催化轻汽油醚化催化剂催化性能评价

在200 mL固定床反应器上对催化轻汽油醚化催化剂催化性能进行了考察。对比了1#、2#两种催化剂在不同温度下对催化轻汽油的醚化效果。试验结果表明,两种催化剂均表现出了良好的催化性能,且具有较高的活性和稳定性。催化轻汽油醚化前总烯烃含量为42.33%,1#催化剂醚化后总烯烃含量可降至26.35%,2#催化剂醚化后总烯烃含量可降至24.67%。理论计算表明,两种催化剂条件下,轻汽油辛烷值均可提高约3个单位。     

轻汽油催化裂解反应研究

对高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛进行成型和改性制得催化剂,并应用于轻汽油催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应。借助XRD、SEM、N_2吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD等表征手段研究了分子筛原料和裂解催化剂的结构特征。实验结果表明,高于500℃的温度条件下,轻汽油中烯烃可以在催化剂上直接裂解,生成包括乙烯、丙烯和丁烯在内的低碳烯烃。原料组成对轻汽油催化裂解反应的产物分布影响明显,烯烃含量较高且碳数较低的原料更有利于反应的进行。高温和低空速有助于轻汽油转化和低碳烯烃生成。在温度540℃,压力0.05 MPa和质量空速16 h~(-1)的条件下,轻汽油中烯烃转化率可达69%,低碳烯烃总产率超过87%。     

催化裂化装置石脑油改质的应用总结

结合石脑油辛烷值低、烯烃低和催化裂化汽油辛烷值高、烯烃高的特点,在催化裂化装置原料油喷嘴下面增设了两个CCK-JY石脑油改质喷嘴.应用后,石脑油辛烷值可以提高20～30个单位,催化裂化汽油烯烃体积分数可以下降8％左右.     

反应温度对汽油催化裂解多产低碳烯烃的影响

利用自制的多产低碳烯烃催化剂在小型固定流化床装置上对催化裂化汽油、焦化汽油和直馏汽油的催化裂解性能进行了实验研究,考察了反应温度对催化裂解产物分布和低碳烃收率的影响.实验结果表明焦化汽油、催化汽油和直馏汽油最佳的催化裂解反应温度分别为580、600℃和680℃,随着反应物活性的降低而显著增加.乙烯的收率随着反应温度的升高呈抛物线增长;烯烃与正构烷烃有协同反应作用,烯烃能够加速正构链烷烃的反应速率;在烯烃存在下,芳烃会生成大量的焦炭;烯烃和链烷烃是生成低碳烯烃的主要来源,是催化裂解的理想组分;最佳催化裂解的反应物为催化汽油或者焦化汽油的轻馏分与直馏汽油的轻馏分的混合物.     

由煤制石脑油生产芳烃

煤催化加氢液化的石脑油馏分适于用石油工业催化剂加氢精制和催化重整方法来生产高辛烷值汽油和芳烃化工原料。本试验研究了加氢精制和催化重整的煤制石脑油主要化合物含量,列出生产芳烃流程,发现煤制石脑油终馏点影响催化重整转化率。     

高硫FCC汽油加氢脱硫降烯烃DSRA技术开发

在分析催化裂化汽油硫和烯烃分布不均匀的基础上,对催化裂化汽油进行轻、重组分分馏,开发了活性高和稳定性好的重馏分辛烷值恢复催化剂及FCC汽油加氢脱硫降烯烃DSRA技术。采用DSRA技术对高硫格尔木催化裂化汽油进行轻馏分脱硫醇、重馏分加氢脱硫和辛烷值恢复等改质处理,总脱硫率为94.1%,烯烃降至20%,辛烷值不损失,汽油收率97.83%,化学氢耗0.88%,可生产符合欧Ⅲ规范的清洁汽油。     

加氢裂化生产高辛烷值汽油组分技术研究

主要研究了使用加氢裂化技术直接生产高辛烷值汽油组分.考察了工艺流程及使用不同类型加氢裂化催化剂对轻石脑油辛烷值的影响.结果表明:使用合适的加氢裂化工艺技术和催化剂体系可以直接生产高辛烷值,且硫含量≯10μg/g的汽油或者汽油调和组分.     

催化裂化轻汽油醚化工艺中试研究

针对催化裂化汽油烯烃含量高、汽油安定性差的问题,采用催化轻汽油醚化工艺技术,在2 L/h的醚化中试装置上,进行了催化轻汽油醚化工艺研究。研究结果表明:经该工艺技术处理后,可使催化裂化汽油烯烃含量降低8.03～11.68个百分点,RON辛烷值增加0.8～1.2个单位。     

MTO与FCC汽油降烯烃组合反应催化剂的研究

以甲醇制烯烃（MTO）与催化裂化（FCC）汽油降烯烃组合反应工艺为研究目标,采用分子筛催化剂,在小型固定床微型反应装置,研究MTO反应、汽油降烯烃反应以及甲醇与汽油混合炼制反应,比较了典型酸性分子筛催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,组合反应过程呈现出非稳态特征,小分子烯烃具有自催化现象,导致产物组成分布随反应时间显著变化。NH₃-TPD分析表明,具有中强酸与强酸相结合分布特点的催化剂适合于反应过程的协同催化作用要求。适宜的反应条件为：以SAPO-34分子筛作催化剂,反应温度400 ℃,甲醇混炼比15%,反应时间30 min。该条件能同时较好满足MTO和FCC汽油改质要求,产物汽油中烯烃含量较FCC汽油中的含量下降50%,并可获得较高的小分子烯烃产率,实现MTO转化。     

Pt-Re催化剂重整高温F-T合成石脑油的催化性能

选用SB粉制得γ-Al_2O_3载体,采用共浸渍法制备Pt-Re催化剂,并对其进行BET、XRD、NH_3-TPD、H_2-TPR和ICP表征。以高温F-T合成石脑油为原料,在反应温度500℃、反应压力1.0 MPa、空速2.0 h~(-1)和氢油体积比1 000条件下,考察Pt-Re催化剂的重整活性及其稳定性。结果表明,Pt-Re催化剂能高效催化重整高温F-T合成石脑油,240 h重整过程中,高温F-T合成石脑油液体收率79.89%,芳烃质量分数61.60%,直链烷烃质量分数降低了28.15%,重整转化率达200.53%,研究法辛烷值提高35个单位,表明Pt-Re催化剂能有效催化重整高温F-T合成石脑油,使之转化为汽油调和组分成为可能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。