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China Rubber Industry 2002 Contents

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THE EFFECT OF FURNACE ATMOSPHERE ON THE FIRING OF ENAMEL1

It is shown that in firing ground coat and other one coat enamels, the atmosphere of the furnace plays an important part. Oxygen in the muffle penetrates the enamel during the early stages of the firing forming a film of iron oxide on the surface of the steel. This film, whether applied before enameling or formed incidentally to firing, partially dissolves in the fused enamel giving the intimate bond between metal and enamel. Ground coat enamel fired in an atmosphere of nitrogen was found not to adhere to the steel. Approximate values are given for the proportion of furnace space to enameled surface to insure sufficient oxidation when residual air is depended upon to supply the oxygen.     

高活性氧化镍对搪瓷气泡结构的影响

本文研究了不同的烧成时间,添加活性氧化镍后搪瓷底釉的气泡结构所产生的变化,并对活性氧化镍作用机理作了一定的探讨,它有助于搪瓷均匀气泡结构的形成。     

负离子铸铁搪瓷的研制

通过将电气石磨加到铸铁搪瓷面釉中,并对铸铁搪瓷的制作工艺进行合理设计,获得了具有产生负离子功能的铸铁搪瓷。经ITC-201A Smart IonsMonitor负离子测试仪检测,其发射负离子最高可达28090个/cm3,1m in平均值为1160个/cm3。用X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对负离子铸铁搪瓷的晶体结构和显微结构进行分析,结果表明,该铸铁搪瓷面釉中所磨加的电气石,经过涂搪烧成后,其晶体结构没有发生相变,仍为六方柱状晶体。从而得出结论:磨加电气石超细粉体是使该铸铁搪瓷获得负离子功能的主要原因。     

A PECULIARITY OF SHEET-IRON ACID RESISTING COVER COAT ENAMELS*

It has been demonstrated that the small bare spots evident in the first coat of acid-resisting enamel applied directly upon the ground coat are not necessarily the result of a process fishscaling in the ground coat during the firing operation, but are more often the result of reboiling of the ground-coat enamel and lack of film strength in the yet unfused layer of acid-resisting enamel. Reboiling, or other mechanical movements of the ground coat, may promote defects in acid-resisting enamels which would not be visible in those of the nonacid-resisting type, particularly when these enamels are applied directly upon the ground coat. The electrolytes used with acid-resisting enamels are directly connected with the popping condition noted. A choice of the proper kinds and amounts of electrolytes for “setting-up” the enamel can, in some cases, eliminate or minimize this trouble. The use of a nonacid-resisting enamel, properly set up as an intermediate layer between the ground coat and the finish coat of acid-resisting enamel, will also prevent troubles of this kind. The tendency for this peculiar defect to occur depends also upon the type of enameling base metal used and its tendency to reboil.     

一次搪耐酸搪瓷界面过渡层结构研究

采用合理配方设计,使用一次涂搪工艺,制备出了同时具有优良密着性能和耐酸性能的搪瓷板。采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对一次搪耐酸搪瓷板界面显微结构和元素进行分析,研究结果表明,密着性能优良的一次搪耐酸搪瓷界面呈现咬合齿轮状,元素分析表明瓷层元素和金属元素相互扩散,相互渗透,在性能上表现为密着强度优良。     

OBSERVATIONS ON “HAIRLINES” IN SHEET IRON ENAMELS1

Hairlines in sheet iron enamels may be caused either by under-firing of the ground coat enamel, or by “cold spots” on the ware when the cover enamel is fired. The defect may be prevented by properly firing the ground coat enamel, and by proper arrangement of the ware on the firing supports in the furnace.     

Standardizing Shop Practices Relative to Making and Application of Steel Ground Coat Enamels. I

I The effect of manganese dioxide on the physical properties of ground coat enamels is: (1) to give a good gloss; (2) to give a harder enamel; (3) to reduce the coefficient of expansion of the glass in which it is used; (4) when used with cobalt a uniform color desirable in stove work is obtained; (5) no difference in the adhesion of the ground coat between enamels using manganese, cobalt, or combinations of dioxides is apparent; (6) no effect on chipping is apparent; (7) while not absolutely essential in ground coats it is very desirable for use from an economy stand point. II. A theory of ground coat adherence based on the fact that part of the steel is oxidized to iron oxide which is partly absorbed by the fused enamel and into which some of the enamel penetrates is set forth, and an explanation given of various effects obtained. III. Most of the things which should be done to maintain control in making and firing of ground coats for sheet steel are emphasized. IV. The method of control for application of ground coat enamel by weighing the amount of dry enamel on a sheet of metal of known area is described. This is used to maintain a uniform consistency of the enamel. Other essential features which have in the past caused trouble to many enamelers are mentioned.     

AGREEMENT OF GROUND COAT AND ENAMEL1

Troubles in working with enamels may be caused by poor workmanship in some department or by changes in composition of the enamel due to differences in chemical composition of raw materials used. The application of Staley's refractory ratio in determining the agreement of ground coat and enamel cover coat is illustrated.     

The effects of Er:YAG laser treatment on the binding of glass ionomer cement to the prepared enamel

Conditioning of the enamel surface is a common strategy to improve the binding of restorative materials. Er:YAG is used broadly in clinics. However, whether it is beneficial to the binding of restorative materials is controversial. In the current report, we examined the effects of Er:YAG laser in improving the binding of the glass ionomer cement (GIC) to enamel surfaces. Briefly, 77 human premolar and molar teeth free of visible caries were used from the study and treated with different methods, including regular abrasion with diamond saw (Bur), 10 polyacrylic acid, 37% phosphoric acid, and/or Er:YAG laser. The shear bond strength (SBS) between GIC and enamel surfaces were measured; the patterns of the junction between GIC and enamel were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); failure patterns were analyzed with stereomicroscope to determine the adhesive and cohesive patterns of the fracture. The results showed that the treatment of Er:YAG laser resulted in a higher SBS values than that of bur. The use of 10% polyacrylic acid could improve the GIC bonding to the bur-prepared enamel, but not for laser-prepared enamel surface. However, the treatment with 37% phosphoric acid increased the SBS dramatically both in bur-prepared and laser-prepared groups. The failure mold analysis and SEM observation demonstrated a cohesive failure within the cement. In conclusion, the treatment of Er:YAG laser was beneficial for the adhesion of GIC to enamel.     

钛白搪瓷表面银离子扩散工艺研究

目前在抗菌搪瓷方面的研究大多是将银系抗菌剂与搪瓷釉料混合后进行高温烧结成,而通过离子扩散的方式引进银离子的有关报道尚未见到。本论文主要对利用涂覆法在一定热处理温度下在钛白搪瓷表面进行银离子扩散的工艺进行了研究。研究结果表明,采用该工艺制备的搪瓷表面存在银离子的扩散且分布均匀,说明该工艺可行;热处理温度较高时,银离子扩散进入搪瓷表面的量相对较多,但较高的温度,会对搪瓷原来的表面结构产生一定的影响。