Rehabilitation services as ideology.

Explores the ideology underlying professional rehabilitation services and its influences on practice and research. It is contended that the basic purpose of ideology is to dominate. The ideology of rehabilitation dominates clients by obscuring contradictions between professionals' and clients' interests, by representing its procedures as in the best interests of clients though they frequently are not, and by ignoring the sociopolitical dimensions of disability and implicitly defending the status quo. It is concluded that leaders of disabled people are becoming aware of how the disabled are disadvantaged by that ideology. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Professional ideology: A response to a critique.

The present author responds to the article by J. Stubbins (see record 1985-31779-001) on rehabilitation services as ideology by providing an analysis of historical and philosophical bases of disability policies. It is posited that socioeconomic forces have influenced rehabilitation services' focus upon the individual client and that their impact persists despite evidence of the ineffectiveness of this approach. It is suggested that what Stubbins says could be valid for all human-service programs. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Political ideology and science: A reply to Eysenck.

Comments on an article by H. J. Eysenck (1982) in which he suggested that Marx, Engels, and Lenin failed to support environmentalism. It is contended that Eysenck ignored the overwhelming evidence of radical environmentalism in Marxist theory. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive psychology as ideology.

Presents a critical analysis of some of the major work in cognitive social, personality, and developmental psychology. It is argued that cognitivism, by virtue of the primacy it gives to the individual knower, to subjective determinants of behavior, and to formal cognitive operations, represents a set of values and interests that reproduce and reaffirm the existing nature of the social order. However, the joining of cognitive psychology with idealogy is not intended simply to unmask the values carried by the cognitivist approach. The issue of values also raises serious questions about the nature of psychological science. Four case examples are examined as the basis for the claims made in the present article: (1) the deficiencies of interactionism, (2) cognitivism's denial of reality, (3) psychological reifications, and (4) cognitive/developmental theory and the technical interest in knowledge. A concluding comment calls for a new and transformative psychology, not of what is, but of what may yet be. (71 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Providing psychological services to deaf individuals: A response to new perceptions of diversity.

The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 mandates that psychologists provide equal access to services for persons with disabilities. Disabled individuals, including deaf and hard of hearing persons, form an important part of the diversity spectrum. Deafness and hearing loss significantly affect life experiences, development, and the ability to obtain and use services. Psychologists must develop awareness of the implications thereof in order to provide appropriate services in an ethical manner to such clients. This article presents core knowledge about deafness and hearing loss in an effort to enhance this necessary awareness for practitioners not specializing in this area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Professionals as providers: Some thoughts on disability and ideology.

Examines, in historical terms, the differences between the leaders of the handicapped rights (HRs) movement and leaders of the vocational rehabilitation VR program. VR was born in the 1920's and was dominated by the emerging science of psychology. HR activists came to political maturity in the 1960's and adopted a civil-rights ideology. It is suggested that both the professional and the civil rights outlook have their share of contradictions and that these contradictions need to be understood before they can be unraveled. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Freedom and voluntary death: suicide as ideology

Voices have been increasing in the last years, demanding the right of men to choose time and way of ending his life, thus asking consequently the liberty for mankind of killing themselves. The most important of these ideas are explained in connection with their philosophical, psychological and sociological background and confronted with the results of modern suicide research. The outcome of this review gives, however, no reason for changes in the previous and successful ways of suicide prevention.     

Retaliation as a response to procedural unfairness: A self-regulatory approach.

When does procedural unfairness result in retaliation, and why do recipients of unfair treatment sometimes pursue and other times inhibit retaliation? Five studies addressed these questions. The authors proposed and found that regulatory focus moderates retaliation against an unfairness-enacting authority: Promotion-focus participants were more likely to retaliate than prevention-focus participants. Promotion focus was associated with, and also heightened the accessibility of, the individual self. In turn, individual-self accessibility influenced retaliation. In fact, prevention-focus participants were as retaliatory as promotion-focus participants under conditions of high individual-self accessibility. Implications for the procedural fairness and regulatory focus literatures are discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Science, ideology, and facilitated communication.

Comments on a paper by J. W. Jacobson et al (see record 1996-12698-001) on the history of facilitated communication. W. Sailor states that he is not a facilitated communication proponent, and that the authors took his quote (W. Sailor, 1994) out of context in their indictment of postmodernism. Sailor claims that the point of his talk was to illustrate that facilitated communication represents a case where the postmodernist position is both positivist and subjectivist. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Semantic matching, response mode, and response mapping as contributors to retroactive and proactive priming.

Two experiments examined proactive and retroactive semantic priming with reported 50-msec primes in 6 target tasks: standard and go/no-go versions of manual lexical decision, vocal lexical decision, and pronunciation. In go/no-go tasks, responses were made only to words. No task differences were found in retroactive priming, which might be a form of proactive priming. Standard manual lexical decision showed more proactive priming, perhaps reflecting response mapping. Go/no-go versions of pronunciation and manual lexical decision showed similar priming, suggesting that semantic matching biases the lexical decision rather than the overt response. Latencies suggested response interference in vocal lexical decision. Exp 3, which included 200-msec primes, did not require prime report. Responses were generally faster, but priming was lower and showed a complex pattern. The tasks tap different underlying processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Separating ideology from currently available data: A reply to Cotton and Cook and McGlynn.

Responds to criticisms by J. L. Cotton and M. S. Cook (see record 1982-26971-001) and R. P. McGlynn (see record 1982-26992-001) of conclusions reached by the present authors in an earlier article (Johnson et al; see record 1981-05387-001). The data are reexamined, and it is concluded that Cotton and Cook's emphasis on the importance of interactions between goal structures and situational variables was not supported. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rehabilitation Psychologist as Health Care Executive: A Platform for Professional Diversification.

These are the best and worst of times in health care. Technological advances are offset by critical staff and cash shortages. Strong leadership is needed to navigate these challenges, yet the industry faces a widening leadership void. The effective psychologist possesses 5 specific competencies ("planks") that are well matched for success as a health care executive: clinical, relational, analytical, methodological, and ethical. By applying these competencies, rehabilitation psychologists can enhance their organizations and open new pathways for personal and professional growth. A 6th competency, financial, represents a unique "give and take" position that is portrayed through a replication and extension of J. G. Wiggins's (1994) analysis of careers in psychology. It is concluded that advocacy for our clients, our field, and ourselves is served by rehabilitation psychologists' achieving health care executive positions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Authoritarianism, ideology, and political candidate choice.

2 experiments were conducted investigating the relationship between F Scale scores and preference for the candidates of a particular party or ideology. Exp. I showed that Ss with high scores on the F Scale preferred the Republican party and voted for Nixon while those with low scores preferred the Democratic party and voted for Kennedy. The relationship was hypothesized to appear because (a) both candidates clearly differed in the degree to which they represetned liberal and conservative ideologies, (b) the voters possessed an ideological outlook, and (c) liberal or conservative values were more salient than other factors in the choice of candidates. In Exp. II, 3 samples of students were presented with different pairs of candidates: liberal Democrat and conservative Republican, liberal Republican and conservative Democrat, and candidates ideologically equated. Ignoring candidate ideology, there was no relationship between F score and party vote. When ideology was taken into account, high scorers voted for the conservative candidate and low scorers voted for the liberal candidate regardless of party label. When the stimulus figures were equated ideologically there was no relationship between F scores and choice. There was no support for the hypothesis that choices by high scorers were more subject to the pressure of group norms than those of low scorers. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Language, cognition, and the right hemisphere: A response to Gazzaniga.

Responds to M. S. Gazzaniga's (see record 1984-07149-001) review of right-hemisphere language in split-brain patients. The present author disagrees with (1) Gazzaniga's assumption that any capacity to extract meaning from spoken or written words is indicative of linguistic competence, and (2) Gazzaniga's claim that the right hemisphere is passive and nonresponsive. The present author provides evidence that, although the right hemisphere is nonlinguistic, it is active, highly intelligent, thinking, conscious, and fully human. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology: Leonard Berkowitz.

The Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology is presented to a person who has made distinguished theoretical or empirical advances leading to the understanding or amelioration of important practical problems. The 1988 winner is Leonard Berkowitz. Berkowitz is cited for his integrative work in combining experimental and social psychology theoretically and methodologically. His systematic research on aggression both with respect to its causes and its targets has been comprehensive in its scope, precise in its specification, and cumulative in its impact upon theory and practice. In addition to the citation, a biography and selected bibliography of Berkowitz's published works are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology, ideology, utopia, and the commons.

Argues that the failure of social scientists to seriously question their own ideological and methodological assumptions contributes to the complex interrelationship between global ecological and individual psychological problems. Much of the literature (e.g., G. Hardin, 1968) on the tragedy of the commons focuses on saving the global commons through increased centralization and regulation, at the expense of the individual's autonomy and psychological sense of community. It is suggested that utopian speculation in general and anarchist political analysis in particular are necessary correctives to misplaced attempts to rearrange the elements of the status quo rather than to alter it in a direction more in keeping with both survival and human dignity. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coaching services: A look at coaches, clients, and practices.

Coaching is growing rapidly as a way to help individuals improve their professional and/or personal success. Although similar services have been offered for some time, coaching is becoming more widely available and is being offered by a more diverse set of professionals. This research was undertaken to learn more about coaches from varying academic backgrounds, and how they may differ in their approach to their craft. In the study, 2,231 coaches participated by completing a web-based survey examining coaching practices. A general discussion and conclusions are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pornography, social science, and politics: When research and ideology collide.

Discusses controversy surrounding the 1985 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography. Critics argue that many of the commissioners lacked necessary credentials and had been selected for ideological reasons, the commission had too little time and money to adequately study the topic, and conclusions drawn by the commission were based on overgeneralizations from social psychological studies were largely laboratory based. The need for more precise definitions for pornography and obscenity and for continued frank participation by psychologists in such policy debates is emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and ideology.

Comments on the article by E. E. Sampson (see record 1982-04617-001) concerning cognitive psychology as ideology and suggests that Sampson overstates his case. His interpretations are accusatory and simplistic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)