India is one of the leading producers of wind energy but has the potential to generate even more energy through it. This paper presents a review of wind energy resources, its potential, development and current trends in India. A wind turbine can be easily set up as it takes less space as compared to other power stations and can be easily located at places such as deserts, remote areas, offshore, etc.     

Structural stability of concrete wind turbines and solar chimney towers exposed to dynamic wind action

Apart from burning classical fossil resources or generating nuclear power, alternatives have been developed, like the classical ways to capture energy from wind, water and sun, or the innovative solar chimney concept.The paper presents some structural aspects of classical wind energy turbines, like their high-cycle dynamic loading and reaction as well as their fatigue behaviour. Actual research results concerning pre-stressed concrete tower constructions for wind turbines will be focused on. For the solar chimney concept the structural challenges concerning wind action, eigenfrequencies, stiffening and shape optimization with special focus on the inlet guide vanes will be discussed. Both classical wind turbines and the innovative solar chimney concept may successfully contribute to the future energy supply in Southern Africa.     

Thermal uses of geothermal energy

The world potential for geothermal energy represents a substantial augmentation to energy supplies at costs competitive with petroleum at present prices. About 20 nations have geothermal projects or experiments underway and at least another 25 nations have geothermal potential. Current uses of geothermal energy include space heating and cooling, greenhouses. Soil warming, kiln drying, and electric energy production. Numerous new applications appear to be feasible, such as environmentally controlled livestock production, absorption refrigeration, and industrial processing in such areas as pulp and paper, wood chemicals, sugar beets, and corn products. Geothermal energy can be applied with state-of-the-art technology, with improvement in corrosion control and down-hole pumping. Incentives may be needed to stimulate geothermal investment to overcome the higher front-end costs of geothermal installations.

Geothermal energy is a promising future source of electric energy, ambient heat, and direct thermal uses. Currently in the world today, geothermal energy supplies about 1.500MWe per year in electric power and the equivalent of 7,000MWe per year in thermal energy utilization, mostly for space heating. Within the next three decades, the world supply of electric energy from geothermal energy is estimated to increase to about 200,00OMWe/yr. The United States has about one-tenth of the world's geothermal resources and should have about 20,000MWe/yr. on line in about thirty years.

The amount of thermal heat utilization from geothermal sources is somewhat problematical in the future, due to cost factors and the localized nature of geothermal applications. Transmission heat losses of geothermal fluids limit transmission lines to about ten miles or less, which means that thermal applications must be near to the geothermal source to be economical. On the positive side, however, there are many more lower temperature (under 200 degrees C) geothermal well sites In the world than there are high temperature sources capable of generating electric power (which usually requires about 200 degrees C or higher) Assuming then that thermal applications can be maximized near the geothermal sources, the ambient heat utilization of geothermal energy has been estimated to be up to 60.000MWe/yr. equivalent in the United States, which could imply more than 600,000MWe/yr. equivalent in the world.

Seen in this light, geothermal energy is a useful augmentation to the alternate energy sources of the world. While the amount of geothermal energy may seem small relative to the 1 ¾ billion megawatts of installed electric generating capacity in the world, geothermal energy provides new capacity for economic growth which would otherwise be absent In the energy-constricted future. Moreover, geothermal energy is competitive in cost with fossil fuels at current petroleum prices for many applications [1]; and it has few technology problems since its technology is closely related to existing heat conversion methods. The main new problems in geothermal energy are corrosion control and downhole pumping, both of which appear to be manageable. Moreover, geothermal energy appears to have fewer environmental problems than either coal or nuclear power. Therefore, geothermal energy may well be looked upon as the next most immediate source of alternate energy.

Other alternate energy sources include wind and solar energy. Lower temperature solar energy, such as black-body or radiation absorption for water heating, is practical in the near term at cost premiums around 2 to 5 times natural gas. Passive solar radiation systems in home-building, which tie the structure into a large heat sink such as water columns or the subsurface floor, are also practical at a modest cost premium. Wind energy for electric power conversion costs about one order of magnitude more than fossil fuel or geothermal energy; and high temperature solar radiation, i.e. focused array towers, or solar energy cells cost about two orders of magnitude more than fossil or geothermal energy. In this perspective, then, geothermal energy appears to be among the early candidates for substantial development both for electric energy and direct thermal utilization.     

Wind energy use in on-farm grain drying

Before the era of relatively cheap central-station electricity. wind turbines were in common use on US farms. particularly for pumping water. The dramatic increase in conventional energy prices, together with reduced supply reliability, has generated a new interest in on-farm wind systems in the United States. The US Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Energy (DOE) have been funding research directed toward wind energy applications in farm uses, including irrigation, food processing. space heating, apple cooling and storage. and crop drying. This analysis is based on USDAIDOE-sponsored research conducted in 1979–80, and also incorporates the results of some later research. On-farm grain dryers and their energy requirements are described, and the energy output and cost of selected small wind systems are estimated. Life cycle cost analyses are performed to determine economic feasibility.     

Renewable energy scenario in Telangana

ABSTRACT

This article presents an analysis of the current situation of renewable energy in Telangana, India, and predicts the future of renewable energy resources in the state. In India, maximum power is generated using conventional energy sources such as coal and mineral oil. They highly pollute the atmosphere. If new power plants are to be set up, then the import of highly volatile fossil fuels is inevitable. Though nuclear energy is a good alternative to reduce fossil fuel consumption, it is equally hazardous to human life. Hence, the energy world should think of judicious use of renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, ocean, biomass, and geothermal energy. The R&D activities carried out in India in the past three decades have shown good progress in finding a feasible solution to the problem of searching new renewable energy resources. Telangana is the state committed to use the renewable resources in a better way to fulfil its electrical energy needs. This article also analyses the current energy needs of the state and forecasts energy consumption and production in the future with the aim of finding whether the state can continue on the path of development and augment its renewable energy resources.     

Geological compressed air energy storage as an enabling technology for renewable energy in Ontario,Canada

As renewable resources are increasingly used to provide power to the world’s demand centres, dealing with the intermittent nature of these resources and their affect on the power grid is becoming a significant issue. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one technology that is proposed to increase flexibility when integrating renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and tidal generation with the power grid. By creating a storage medium where the energy produced from these sources can be stored and dispatched to the grid as required, a higher penetration of renewable energy generation can be achieved.     

风力机与地下工程用通风机匹配分析

通过对风力机和地下工程用通风机特性分析,讨论了利用风力机作为动力源驱动通风机对地下工程进行通风的匹配方法。通过实例计算对所讨论方法进行了验证,结果表明在达到两者匹配的设计风速时,可以完全满足地下工程通风要求。在风能资源丰富的地区,利用风力机部分替代电能驱动地下工程通风机,可实现地下通风的风能有效利用,促进地下工程通风的节能减排设计。     

Energy Management Considerations and their Application

T he M ost significant use of energy by the water industry is in the consumption of electricity, which is attributable to the many pumping operations under taken. For most water undertakings, this represents more than 85 per cent of all energy used and involves several millions of pounds expenditure per annum. Therefore pumping operations warrant particular attention in energy management approach.
Energy management can be related as a requirement to check both the economics of operations as well as to improve energy efficiency generally. With this consideration. examples are given of changes that have been made to pumping operations which are compatible with satisfying increasing demands for pumping and operational flexibiity in an environment of rising energy costs.     

寒地住区组团微气候适应性设计策略

论文基于自然与设计相结合的角度,在住区组团设计阶段,针对寒冷地区建筑所处的具体环境气候特征,对太阳辐射、日光、风等自然因素分析,把其气候因素加以充分利用和改善,来做到满足人类舒适度的前提下最小消耗自然界的能源,给寒冷地区住宅建筑节能设计提出一些应对策略和建议。     

广州珠江城绿色超低能耗关键施工技术

广州珠江城是一座典型的绿色低能耗超高层建筑,采用了10项先进的绿色能源和节能技术,包括双层呼吸式幕墙、冷辐射置换通风等节能技术、风涡轮发电技术、光伏幕墙太阳能发电技术等。由于结合结构体系的设计,施工过程中面临诸多技术难题。重点介绍了广州珠江城绿色超低能耗设施系统安装涉及的结构施工关键技术措施,达到绿色施工要求。     

自然的馈赠,人类智慧的结晶

太阳能和风能是大自然馈赠给我们的两种最重要的天然能源，也是取之不尽的可再生能源。风光互补发电是一种将太阳能和风能转化为电能的装置。其优点是无空气污染、无噪音、不产生废弃物。     

Water resources management in the Jordan River Basin

The Jordan River Basin is under great hydric stress. Increases in population and agricultural demand are contributing to the closure of the basin. This paper analyses the results of integrated water resources planning model (WEAP) by studying the vulnerability of water resources in the lower Jordan River under a changing climate pattern and growing water demands. Water balance models show that all aquifers supplying the city of Amman will be depleted within the next few decades. Mitigation measures should include the introduction of additional water into the basin through the Red Sea–Dead Sea canal, in addition to demand management measures such as water conservation and increase in irrigation efficiency. The findings of this study would provide a useful guide to the co‐riparians for policy formulation, decision making and dispute resolution. Cooperation among the five riparian countries may be improved by building a Geographic Information System (GIS) database that provides access to accurate data for hydrological analysis.     

论建筑设计中的自然通风

在能源消耗与日俱增和世界资源日益匮乏的今天,风力资源的利用,越来越得到人们的关注。依据自然通风的原理,通过分析国内外著名生态建筑中所采用的自然通风技术,比较了其各具特色的通风技术,着重论述了建筑物中设置中庭与风塔对于加强通风效果的作用。然后结合国情,提出了一些对于风能利用方面的、具有可操作性的通风处理方法,目的是针对建筑设计实践中的自然通风问题起到实际指导意义。     

Developing a green building assessment tool for developing countries – Case of Jordan

The purpose of this research is to contribute to a better understanding of the concept of green building assessment tool and its role for achieving sustainable development through developing an effective green building rating system for residential units in Jordan in terms of the dimensions through which sustainable development tools are being produced and according to the local context. Developing such system is becoming necessary in the Developing World because of the considerable environmental, social and economical problems. Jordan as one of these countries is in need for this system, especially with poor resources and inefficient use. Therefore, this research studied international green building assessment tools such as such as LEED, CASBEE, BREEAM, GBTool, and others. Then defined new assessment items respecting the local conditions of Jordan and discussed them with (60) various stakeholders; 50% of them were experts of sustainable development. After selecting the assessment items they were weighted using the AHP method. The outcome of the research was a suggested green building assessment tool (SABA Green Building Rating System) – computer based program – that suits the Jordanian context in terms of environmental, social and economical perspectives.     

铸石生产中热源再利用的研究

随着绿色经济的发展，做到资源的最大利用已经成为企业前进的必然趋势。本文介绍了对铸石窑炉余热利用以及共用供风排烟系统等措施的研究，旨在阐述在生产中达到节能的目的。     

可再生能源在暖通空调中的应用分析

本文指出发展可再生能源是节能和环保的需要,介绍了可再生能源在暖通空调中的应用,包括太阳能、自然风、地道风、地下水、地热、海洋能以及生物质能。并指出应结合地区特点,因地制宜地利用可再生能源,发展暖通空调新技术。