湖田窑出土黑釉瓷的产地研究

景德镇湖田窑窑址的南宋、元地层出土了类吉州窑、类建窑以及自具特色的黑釉瓷片。本文通过研究它们胎釉的化学组成,并与吉州窑和建窑黑釉瓷的胎釉化学组成进行对应分析,认为湖田窑宋、元时期也生产自己的黑釉瓷。其南宋、元堆积层出土的黑釉瓷中有吉州窑和建窑的产品,为当时各窑烧制工艺相互交流的佐证。湖田窑生产的部分黑釉瓷模仿了吉州窑的选料标准,应该是学习吸收吉州窑烧造黑釉瓷工艺的结果,这类黑釉瓷可能是南宋时期生产的。而另一部分黑釉瓷使用了质量较差的瓷土作为制胎原料,可能是元代时生产的。     

Unveiling the science behind the tea bowls from the Jizhou kiln. Part II. Microstructures and the coloring mechanism

In this part of the study, optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscope-selected area diffraction-energy dispersive spectrometer, micro-Raman and reflectance spectrum were applied to further study the microstructures of the characteristic areas of the glazes and illustrate the coloring mechanism of the “hare's fur” tea bowls with blue or bluish violet patterns. The results show that due to the diffusion between the cover glaze and ground glaze caused by compositional difference, as well as the “boiling effect” of the ground glaze, local chemical composition changes to form the different microstructures in different regions. Large sized interconnected phase separation structure with approximately 350?nm characteristic size forms in the unreacted portion of the cover glaze, leading to the scattering of all wavelengths of the incident visible light. With the contribution of the ground glaze which has low immiscibility tendency, small sized interconnected phase separation structure with approximately 170?nm characteristic size forms at the edge of the white region, leading to the scattering of the blue light range of the incident visible light. The fluctuation of thermal history gives various appearance to the Jizhou “hare's fur” tea bowls, although they share the same coloring mechanism. In general, chemical composition, microstructure and firing schedule cooperate with each other to create the changeful appearance of the Jizhou tea bowls.     

Melting behaviour of raw glazes

Melting behaviour of raw and inhomogeneous glazes influences the appearance and the properties of the final glaze surface. The melting behaviour was estimated from the sintering curves and characteristic samples measured with hot-stage microscopy. The glaze compositions were statistically chosen to cover the glaze-forming systems used in traditional ceramic industries. Altogether seventy-five compositions were mixed and ball-milled from seven different raw materials. The temperatures describing the sintering and melting of the glazes were mathematically modelled as functions of the raw material compositions. All the compositions were then also applied on raw floor tiles and fired in an industrial kiln for fast-firing (50 min) of dense floor tiles. The gloss of the fired glazes was mathematically modelled as a function of both the raw material and the oxide compositions. The resistance to abrasion and the crystalline phases of the fired surfaces were also determined.     

The thermal and microstructural behavior of a R2O–RO–(ZnO)–Al2O3–(TiO2)–SiO2 based macro-crystalline raw glaze system

Macro-crystalline glazes containing significantly large crystals visible to the naked eye are a type of artistic glaze with a decorative and esthetic performance. The use of raw glaze compositions is a cost effective alternative for these types of crystal glazes. In the present study, R₂O–RO–(ZnO)–Al₂O₃–(TiO₂)–SiO₂-based raw glaze system was studied to produce macro-crystalline glazes for Limoges porcelain bodies. The influence of the addition of TiO₂ as a nucleating agent or major phase was evaluated in zinc-based glazes as well as ZnO-free ones. Designed glaze compositions were fired according to a special heat treatment cycle and characterized in terms of thermal and microstructural behavior using a digital microscope, differential thermal analyses, hot stage microscopy, X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.     

仿南宋油滴釉的研制

油滴釉是我国南宋时期发明的珍贵釉种之一，具有独特的装饰效果和极高的艺术价值。只要配方合理，工艺控制得当，采用普通制瓷原料对其仿制是可行的，并且取得了令人满意的结果。     

仿南宋油滴釉的研制

油滴釉是我国南宋时期发明的珍贵釉种之一，且有独特的装饰效果和极高的艺术价值。只要配方合理，工艺控制得当，采用普通制瓷原料对其仿制是可行的，并且取得了令人满意的结果。     

Studies on the microstructure of the black-glazed bowl sherds excavated from the Jian kiln site of ancient China

The Jian kiln, located in present-day Jianyang county of Fujian province, mainly produced black-glazed tea bowls. Jian tea bowl was used as a utensil for tea tasting and was greatly appreciated by emperor Huizong of the Northern Song dynasty. The black glaze of Jian bowl was sometimes marked with streaks or spots, usually called “hare's fur” or “oil spot”, which are the crystalline markings of iron oxide precipitated during firing in the dragon kiln. In this study, black-glazed Jian bowl sherds excavated from the late Northern Song strata of Luhuaping and Daluhoumen Jian kiln sites were adopted as test samples. Based on the physico-chemical foundation for the formation of glaze microstructure, the correlation among composition, microstructure, and visual appearance has been investigated by means of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and field emission electron microscopy. For the first time, the study provides realizing proofs for two kinds of microstructural forming mechanics.     

Effects of Zirconium-Type Opacifiers on Properties of Glazes

The use of various zirconium-type opacifiers such as zircon, zirconia, and the alkaline-earth silicates of zirconium in fritted and raw glazes maturing in the range cones 06 to 04 and cones 9 to 11, respectively, and the properties of the resulting slips and fired glazes were investigated. Substitution of the various opacifiers was in each instance based on the molecular glaze composition. In the fritted glazes maturing at cones 06 to 04 where the use of all types of zirconium opacifiers was not possible without altering the molecular composition, optimum properties were obtained with zircon. In the raw type of glaze maturing at cones 9 to 11, in which a greater variety of opacifier substitutions could be made, combinations of the alkaline-earth silicates of zirconium as opacifiers produced a marked improvement in slip properties and a definite reduction in opacifier segregation compared with glazes opacified with zircon or with zirconia. Use of the alkaline-earth silicates of zirconium did not impair other fired properties such as opacity, gloss, texture, and finish.     

A STUDY OF THE CONSISTENCIES OF RAW TERRA COTTA GLAZES1

For measuring consistencies of glazes, a method was used based on the conception of glazes as plastic materials. A normal glaze thinned during the entire period of testing, being attended by a large decrease in yield value and a moderate increase in mobility. Use of an aged clay slip as a source of clay did not change the plastic properties or aging characteristics of the glaze. Heating a freshly milled glaze resulted in a consistency comparable with that developed by aging a normal glaze for a month. Water solubilities of glaze materials were determined as well as character and concentrations of soluble salts in mill liquors and P_H values of mill liquors. Solution of salts was progressive over a period of time and increasing alkalinity was probably the cause of spontaneous thinning. Gum arabic in proper amount was found to stabilize glaze consistency satisfactorily. Effects of acid, alkali, and water additions to gum-bearing and gumless glazes were studied.     

Feasibility of Using Cordierite Glass-Ceramics as Tile Glazes

Basic principles of fabricating tile glazes based on cordi-eritic glass-ceramics are explained. Glass compositions from the MgO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂ three-component phase dia-gram have been melted with and without the nucleating agent TiO₂. Additionally, a sodium borosilicate glass that is commonly used in the tile glaze industry has been wet milled, together with the previous compositions, to produce a coating slip. Studies are focused on the role of the nucle-ating agent and glassy formulation in the crystallization of the glass-ceramic system using differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron mi-croscopy. When added to a borosilicate glass, only one composition is capable of crystallizing cordierite under fast-firing cycle used for "monoporosa" production. The porosity of the glaze layer is sufficiently low and the crystal size is small to ensure good mechanical and chemical prop-erties. The presence of cordierite crystals in the glaze should enhance abrasion and acid resistance, in compari-son to a traditional matte glaze that contains mostly ensta-tite or diopside crystals.     

MOISTURE EXPANSION OF GLAZES AND OTHER CERAMIC FINISHES1

Research for ascertaining why some glazes are more resistant to “moisture crazing” than others revealed the fact that certain glazes expand, because of the action of water, similarly to some of the ceramic bodies t o which they are applied. Although a control of this type of expansion is very important in fitting glazes to bodies, it has not been previously considered. Its importance should be evident at once when it is considered that a large “moisture expansion” in a glaze or other finish is in many cases an indication that the glaze will not be so liable to craze when the ceramic ware or material on which it is used is exposed to moisture. This follows since the glaze and the body on which it goes and which is ordinarily very susceptible to this kind of expansion will then increase in size simultaneously and more nearly at the same rate. Such conditions lessen the tendency of the body expansion to cause tensile stresses in the glaze. In this investigation specimens of various finishes were subjected to steam at 150 pounds per square inch for an hour because it was known that this treatment of such materials produces effects similar to those caused by long exposure to weather. This artificial weathering treatment caused in lustrous glazes an average expansion of 0.004%, in mat glazes 0.011%, in vitreous slip finishes 0.005%, and in porous slip finishes 0.033%. The moisture expansion of one of the mat glazes was 30% of the average obtained for a ceramic body having an absorption of approximately 12%. This proclivity of ceramic finishes to expand by the absorption of moisture can be controlled in their manufacture.     

Development of gold-bronze metallic glazes in a clay-based system for stoneware bodies

In this study, a triaxial glaze system consisting of red clay, kaoline, quartz, MnO, CuO and CoO is systematically developed to produce gold-bronze raw metallic glazes for stoneware bodies. At first, all of the glazed samples in the developed system were fired in an electrically-heated kiln at 1160 °C. Then, the selected successful gold-bronze metallic glazes were applied onto 3-D forms of stoneware bodies and fired at the same conditions. Microstructural characterizations of the glazes are done with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analyses (EDS). This study revealed that triaxial blending of the ceramic raw materials is a beneficial method for glaze production and gold-bronze surfaces are obtained in glazes G 9, G 26, and G 34. It is observed that chemical composition of the glazes directly influence the color and the amount of CuO is more significative than MnO for achieving gold-bronze effect.     

汝官瓷和钧官瓷的主成分鉴别

为了解多种釉色汝官瓷和钧官瓷的原料来源、成分和分类关系,正确鉴别两窑瓷器,选取汝官瓷样品34个、钧官瓷样品50个,由质子激发X射线荧光分析测定了样品的化学组分.将所有样品的7种主成分数据进行统计分析,得到以下分析结果:汝官瓷胎的Al2O3平均含量明显高于钧官瓷胎的,而CaO,TiO2的平均含量比钧官瓷胎的略高;汝官瓷胎的SiO2,Fe2O3,K2O平均含量明显低于钧官瓷胎的,而MnO平均含量比钧官瓷胎的稍低.汝官瓷釉的Al2O3,CaO平均含量明显高于钧官瓷釉的,而K2O,MnO的平均含量比钧官瓷釉的略高;汝官瓷釉的SiO2平均含量明显低于钧官瓷釉的,而TiO2,Fe2O3平均含量比钧官瓷釉的稍低,即汝官瓷釉和钧官瓷釉的主成分平均值是不相同的.模糊聚类分析表明:多数汝官瓷胎、钧官瓷胎样品的原料产地和成分接近但有所不同,汝官瓷釉和钧官瓷釉的原料产地和配方则明显不同.从主量化学组成上可以较好的区分汝官瓷釉和钧官瓷釉样品.     

PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF GLAZES*

The particle-size distributions of experimental and commercial stains and glazes and glaze materials were determined by using the Andreasen pipette method. The variation in particle size of two porcelain glazes, raw and fritted, was correlated with the glaze working properties and certain physical properties of the glaze film, such as fluidity, microtexture, scratch-hardness, and glaze stress. The relation of grinding efficiency to length of milling time and different ball size was studied for these two glazes and also for a stain, and the color imparted by the stain at different grain sizes was noted.     

Zircon-free frits suitable for single fast-firing opaque wall tile glazes and their industrial productions

Wall tile glazes with a smooth surface texture, high glossiness, and whiteness are usually based on zirconium containing frits. However, these frits are quite expensive and therefore, there have recently been certain attempts to lower the production cost such as taking suitable glass–ceramic glaze systems into an account. With the present work, the frit-based glaze compositions belonging to the K₂O–MgO–CaO–ZnO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃–SiO₂ glass–ceramic system were studied to prepare newly synthesized wall tile glazes for industrial single fast-firing. The design of a glass–ceramic glaze for this type of tiles should ensure that the selected frit precursor is technically and commercially compatible with the manufacturing conditions generally used in the production of glazed ceramic wall tiles. The aim of the study is to develop zircon-free, frit-based, glossy opaque glass–ceramic glazes for wall tiles by optimizing the CaO/MgO and adjusting the Al₂O₃/alkali ratios in the starting frit compositions. Frit production, glaze preparation, application, and single fast-firing of wall tiles were, first of all, conducted under laboratory working conditions and then, successful recipes were adapted to the relevant industry. The frit crystallization capability and crystallization temperature range were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Thermal expansion coefficient values of glazes were determined by a dilatometer. Characterization of single fast-fired glass–ceramic glazes was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Colour and gloss analyses of the final glazes were measured with a spectrophotometer and a gloss meter, respectively.     

景德镇明代仿天目瓷初考

研究了一片景德镇明朝成化时期仿天目瓷的样品,用显微镜进行观察,应用质子激发Ｘ荧光分析技术测定其主量,痕量化学组成,并与其它古代天目瓷加以比较。     

Development of sapphirine opaque glazes for ceramic tiles

The purpose of this work is to produce more excellent opaque wall tile glazes by using sapphirine instead of zirconium silicate as an opacifier. In order to achieve it, the chemical compositions were precisely adjusted in the system of SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO-K₂O-Na₂O-B₂O₃. The morphological characteristics of the glaze were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And the optical properties of the glaze were characterized by a spectrophotometer and a gloss meter. The results reveal that well-shaped crystals of sapphirine (Mg₂Al₄SiO₁₀) with needle-like morphology were formed as only crystal phase. The glaze is provided with better opacity whiteness and gloss compared with commercial zircon-based glass-ceramic glazes, and it is mainly composed of cheap mineral raw materials. Those features make it as an alternative one for improving the properties of conventional opaque ceramic glazes.     

浅论陶瓷铜红釉色的自然美

陶瓷铜红釉是我国著名的色釉之一，以自身的特殊语言来表现其风彩神韵－－自然美，有自己的美学追求。它的自然美依赖于原材料，工艺流程，窑火及陶瓷艺术家的运用与创新。本文从工艺条件的作用，火的艺术，自然美的艺术表现形式三大主要因素及特点出发，通过大量的例证论述陶瓷铜红釉色的自然美。