以峰值轴向应变评价麦秸秆和石灰加筋固化盐渍土的抗变形性能

为了解决滨海盐渍土的低强度和大变形问题,利用麦秸秆和石灰对盐渍土加筋及固化。完成了直径152mm重型击实试样、直径102mm轻型击实试样的无侧限抗压试验以及直径61.8mm试样的三轴压缩试验,分析了加筋土峰值轴向应变的变化规律,并在此基础上评价了加筋土的抗变形能力。结果显示随着含水率增加,加筋土的抗变形能力减弱;随着加筋长度和质量加筋率增加,加筋土的抗变形能力逐渐增强,超过一定的加筋长度和质量加筋率,加筋土的抗变形能力又开始减弱。加筋土的最优抗变形性能与麦秸秆的加筋条件有关。重型击实试样的适宜加筋长度为50mm,适宜质量加筋率为0.25%。轻型击实试样分别为30mm和0.25%。上部均匀加筋、整体均匀加筋和下部均匀加筋的直径为61.8mm的加筋石灰土试样则分别为20mm和0.25%。麦秸秆和石灰共同加筋固化可以使滨海盐渍土的强度和抗变形能力增强。     

Large-scale direct shear testing of geocell reinforced soil

The tests on the shear property of geocell reinforced soils were carried out by using large-scale direct shear equipment with shear-box-dimensions of 500 mm× 500 mm×400 mm （length × width ×height）. Three types of specimens, silty gravel soil, geocell reinforced silty gravel soil and geocell reinforced cement stabilizing silty gravel soil were used to investigate the shear stress-displacement behavior, the shear strength and the strengthening mechanism of geocell reinforced soils. The comparisons of large-scale shear test with triaxial compression test for the same type of soil were conducted to evaluate the influences of testing method on the shear strength as well. The test results show that the unreinforced soil and geocell reinforced soil give similar nonlinear features on the behavior of shear stress and displacement. The geocell reinforced cement stabilizing soil has a quasi-elastic characteristic in the case of normal stress coming up to 1.0 GPa. The tests with the reinforcement of geocell result in an increase of 244% in cohesion, and the tests with the geocell and the cement stabilization result in an increase of 10 times in cohesion compared with the unreinforced soil. The friction angle does not change markedly. The geocell reinforcement develops a large amount of cohesion on the shear strength of soils.     

土的剪胀性及灌浆压力对土钉抗拔强度影响的数值分析

土钉是一种广泛应用于边坡开挖和边坡支护的原位加筋技术.钉-土界面抗剪强度,亦即土钉抗拔强度,是土钉支护结构设计中要用到的一个重要参数.对于钻孔灌注型土钉来说,土的剪胀性和土钉灌浆压力的大小是影响抗拔强度的重要因素.本文在室内土钉抗拔试验的基础上,建立了三维有限元模型研究这两个参数对土钉抗拔强度的影响.进行参数研究前首先用实测数据对模型进行了验证,模拟结果与实测数据吻合很好.数值分析结果表明,峰值抗拔应力随着剪胀角和灌浆压力的增加而显著增大.     

边坡稳定数值计算中失稳判据和岩土强度屈服准则

通过理论分析和典型算例计算,对边坡稳定数值计算中边坡的失稳判据和失稳模式进行了深入的讨论,旨在使数值计算方法更好地服务于工程实际。边坡失稳破坏的力学分析表明,排除人为主观因素的影响,在严格收敛标准下数值计算不收敛、边坡塑性区贯通和特定监测点位移突变这三类常用判据内在的力学表现是一致的,算例1的分析结果进一步证实了该观点。边坡的失稳模式与岩土体的屈服准则密切相关,为使理论计算符合工程实践,应根据岩土体实际抗拉能力对以M-C为典型代表的基于剪切破坏的强度准则进行抗拉修正。以抗拉修正后的M-C强度准则为基础,进一步提出了拉剪复合破坏的强度折减计算流程,算例2的计算结果表明该计算流程是合理的且计算结果的精度要高于现行的计算方法。     

辽宁省普通公路岩质边坡调查与分析

目的分析辽宁省普通公路岩质边坡在不同防护形式下的稳定性与破坏规律,提出相应的加固治理措施.方法以边坡现场实地调查为主,做好边坡的测量与记录,通过理论分析和工程监测等方法,对辽宁省普通公路岩质边坡稳定性进行系统分析.结果在此次调查的129处岩质边坡中,随着坡高、坡度的增加,岩质边坡的破坏总数也随之增加,其中破坏主要以表面剥落为主.根据调查结果把15 m坡高作为边坡的界限坡高,把55°坡度作为边坡界限坡度.根据不同稳定等级的岩质边坡,采用格构梁式＋挡墙支护＋坡面植物护坡的加固治理措施方案.结论已有工程实例验证了笔者提出的加固治理措施方案是合理与可行的,且该方案具有较强的针对性与应用价值,可供同类边坡借鉴.     

预制剪力墙中墩头钢筋预留孔灌浆连接锚固性能

为研究预制混凝土剪力墙结构中的墩头钢筋预留孔灌浆连接的锚固性能,考虑混凝土强度、再生混凝土粗骨料取代率、钢筋直径、锚固长度、预留孔直径等参数,制作了27个预制混凝土墩头钢筋预留孔灌浆连接拉拔试件和24个预制混凝土直钢筋预留孔灌浆连接拉拔试件.拉拔试验结果表明:带墩头钢筋在高强灌浆料中锚固150mm时,其极限黏结强度为直钢筋与灌浆料黏结强度的1.8倍以上,建议此种墩头钢筋锚固长度取为0.6lab;高强灌浆料与普通混凝土、再生混凝土预留孔孔壁的黏结性能良好,预制剪力墙中的预留孔直径可选择50 mm.     

福建高速公路边坡岩土体质量评价方法

福建省高速公路边坡上部为土下部为岩,整体稳定状态良好,为对在开挖后及支护前后出现局部滑塌现象的岩土边坡进行快速、准确的稳定性评价,基于极限平衡法,提出一种适合于岩土边坡岩土体质量评价的方法,首次综合岩和土的质量评价方法对边坡稳定性进行分析,扩充了边坡岩体分级的范畴．用该法评价福建省7条高速公路的102个边坡,结果与实际...     

高分子固化剂加固土质边坡的稳定性分析

分析高分子固化剂的加固机理,并利用室内试验测得的抗剪强度参数,采用Slide软件进行数值建模,主要研究在不同边坡坡比工况下,固化剂的浓度和加固厚度对边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:高分子固化剂的护坡机理主要为高分子固结成膜加固,植被根系的锚固和加筋作用。高分子固化剂对于不同坡比工况下的边坡稳定性的提高均具有积极的作用。在同一坡比工况下,加固深度对于稳定性的影响受其他因素相关性小,而固化剂浓度对于稳定性的影响受本身稳定性系数影响,与其他因素相关性较大。当边坡坡比越小时,即原坡面稳定性系数越小时,加固后稳定性系数增加的比例越小。高分子固化剂应用到工程边坡上,促进边坡坡面的植被生长与恢复,根被根系的加固作用将更有利于提高边坡的稳定性。     

香根草根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

香根草具有强大而快速生长的根系,因而特别适合于边坡加固,但是目前很少有关量化香根草根系固坡效果的研究.基于此,开展了根系现场调查和含根土取样,在实验室内进行了香根草根区土壤剪切试验和根系抗拉强度试验,试验结果的整体趋势验证了香根草根系固坡模型,该模型可用于评估香根草根系对土坡的加固效果.     

嵌岩桩嵌岩段的岩石极限侧阻力系数

嵌岩桩在岩土工程中已得到广泛应用,但如何准确计算嵌岩段桩的极限侧阻力仍是工程设计人员面临的重要课题。收集整理了不同时期、不同地区、不同岩石强度和不同嵌岩条件下开展的145个嵌岩桩竖向下压承载力试验成果,主要包括嵌岩段岩石类型及其单轴抗压强度、嵌岩桩的直径与嵌岩深度、嵌岩段桩的极限侧阻力等。定义嵌岩段桩的极限侧阻力和岩石单轴抗压强度的比值为嵌岩桩嵌岩段岩石极限侧阻力系数,分析了桩径、嵌岩深度、嵌岩深径比和岩石强度对嵌岩段极限侧阻力和岩石极限侧阻力系数的影响规律,建立了嵌岩段岩石极限侧阻力系数与岩石单轴抗压强度之间的拟合关系式,给出了不同可靠度水平下岩石侧极限阻力系数取值。     

Pseudo-dynamic analysis of seismic stability of reinforced slopes considering non-associated flow rule

The required reinforcement force to prevent instability and the yield acceleration of reinforced slopes are computed under seismic loading by applying the kinematic approach of limit analysis in conjunction with the pseudo-dynamic method for a wide range of soil cohesion, friction angle, dilation angle and horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients. Each parameter threatening the stability of the slope enhances the magnitude of the required reinforcement force and vice versa. Moreover, the yield acceleration increases with the increase in soil shear strength parameters but decreases with the increase in the slope angle. The comparison of the present work with some of the available solutions in the literatures shows a reasonable agreement.     

土工格栅加筋碎石土动回弹模量及预估模型试验研究

加筋土路基动回弹模量是加筋土技术在道路工程中的重要设计指标.利用动三轴仪对土工格栅加筋碎石土进行动回弹模量试验,对比分析了含水率、加筋方式、剪切及侧限影响表征量对动回弹模量的影响规律,并回归分析了动回弹模量预估模型参数.研究结果表明:加筋土的动回弹模量随着含水率的提高而降低;土工格栅应布设在土体中的水平剪切变形层位,增...     

Quantitative analysis of biotechnical reinforcement for a steep slope consisting of composite coal-gangue-soil medium adjacent to a mined-out area

The engineering and geological characteristics of a steep slope consisting of coal gangue, rock and soil medium in Huating coal mine have been comprehensively investigated. Owing to humid weather, heavy rainfall, vegetation and porous characteristics of the soil and rock mass, the steep slope will be destabilized and induce mud-rock flow or derive hazard easily. Firstly, based on the classical slope reinforcement theory, some regularity between the shear and displacement in the destabilized zone of the slope with or without root strength contribution is presented. Then, based on the experimental and statistical analysis of root strength, hydrological characteristics and stability status, etc., some possible biotechnical techniques for reinforcement of the steep slope have been suggested. These methods are important for quantitative analysis of destabilization of the slope and design of the biotechnical reinforcement.     

岩石GFRP抗浮锚杆承载性能室内试验与机理分析

基于4根岩石GFRP抗浮锚杆的室内足尺拉拔破坏性试验,探讨了风化岩地基中全长黏结GFRP抗浮锚杆的界面黏结特性和承载性能,揭示了GFRP锚杆的细观破坏机理。结果表明：GFRP抗浮锚杆发生拔出破坏,主要是由螺纹表面劣化所引起的剪胀破坏;直径25 mm、灌浆体强度M30、锚固长度1.3和0.55 m的GFRP抗浮锚杆的极限抗拔承载力分别为255、195 kN,满足工程抗浮要求;GFRP抗浮锚杆杆体与灌浆体界面平均黏结强度介于2.41~5.10 MPa之间,高于《岩土锚固与喷射混凝土支护工程技术规范》（GB 50086—2015）中钢锚杆与灌浆体的黏结强度推荐值。     

柱式桥台前坡改造数值分析与现场检测

为了增加桥下被交道路的通行空间,采取袖阀管劈裂注浆加固柱式桥台台后主动压力区土体及台前被动压力区土体,并在分段分级挖除台前填土过程中增设锚杆钢筋混凝土挡墙的内外部双重加固措施;采用Abaqus6.10非线性分析软件,建立柱式桥台前坡加固改造的三维弹塑性模型,模拟分析柱式桥台前坡全断面一次挖除、分段分级挖除两种方案的开挖过程和路基边坡稳定性,确定了路基加固范围;现场监控开挖过程中的墙顶位移和锚杆拉力,分析了土体开挖、挡墙施工过程中的稳定性。研究结果表明:全断面分级开挖支挡方案的稳定安全系数为1.61,路基边坡分段分级开挖支挡方案的稳定安全系数为1.84,分段分级方案更加安全;墙顶位移主要发生在施工期,其间锚杆拉力没有发生突变,挡墙及墙后土体安全稳定;台前与台后劈裂注浆加固,有效提高了加固区土体的抗剪强度和抗变形能力,开挖过程中无坍塌、掉落、滑移等现象。     

Bearing capacity and settlement of strip footing on geosynthetic reinforced clayey slopes

The effect of geosynthetic reinforcing on bearing capacity of a strip footing resting on georeinforced clayey slopes was investigated. The results of a series of numerical study using finite element analyses on strip footing upon both reinforced and unreinforced clayey slopes were presented. The objectives of this work are to: 1) determine the influence of reinforcement on the bearing-capacity of the strip footings adjacent slopes, 2) suggest an optimum number of reinforcement and 3) survey the effect of friction angle in clayey soils reinforced by geogrids. The investigations were carried out by varying the edge distance of the footing from slope. Also different numbers of geosynthetic layers were applied to obtaining the maximum bearing capacity and minimum settlement. To achieve the third objective, two different friction angles were used. The results show that the load-settlement behavior and ultimate bearing capacity of footing can be considerably improved by the inclusion of reinforcing layer. But using more than one layer reinforcement, the ultimate bearing capacity does not change considerably. It is also shown that for both reinforced and unreinforced slopes, the bearing capacity increases with an increase in edge distance. In addition, as the soil friction angle is increased, the efficiency of reinforcing reduces.     

岩石裂隙压剪变形破坏与非线性渗流特性

探索岩体中流体的流动机理对解决隧道开挖和地下工程施工过程中的突涌水问题具有重要意义,定量描述岩石单裂隙受压剪共同作用下的渗流特性是理解裂隙渗流机理的基础,但已有研究尚未建立应力、位移、开度、惯性系数等关键控制参数之间的定量关系。本研究制作了含单裂隙的花岗岩试样,采用固定剪切位移后逐渐增加法向应力的方式开展变水头渗流试验,得到裂隙渗透率的演化规律;通过高精度三维轮廓仪获取裂隙表面的形貌数据,基于自主开发的基于接触力学变分原理框架的裂隙受压变形计算程序,表征不同剪切错位和不同应力条件下裂隙面的变形特性和内部空腔结构演化规律;提取裂隙开度分布数据,在COMSOL软件中求解Navier-Stocks方程,实施了不同剪切位移和受压状态下的裂隙非线性渗流数值模拟。定量分析剪切位移、法向应力、空腔几何特征与非线性渗流控制参数之间的关系,结果表明：试验得到的裂隙表面破坏区域与数值模拟结果基本吻合,验证了裂隙变形计算程序的可靠性;法向应力、剪切位移分别与力学开度呈幂函数递减和指数函数递增的关系,且剪切位移增加的会导致裂隙内的接触面更集中;Forchheimer方程中的惯性系数B和临界水力梯度Jc可以定量刻画裂隙的非线性渗流特性,B和Jc与剪切位移之间呈幂函数递减关系,且随着剪切位移的增大,Jc和B的增加速率和波动范围逐渐降低;当剪切位移从2 mm增加到8 mm时,Jc的波动范围从6.10×10-3减少到1.20×10-3,降低了80.32%;B的波动范围从2.97×1014 Pa·s2·m-7减少到2.43×1013 Pa·s2·m-7,降低了91.28%;裂隙开度的相对标准偏差RSD与惯性系数B和临界水力梯度Jc之间均存在相似的幂函数关系,据此建立了计算渗流从线性转换为非线性的临界点的预测公式。     

超大断面隧道软弱围岩控制机制及应用

为明确超大断面隧道软弱围岩破坏及控制机制,系统开展交叉中隔墙(center cross diagram, CRD)法和双侧壁导洞开挖方法下超大断面隧道软弱围岩控制机制数值试验,对比分析不同强度等级围岩、不同开挖方法在无支护、锚杆支护、H型钢拱架支护和H型钢拱架+锚杆支护四种支护方式下隧道围岩变形、支护构件受力变化规律,并研究超大断面隧道软弱围岩控制机制。同时对H型钢+锚网喷联合支护方式在超大断面破碎围岩隧道进行了CRD和双侧壁导洞两种开挖方法下的现场试验,拱顶沉降分别稳定在27.2 mm和18.7 mm,很好地控制了围岩变形、保证了现场初期支护安全。     

土体劈裂注浆加固主控因素模拟试验

为了分析注浆挤密及浆脉骨架对注浆加固效果的影响,确定注浆加固主控因素,提出注浆挤密系数及浆脉骨架系数和其计算方法,设计土体劈裂注浆加固三维模拟试验系统,开展土体注浆加固模拟试验.采用凝固时间显著不同的水泥浆液及水泥-水玻璃浆液分别对土体进行注浆加固,形成不同空间分布状态的浆脉骨架;通过测定注浆压力、土压力、土体密度及浆脉空间分布特征确定注浆挤密系数及浆脉骨架系数;监测隧道收敛变形以评价注浆加固效果,定性分析注浆挤密及浆脉骨架作用对注浆加固效果的影响.研究结果表明,水泥-水玻璃浆液注浆挤密程度大于水泥浆液,水泥-水玻璃浆液骨架作用小于水泥浆液;注浆挤密作用对于注浆加固效果的影响程度大于浆脉骨架作用,注浆挤密作用是影响土体劈裂注浆加固效果的主控因素.     

Application of artificial neural network for calculating anisotropic friction angle of sands and effect on slope stability

The anisotropy effect is one of the most prominent phenomena in soil mechanics. Although many experimental programs have investigated anisotropy in sand, a computational procedure for determining anisotropy is lacking. Thus, this work aims to develop a procedure for connecting the sand friction angle and the loading orientation. All principal stress rotation tests in the literatures were processed via an artificial neural network. Then, with sensitivity analysis, the effect of intrinsic soil properties,consolidation history, and test sample characteristics on enhancing anisotropy was examined. The results imply that decreasing the grain size of the soil increases the effect of anisotropy on soil shear strength. In addition, increasing the angularity of grains increases the anisotropy effect in the sample. The stability of a sandy slope was also examined by considering the anisotropy in shear strength parameters. If the anisotropy effect is neglected, slope safety is overestimated by 5%-25%. This deviation is more apparent in flatter slopes than in steeper ones. However, the critical slip surface in the most slopes is the same in isotropic and anisotropic conditions.