YG8硬质合金表面激光熔覆WC/TiC/Co涂层的组织及性能

通过激光熔覆方法在YG8硬质合金表面制备WC/TiC/Co涂层,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察组织结构并分析其物相组成,并对其显微组织、硬度分布和摩擦磨损性能进行了观察和测量。结果显示:涂层表面平整,与基体结合紧密,截面形貌良好没有明显缺陷。表层和两侧存在未熔的WC颗粒,熔覆层中WC颗粒消失,新产生的组织分布均匀。受激光影响,热影响区中的WC晶粒发生重结晶和再结晶。熔覆层主要物相为WC、W₂C、(Ti,W)C_1-x、M₆C(Co₄W₂C、Co₃W₃C)等,这些硬质相和碳化物的生成及弥散分布提高了熔覆层性能。通过测量,熔覆层硬度分布在1700~1800 HV0.5,最高为1783 HV0.5,高于YG8硬质合金,而热影响区和基体的硬度则稍有下降;耐磨性也有大幅提高,熔覆层体积磨损量比YG8合金减少90.67%,平均摩擦因数为0.293,主要磨损形式为磨粒磨损。     

等离子熔覆添加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基涂层的组织和性能

采用等离子熔覆技术,以铸造碳化钨、钨铁粉、镍包石墨和铁基合金粉为原材料,在Q235钢基体上制备了外加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基复合涂层,通过扫描电镜和能谱分析、X射线衍射、硬度测试和磨料磨损试验对其微观组织、物相组成、硬度和耐磨性能进行了表征。结果表明,在优化的工艺参数下,可以获得与基体冶金结合良好的涂层,硬质相除外加的WC颗粒,还有内生的WC、W₂C、W₃C、Fe₃W₃C和Fe₂W₂C等;随着混合粉末中除外加WC之外的W含量增加,熔池中合金液密度增大,可以减弱外加WC颗粒下沉;当W含量达到15%时,外加WC颗粒均匀分布在涂层中,没有团聚现象发生,且在外加WC颗粒周围有细小的原位WC颗粒生成,涂层的显微硬度和耐磨损性能显著提高,涂层的平均硬度约为1300 HV0.2,耐磨性为Q235钢基体的10倍。     

Microstructure and properties of flame sprayed tungsten carbide coatings

This article reports on feasibility experiments carried out with oxy-acetylene spray system with various oxygen to fuel ratios using two different tungsten carbide powders and powder feeding methods, to evaluate the newly developed fused WC, synthesised by transferred arc thermal plasma method. Transferred arc thermal plasma method is more economical and less energy intensive than the conventional arc method and results in a fused carbide powder with higher hardness. The microstructure and phase composition of powders and coatings were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Carbon content of the powders and coatings were determined to study the decarburisation of the material during spraying process. Coatings were also characterised by their hardness and abrasive wear. The effects of metallurgical transformation and phase content are related to wear performance. The results demonstrate that the powders exhibit various degree of phase transformation during the spray process depending on the type of powder, powder feeding and spray parameters. The carbon loss during the spray process in excess of 45% resulted in reduced hardness and wear resistance of the coatings. Coatings with high amount of WC and W₂C along with FeW₃C showed higher wear resistance. Thus, coatings of high wear resistance can be produced using fused tungsten carbide powder with WC and W₂C phases, which can be economically synthesised by thermal plasma transferred arc method.     

稀土CeO2改性Ni60/50%WC涂层的制备及性能

通过添加稀土CeO₂对Ni60/50%WC涂层进行改性,制备了不同CeO₂含量的涂层,研究了CeO₂含量对涂层表面裂纹的影响。结果表明,随着CeO₂含量的增大,涂层的表面裂纹先逐渐减少,后又逐渐增多,在添加1%CeO₂时,Ni60/50%WC涂层无裂纹,且涂层组织均匀且致密,WC粒子圆润,其物相含有γ-(Fe, Ni)、M₂₃C₆、M₇C₃、Fe₃W₃C、Ni₄W、W₂C、CeNi₅和CeNi₂等。与未添加CeO₂的涂层相比,在添加1%CeO₂后涂层的硬度提高了11.88%,磨损率降低了26%。     

TA15钛合金激光非晶-纳米晶增强镍基涂层的组织结构及耐磨性

在重要航空材料TA15钛合金基材表面进行激光同轴送粉熔覆Ni60A-Ni包WC-TiB₂-Y₂O₃混合粉末可生成非晶-纳米晶增强复合涂层.对涂层进行微观组织观察、显微硬度测试及室温干摩擦磨损试验.结果表明,涂层主要由γ-(Fe,Ni),WC,α-W₂C,M₁₂C,Ti-B化合物,Ti-Al金属间化合物,Mo,Zr与V元素的碳化物以及非晶相构成.整个涂层为非晶、纳米晶及其它晶化相共存.涂层较TA15钛合金表现出更好的耐磨损性,且涂层的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损与粘着磨损.纳米晶颗粒的产生可使涂层磨损表面光滑,有利于摩擦系数与磨损量的降低.     

球形碳化钨增强钴基堆焊涂层的组织及低温耐磨性

目的提升低温钢的摩擦磨损性能,为极地特殊船板的焊补和延寿技术提供试验依据。方法利用等离子转移弧技术,在低温钢E32表面堆焊制备3组球形不同碳化钨含量的钴基涂层,比较该改性涂层和E32钢在低温条件下(–20℃)的摩擦磨损性能。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、3D光学轮廓仪等研究手段,分析碳化钨含量对堆焊层耐磨损性能和显微组织的影响规律,并揭示其耐磨损机理。结果在载荷为50 N、滑动速度为20 mm/s条件下,经2 h干滑动摩擦磨损后,3组涂层较低温钢E32的摩擦系数和体积磨损率均下降,磨痕的宽度和深度均变小。富含WC、W₂C增强相以及Cr₂₃C₆、Cr₇C₃、Co₆W₆C和Fe₆W₆C等碳化物硬质相的涂层,显著提升了E32钢的硬度和低温耐磨性。涂层的低温耐磨性能随着碳化钨含量的增大而提高,未添加碳化钨的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,当碳化钨的质量分数为30%和60%时,主要磨损机理为三体磨粒磨损。结论通过在E32钢表面进行等离子转移弧堆焊,得到了结构致密、高硬度和抗低温耐磨性的球形碳化钨增强钴基表面改性涂层,在一定程度上提升了低温钢的服役寿命。     

镍基合金激光熔覆-离子渗硫复合改性层组织性能

利用激光熔覆和离子渗硫技术在45钢表面制备复合改性层,采用SEM,EPMA,XRD等手段对比研究激光熔覆层和渗硫层的组织形貌、成分分布及相组成;并测试渗硫前后涂层的耐磨性和耐蚀性.结果表明,镍基合金涂层主要由γ-（Fe,Ni）,Fe_0.64Ni_0.36,M₂₃C₆,WC,M₇C₃和Fe₂B等物相组成,显微硬度达到740 HV0.2.渗硫后在激光熔覆层表面形成了以FeS为主的渗硫层,表面疏松多孔,由微纳米级的尖岛状颗粒堆砌而成.与熔覆层相比,复合改性层的摩擦系数和磨损量都显著降低,减摩和耐磨效果明显.渗硫后镍基合金激光熔覆层自腐蚀电位下降,腐蚀电流密度增大,耐蚀性略微降低.     

激光熔化沉积修复40CrNiMoA高强钢的组织与性能

采用激光熔化沉积技术对40CrNiMoA高强钢表面进行沉积修复，利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪和周期浸润腐蚀试验，对40CrNiMoA高强钢基体及其修复区的微观组织、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明:经激光熔化沉积高Co-Ni二次沉淀硬化合金钢修复后，40CrNiMoA高强钢表面的耐磨损和耐腐蚀性能得到显著提高。修复区组织是由C元素过饱和的铁素体、残余奥氏体、M₃C渗碳体和M₂C型碳化物组成；热影响区组织由最初的回火索氏体转变为片状马氏体。     

Ni-Cr合金钎焊镀W金刚石的微观结构分析

在1 030 ℃、保温20 min的真空条件下,空烧镀W金刚石及用Ni-Cr合金粉末钎焊镀W金刚石。用X射线衍射仪分析镀W金刚石空烧前后镀层物相的变化,用扫描电镜和能谱仪综合分析金刚石界面微观结构、新生物相和形貌以及元素分布特征。结果表明:镀W金刚石的镀层物相由空烧前的W₂C和单质W转变为空烧后的大量WC和少量W₂C,且镀层未脱落。镀W金刚石钎焊后,其镀层和钎料中有少量的NiW相生成,在镀W金刚石/Ni-Cr合金界面处有柱状Cr₇C₃生成,在钢基体/Ni-Cr合金界面处有铬基金属间化合物生成。      

WxC增强镍基合金等离子堆焊层组织与空蚀性能

采用等离子堆焊技术在316L不锈钢表面原位合成W_xC增强镍基复合材料涂层,对涂层显微组织、相组成、硬质增强相的分布、显微硬度以及空蚀性能进行了分析.结果表明,Colmonoy 88合金等离子堆焊成形性良好,组织致密;堆焊层组织主要由γ-Ni固溶体,原位合成多角形、颗粒状W_xC及少量的Cr₇C₃,Fe₃W₃C,CrB₂相组成.堆焊过程中,熔池温度低于1 655 K时,原位生成WC和W₂C,温度高于1 655 K时,原位生成的WC发生了分解.镍基合金堆焊层平均硬度可达1 619 HV,为基材的8倍以上,在3.5% NaCl溶液中镍基复合材料抗空蚀性能为316L不锈钢基材的5倍.     

Formation of WC/Ni hard alloy coating by laser cladding of W/C/Ni pure element powder blend

WC/Ni coating was formed by laser cladding of a W/C/Ni powder blend. The formed WC crystals have rectangular or quadrangle cross-section shapes with size of 2–30 μm. Step, twist and cross growth morphologies of WC formation were observed. The coating contains WC, CW_3, WNi, FeW₃C, Fe₆W₆C, W₃O, W, C, and (Fe,Ni) phases.     

硅对氩弧熔敷原位制备WC颗粒增强涂层组织及性能的影响

通过配制不同硅含量的WC颗粒增强涂层,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和磨粒磨损试验机等,对比研究硅对氩弧熔敷原位制备WC颗粒增强涂层组织及性能的影响. 结果表明,当硅含量为0～5%,硅能促进WC形核与长大,抑制Fe₃W₃C等M₆C碳化物的形成. 其中当硅含量为5%时,涂层中WC分布均匀,涂层性能达到最佳,其相对耐磨性达到最高值. 当硅含量继续增加到7.5%以上时,WC颗粒反而细化,且团聚现象明显,涂层耐磨性下降.     

等离子弧堆焊铁基熔覆层组织结构与磨损行为

设计开发了一种铁基(含Cr,Mo,C,B,Si,Mn等元素)多元合金粉末,采用等离子弧堆焊(PTAW)技术在AISI304L不锈钢表面制备相应熔覆层,通过XRD,SEM,EDS及磨粒磨损试验机等对熔覆层微观组织结构和磨损行为等进行表征,并与传统NiCrBSi和NiCrBSi+25%WC粉末的PTAW熔覆层进行了对比研究.结果表明,所设计的铁基合金熔覆层成形良好,基体组织由Fe-Cr固溶体相与γ-Fe相构成,其间包裹着大量弥散分布的富钼硼化物和M₂₃(B,C)₆硬质相,对熔覆层组织能够起到有效的支撑和强化作用.铁基熔覆层的宏观硬度平均值高达64.2HRC,其相对耐磨性明显优于NiCrBSi+25%WC熔覆层,并达到NiCrBSi熔覆层的8倍以上.     

含铝高硼高速钢显微组织的电镜表征

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱(EDS)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)以及透射电镜(TEM)对含铝高硼高速钢热处理前后的组织及硼碳化物类型进行分析。结果表明,铸态含铝高硼高速钢组织为铁素体和网状硼碳化物,硼碳化物类型为Fe₂B型(富Cr),FeMo₂B₂型(富Mo)和Fe₃C(Cr-Mo)型;热处理后基体组织为马氏体,网状硼碳化合物破碎并球化。硼碳化物为Fe₂B型(富Cr),(Fe, Cr)₂₃C₆型(Cr-Mo)和FeMo₂B₂型(富Mo)。热处理后网状硼碳化物断裂是由于Fe₃C型(Cr-Mo)硼碳化物分解为(Fe, Cr)₂₃C₆型(Cr-Mo)和FeMo₂B₂型(富Mo)硼碳化物。TEM分析所得硼碳化物的晶体结构与EBSD鉴定得出的结论一致。     

激光工艺参数对Ni60/WC涂层裂纹率及组织的影响

采用单因素试验,依次改变激光功率(P)、扫描速度(v)、搭接率(O)和送粉量(Q),研究了各参数对Ni60/WC涂层裂纹率和组织的影响,并借助能谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析了涂层的相组成及元素分布。结果表明:Ni60/WC涂层裂纹率与P成正比,与v成反比,在合适的P、v下,O和Q对裂纹率的影响不明显;涂层与基体均能形成良好的冶金结合,各参数对晶体生长方式无明显影响,整个熔池从底部到顶部依次是平面晶区、胞状晶区、较细小枝晶区和细小等轴晶区;晶粒度主要由冷却速度ε决定,晶粒度与P成正比,与v和O成反比,但随着Q的增加,晶粒度先减小后增大;Ni60/WC涂层主要由γ-(Fe, Ni)、W₂C、Fe₃W₃C、M₇C₃、M₂₃C₆及Ni₄W等物相组成,其中WC部分以颗粒形式存在,起到第二相强化的作用,部分与熔池中的Fe、Ni等元素形成合金碳化物,在晶界上以网状析出,起到晶界强化的作用。     

淬火温度对低钴二次硬化钢组织和性能的影响

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算了一种新型低钴二次硬化钢高温区间的析出相种类和含量,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜和力学检测等试验方法,研究了淬火温度对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在较低温度淬火时,板条马氏体基体上存在大量富W、Mo的球状M₆C析出相。升高淬火温度,M₆C相迅速回溶,并在1060 ℃时完全溶解。M₆C相的溶解使得二次硬化效果增强、冲击性能提升,同时导致原奥氏体晶粒明显粗化,进而对强韧性产生不利影响,最终试验钢经1060 ℃淬火后获得最佳力学性能配合。     

航空齿轮钢C69高温渗碳后的组织性能

通过OM、SEM、TEM以及显微硬度计等设备研究了1050 ℃下不同渗碳工艺对航空齿轮钢C69组织及性能的影响。结果表明,经渗碳、深冷和回火处理后,渗碳层表层的显微硬度最高可达约950 HV0.3,组织为针状马氏体,马氏体上观察到M₃C、M₂C碳化物,晶界处有M₇C₃碳化物分布,次表层组织为针状马氏体和板条马氏体,心部显微硬度约为630 HV0.3,组织主要为板条马氏体。循环渗碳的渗碳效率更高,随循环次数增加,试验钢的表面碳含量和渗碳层深度不断提高,且晶界处M₇C₃尺寸和数量逐渐增加。4次循环渗碳的表面碳含量为1.14%,渗碳层深度约为3.0 mm。     

固溶温度对G33超高强度钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和物理化学相分析技术等方法研究了固溶温度对G33新型超高强度钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:G33钢在860 ℃固溶时板条马氏体基体上存在M₆C、VC和NbN未溶相并且以M₆C碳化物为主;随着固溶温度升高,未溶相快速溶解,VC和M₆C相分别在940 ℃和980 ℃完全溶解;M₆C、VC未溶相的溶解使微裂纹缺乏形核点而不易萌生,同时提升了基体中合金元素固溶量,增强了固溶强化效果,让G33钢在保持高强度(2000 MPa级)的同时提高了冲击性能。     

Preparation and Characterization of Amorphous W–B–C Alloy and Solid Solutions of C in Tungsten Borides

Mixtures of W and B_(13) C_2 powders were mechanically milled and subsequently annealed at 900–1200 °C. It is found that amorphous W–B–C alloy formed as the mixtures were milled for 20–80 h. After annealing the 80 h-milled mixtures at 900–950 °C, solid solutions of C and/or B in tungsten [W(B, C)], C in tungsten boride [W_2 B(C) or WB(C)]formed by the crystallization of amorphous W–B–C. The formation temperature of W_2 B(C) and WB(C) is lower than that of W_2 B and WB reported previously. As the 80 h-milled mixtures were annealed at 1200 °C, W reacted with amorphous W–B–C completely to form WB and W_2B_5 or W_2B_5 instead of the solid solutions of C in tungsten borides, which is determined by the mole ratio of W to B_(13) C_2. The formation mechanisms of the W_2 B(C) and WB(C) solid solutions as well as phase transition rules of the mixtures at annealing temperature and mole ratio were also investigated using first-principle calculation.     

Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Conventional and Nanostructured Plasma-Sprayed WC-Co Coatings

WC-12%Co coatings were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying using conventional and nanostructured powders and two secondary plasmogenous gases (He and H₂). Coating microstructure and phase composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray diffraction techniques (XRD) techniques. This study examined wear and friction properties of the coatings under dry friction conditions. SEM was used to analyze abraded surface microstructure. Coating microhardness and fracture toughness were also determined. All coatings displayed strong decarburization as a result of WC decomposition, which gave rise to the formation of secondary phases (W₂C and W). A very fine undissolved WC crystalline dispersion coexisted with these new phases. TEM observation confirmed that the matrix was predominantly amorphous and filled with block-type, frequently dislocated crystallites. Wear was observed to follow a three-body abrasive mechanism, since debris between the ball and the coating surface was detected. The main wear mechanism was based on subsurface cracking, owing to the arising debris. WC grain decomposition and dissolution were concluded to be critical factors in wear resistance. The level of decomposition and dissolution could be modified by changing the plasmogenous gas or feed powder grain size. The influence of the plasmogenous gas on wear resistance was greater than the influence of feedstock particle size.