含草酸的硝酸溶液对锆合金的腐蚀行为

本工作模拟草酸钚沉淀母液蒸发浓缩工艺的运行条件,依据GB/T 4334.3-2000的实验要求,开展了含草酸的硝酸溶液对锆合金板材和焊件的腐蚀行为研究。采用称重法获得了腐蚀速率数据,采用扫描电镜观察金属表面的腐蚀形貌,并测定了腐蚀溶液中金属离子的浓度。结果表明:模拟实验条件下锆合金各腐蚀样品腐蚀速率均极低,测得的锆合金板材的最大平均腐蚀速率为0.001 0 g/(m²·h),焊件的最大平均腐蚀速率为0.000 7 g/(m²·h),硝酸浓度和温度变化不增加锆的腐蚀速率,腐蚀性能显著优于不锈钢。这些初步解释了法国后处理厂选择Zr-702为草酸钚沉淀母液蒸发浓缩设备材料的原因。     

液态锂铅合金中316L不锈钢的静态腐蚀行为

采用挂片法、失重法和金相分析,开展了结构材料316L不锈钢在液态锂铅(LiPb)合金中静态腐蚀行为的研究.研究结果表明:316L不锈钢中的组分元素,在液态LiPb合金中发生了溶解和质量迁移,这是导致材料腐蚀的主要原因,而温度和合金中的氧含量是影响静态腐蚀行为最重要的参数.     

纯Fe和316L不锈钢在液态锂铅合金中的腐蚀行为

采用挂片法、失重法和金相表面分析,进行了高纯Fe和316L不锈钢2种结构材料在350~550 ℃液态LiPb合金中静态腐蚀行为的研究。研究结果表明,温度及结构材料组分元素在液态LiPb合金中的溶解和质量迁移是导致材料腐蚀的主要原因,合金、结构材料表面的氧化皮也是影响静态腐蚀行为的一种重要参数。     

高温水中氯离子对316L不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文采用直流电压降(DCPD)方法,使用恒K(K=27.5 MPa·m1/2)加载方式,在核电厂高温高压水环境中研究了氯离子对316L不锈钢的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的影响。实验结果表明:在高温除氧水中,氯离子会加快316L不锈钢的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率,且当水中存在溶解氧时,氯离子对应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的影响更明显。     

316LN不锈钢在高温高压水环境下的腐蚀疲劳行为研究

在室温纯水、高温纯水及高温硼锂水环境下开展了316LN不锈钢在不同应变幅加载下的腐蚀实验研究,并获得了3种条件下的腐蚀疲劳寿命曲线。结果表明,316LN不锈钢在加载过程中出现了先硬化后软化现象,且随循环周次增加,应力峰值逐渐下降;高温纯水及高温硼锂水环境下材料的腐蚀疲劳性能下降,加速了材料的腐蚀疲劳失效;在高应变幅条件下高温的软化作用占主要影响,低应变幅条件下腐蚀作用占主要影响;试验后的样品断面上均可观察到疲劳辉纹、滑移变形带及二次裂纹,高温水腐蚀环境会加速裂纹扩展,加速疲劳失效。     

复合膜对316L不锈钢氚渗透性能的影响

利用物理气相沉积（ＰＶＤ）方法在３１６Ｌ不锈钢表面分别镀制微米量级厚的ＴｉＮ＋ＴｉＣ＋ＴｉＮ、ＴｉＮ＋Ｔｉｃ＋ＳｉＯ２复合膜。扫描电镜观察表明：膜致密,与基体结合牢固,抗氧化,抗热冲击。二次离子质谱（ＳＩＭＳ）和红外光谱（ＩＲ）分析结果证实：ＴｉＣ和ＳｉＯ２的膜在３００℃以上的氢中退火可形成抗氚爱阻挡层。测量了不同温度下氚在带膜３１６Ｌ中的渗透率。在２００～６００℃范围内,镀有ＴｉＮ＋ＴｉＣ＋Ｓｉ     

国产改进型316L不锈钢的微结构研究

采用正电子湮没寿命方法研究了国产改进型316L不锈钢的微结构及其温度变化。该不锈钢含有单空位、双空位、位错和小空位团等缺陷。经400℃,600℃,800℃退火后,单空位、双空位和位错缺陷分别消失。小空位团是四空位和五空位构成的空位团,低于200℃退火,缺陷复合五空位团成分随退火温度升高而增大,高于400℃时空位团分裂,五空位团成分减少,800℃退火还存在较低浓度的四空位团。     

500℃下316L不锈钢的α粒子辐照起泡

在５００℃下用１．０ＭｅＶ、１．５ＭｅＶ、１．８ＭｅＶ的α粒子轰击混合堆第一壁候选材料－３１６Ｌ不锈钢（固溶态和２０％冷加工态），材料发生严重起泡，引起起泡的通量阈值随入射粒子能量增加而增加。通过对辐照样品的截面微观分析，发现起泡的孕育发展与入射粒子和自身产生的级联碰撞区的联合作用密切相关。起泡发生的区域在损伤峰值区，接近射程末端。     

国产改进型316L不锈钢的微结构研究

采用正电子湮没寿命方法研究了国产改进型316L不锈钢的微结构及其温度变化，该不锈钢含有单空位，双空位，位错和小空位团等缺陷，经400、600、800℃退火后，单空位，双空位和位错缺陷分别消失，小空位团是由四空位和五空位构成的空位团。低于200℃退火时，缺陷复合五空位团成分随退火温度升高而增大；高于400℃时，空位团分裂，五空位团成分减少；800℃退火仍存在较低浓度的四空位团。     

不锈钢316L单轴棘轮行为及其影响因素的研究

对不锈钢３１６Ｌ材料进行了多种平均应力以及多种应力幅值下的单轴循环加载棘轮效应试验,分析研究了平均应力大小及其历史对其棘轮效应的影响,以及应力值大小及其历史对其棘轮效应的影响,揭示了不锈钢３１６Ｌ的单轴棘轮效应演化的特征及导致这些特征的原因,得到一些有意义的结果,对建立能较为精确地估计结构的循环累积变形的本构模型具有一定的参考作用。     

304奥氏体不锈钢在硝酸溶液体系中的电化学腐蚀行为

采用极化曲线测量法对304不锈钢在硝酸溶液体系中的电化学耐蚀性能进行了测试,分别研究了在硝酸溶液中添加硝酸盐、草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸等成分对304不锈钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,在硝酸溶液中,硝酸盐的加入能够抑制不锈钢的电化学腐蚀,而草酸能够显著增强溶液对不锈钢的电化学腐蚀能力,在硝酸和草酸溶液体系中加入1g/L柠檬酸后,自腐蚀电流由6.02μA/cm~2上升到22.8μA/cm~2,对电流腐蚀有较明显的促进作用。     

Corrosion Phenomenon of Stainless Steel in Boiling Nitric Acid Solution Using Large-Scale Mock-Up of Reduced Pressurized Evaporator

To evaluate the component life in a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, a large-scale mock-up test apparatus of a reduced pressurized thermosiphon evaporator was constructed, and the corrosion mechanism of a heat transfer tube made of ultralow carbon type 304 stainless steel in boiling nitric acid solution was studied. The corrosion tests were conducted for about 36,000 h, and changes in the corrosion amount and rate in the test duration were discussed. The relationships between the amount of corrosion and tube surface temperature and heat flux were investigated, and the corrosion propagation mechanism considering intergranular penetration was studied based on the observations of morphologies of corrosion surfaces and the measurements of intergranular penetration depths. After a long duration, the increases in the corrosion amount and rate saturated when intergranular penetration and grain dropping occurred by turns. This result means that a linear estimation can be applied to the life prediction for corrosion. Three portions of the tube were observed, and the amounts of corrosion were different among the three portions, but no difference in the morphology of intergranular corrosion existed. The amount of corrosion was affected by both tube surface temperature and heat flux. A large amount of corrosion could be observed in both the boiling starting portion and the top, where high tube surface temperature and heat flux were observed.     

Corrosion of Type 304L Stainless Steel in Concentrated Plutonium Nitrate Solution

Dryout experiments of water have been conducted in an annulus with inside heating (heat flux from inner wall only) under high-pressure, low-flow and mixed inlet conditions which are of importance in the core thermal-hydraulic behavior during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) and also partially during an anticipated transient without scram (ATWS) of a nuclear reactor. The experimental conditions have covered ranges of pressure of 3 MPa, mass flux from 105 to 320 kg/m²·s and inlet quality from 0.15 to 0.90. The dryout data have been compared with several existing empirical critical heat flux (CHF) correlations and a new correlation. The Katto correlation predicts best the CHF among the existing correlations examined. However, even the Katto correlation overpredicts the CHF by factors up to 2 at about 1/6 data points of the present dryout data. The present dryout data are divided into two groups (regions) according to the value of a non-dimensional number l _bo/d _he, where l _bo is the assumed boiling length and dh, the heated equivalent diameter. A new correlation covering both the regions has been developed by correlating the present dryout data in terms of two non-dimensional numbers. The new correlation performs best among the correlations examined in predicting the present dryout data.     

304奥氏体不锈钢在不同浓度硝酸中的电化学行为

采用动电位极化曲线测量、开路电位测量等技术,研究了304奥氏体不锈钢在不同浓度硝酸溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为,并对304奥氏体不锈钢在硝酸溶液中的电化学反应历程进行了探讨。结果表明：304奥氏体不锈钢在硝酸溶液中具备不锈钢典型的极化曲线特征,有多个钝化区和过钝化区;硝酸浓度升高促进不锈钢表面钝化膜的生成,使开路电位向正电位方向移动,降低了硝酸溶液对不锈钢的腐蚀倾向,同时,随着硝酸浓度的升高,不锈钢的点蚀电位升高,提高了不锈钢耐点蚀能力;在硝酸溶液中,不锈钢的腐蚀速率同时受到酸度和硝酸根浓度的影响,二者相互矛盾,导致硝酸浓度对腐蚀速率的影响呈不规律性。结果表明,在0.5 mol/L硝酸中,不锈钢的腐蚀速率最高。     

Gamma-ray Irradiation Effects on Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel in Boiling Nitric Acid Containing Ionic Additives

Irradiation effects of γ-rays on corrosion rates of type 304ULC stainless steel in 9×10^?3 mol/m³ boiling nitric acid containing an ionic additive of multivalence elements of Ce(IV), Cr(VI) or Ru(III) were studied by measuring weight losses of specimens immersed under the ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation of 1 kC/(kg·h) (4MR/h). Tests without irradiation were carried out as well to obtain reference data. All the coexisting ionic species enhanced the corrosion in comparison with those in pure nitric acid, and the γ-ray irradiation moderated the enhancement. The valence analyses of these additives and redox potential measurements before and after the immersion batch under the irradiation suggested that the reduction of Ce(IV) and Cr(VI) induced by the irradiation have moderated the corrosion environment.     

焊接残余应力对316LN不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的影响

核电站不锈钢管道焊接过程中引入的残余应力对焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂性能有较大影响。本文针对一AP1000主管道316LN不锈钢焊接模拟件进行残余应力分析和应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率测量,得到了焊后原始状态和去应力热处理状态的焊接热影响区材料在高温高压水中的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率。实验结果表明,焊接残余应力明显提高了热影响区的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率,且在含氢的压水堆一回路正常水化学下焊接残余应力的影响更加显著。     

正己烷与正十二烷在硝酸体系中的化学行为

通过红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱联用和核磁共振碳谱等分析方法确定了正己烷和正十二烷直链烷烃在硝酸体系中的反应产物,用气相色谱法定量分析了温度、硝酸浓度和反应时间等因素对正己烷和正十二烷硝化产物的影响,利用定制的高压反应釜考察了正己烷、正十二烷在硝酸体系及温度为150℃情况下的压力变化情况。研究结果表明:高温下正己烷和正十二烷在硝酸体系中的反应产物分别为硝基己烷异构体混合物(2-硝基己烷和3-硝基己烷)和硝基十二烷异构体混合物(2-硝基十二烷、3-硝基十二烷、4-硝基十二烷、5-硝基十二烷和6-硝基十二烷),且温度及硝酸浓度对硝化产物影响较大,而反应时间则影响较小。温度为150℃时,正己烷在硝酸体系中产生的最大压力为3.44 MPa,远大于正十二烷体系下的1.58 MPa,且随着硝酸比例的增加反应体系产生的压力及反应程度均有所增加。