腐殖酸与重金属在黄土中的吸附规律研究

以黄土、腐殖酸和重金属离子为研究对象,基于吸附实验,研究了黄土对腐殖酸及Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺4种重金属离子的吸附规律。结果表明,黄土对各污染物的去除率随着固液比增大、溶液pH增大、初始浓度减小、吸附时间的延长明显增大,而且对不同污染物吸附效果的影响也不同;但黄土对重金属离子的吸附量一直保持为Pb²⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺>Zn²⁺。     

空心类水滑石对重金属的吸附性能研究

重金属废水是一类难处理的废水，对其进行有效处理一直是环境领域的研究热点。类水滑石(LDHs)因比表面积大、制备简单、环境友好等特性，成为一类具有较高应用潜力的重金属吸附剂。制备了具有更多吸附位点的空心类水滑石(LDHs-H)，选取重金属离子Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺和Ni²⁺作为研究对象，探究了初始重金属离子浓度、吸附时间、溶液p H和竞争离子等因素对LDHs-H吸附重金属离子的影响。结果表明，LDHs-H对Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的等温吸附数据较好地拟合了Freundlich等温模型，对Zn²⁺和Ni²⁺的等温吸附数据较好地拟合了Langmuir等温模型。准二级动力学模型较好地描述了LDHs-H对4种重金属离子的动力学吸附过程。LDHs-H层板上的羟基与Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺反应生成沉淀是Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺去除的主要方式，与Zn     

Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+在高炉水淬渣上的竞争吸附特性

利用等温吸附法考察了高炉水淬渣对Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺的单组分吸附和竞争吸附性能。结果表明,单一组分吸附时,金属离子吸附等温线属于“H”形等温线,吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,高炉水淬渣吸附的顺序为Cu²⁺ >Cd²⁺ >Zn²⁺,这与重金属离子电负性、水合离子半径及荷径比等有关。当加入竞争离子后,Cu²⁺的吸附等温线基本维持原来形状,且仍旧与Langmuir吸附等温模型比较相符,而Cd²⁺ 和Zn²⁺的吸附无法与现有等温吸附模型很好地拟合,等温线的形状由于竞争作用也与传统的等温线均不相同,同时各金属离子的吸附量都比单组分的吸附量降低了。吸附动力学过程先是一个快速阶段,然后进入慢速阶段。无论是单组分还是竞争条件下,伪二级动力学方程拟合结果较好,说明高炉水淬渣与Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺之间的吸附过程主要是以化学吸附为主。     

一种膨润土的表征及其对重金属离子吸附研究

以原矿膨润土为原料，对其结构进行表征和分析。然后从单因素条件分析膨润土对Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺的吸附效果。结果表明：在相同条件下，膨润土加入量为0.30 g、温度为25℃时，Cu²⁺初始浓度为200 mg/L,溶液pH值为5.0,其最大吸附率为99.92%;Cd²⁺初始浓度为150 mg/L,溶液pH值为6.0,其最大吸附率为99.84%;Pb²⁺初始浓度为50 mg/L,溶液pH值为3.5,其最大吸附率为99.12%。竞争吸附中膨润土对Cd²⁺吸附效果最佳。此研究对处理含重金属离子的废水具有较好的潜在价值。     

CS/OMMT/GO复合材料对Cu2+吸附性能研究

本研究采用溶液共混法制备壳聚糖/有机蒙脱土/氧化石墨烯的复合材料,并通过 XRD 和 FTIR 进行表征,从吸附剂用量、吸附时间、Cu²⁺浓度等方面研究了该复合材料对 Cu²⁺的吸附行为。研究结果表明,该复合材料在浓度为 0.4 mg/mL 时对 Cu²⁺吸附效率最佳,并且对 Cu²⁺的吸附效率随吸附时间的增加而增大,随 Cu²⁺初始浓度的增加而降低。     

氧化铈-二氧化硅介孔材料制备及对铜离子的吸附性能

采用共沉淀法和沉淀浸渍法制备了纳米氧化铈-二氧化硅（CeO₂-SiO₂）介孔材料吸附剂,主要考察了其对水中铜离子（Cu²⁺）的吸附行为。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和氮吸附（BET）等手段对合成的介孔材料进行了性能表征,并通过静态吸附实验分析了溶液pH、溶液初始金属离子质量浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间等条件对介孔材料吸附Cu²⁺性能的影响。结果表明：共沉淀法制备的纳米CeO₂-SiO₂介孔材料对Cu²⁺的去除效果较沉淀浸渍法要好;当溶液pH=7.0时CeO₂-SiO₂介孔材料对Cu²⁺的吸附效果最好,20 min时基本达到吸附平衡;溶液初始Cu²⁺浓度增大Cu²⁺去除率降低,Cu²⁺累计吸附量增大;随着吸附剂用量增加Cu²⁺去除率增大,当CeO₂-SiO₂吸附剂用量为0.15 g/L时对Cu²⁺的去除率趋于稳定;CeO₂-SiO₂吸附剂对不同金属离子吸附性能由大到小的顺序为Cu²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺,该吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型。     

CeO2多孔材料的制备及其吸附性能的研究

采用聚合物模板法制备CeO₂多孔材料，利用XRD、SEM及BET对样品的结构、形貌及织构特性进行表征，实验研究了pH、Cu²⁺的初始浓度、吸附剂用量和吸附时间等因素对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明制备的多孔材料为立方相CeO₂，且结晶良好；其对Cu²⁺吸附性能随吸附液pH的变化显著，pH=10.0时去除率可达到95.83%；随着初始Cu²⁺的浓度增大，Cu²⁺的去除率先增大后减小，最佳Cu²⁺浓度为30 mg/L；吸附剂用量为1.5 g/L可达到最高吸附值，累计吸附量约为0.50 mg/g；且80 min即可达到吸附脱附平衡。     

硝化腐植酸基离子印迹聚合物的制备及吸附性能研究

以腐植酸为原料、浓硝酸为氧化剂合成硝化腐植酸（NA）,再以硝化腐植酸为基质、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAM）为功能单体、Pb（NO₃）₂为模板、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（MBA）为交联剂、过硫酸钾（K₂S₂O₈）与亚硫酸氢钠（NaHSO₃）为复合引发剂,经过沉淀聚合法制备铅离子印迹聚合物IIPs。利用SEM、FT-IR、TG-DSC表征所得产物,探究产物的结构与性能,并通过紫外-可见分光光度法（UV-Vis）研究了IIPs的吸附性能。结果表明,IIPs对Pb²⁺的最大吸附量为21.71 mg/g,该吸附过程符合二级动力学模型和Langmuir热力学模型;IIPs最佳循环次数为7次;在竞争离子Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺存在时,选择性系数分别为6.97(Pb²⁺/Cu²⁺)和7.36(Pb²⁺/Cd²⁺)。     

煤矸石螯合改性后对选矿废水中重金属离子吸附研究

选取贵州省某6个矿区煤矸石进行均匀混合，通过700℃煅烧后获得热活化的样品。采用螯合剂次氮基三乙酸(NTA)与羧甲基淀粉(CMS)对热活化的样品进行改性，制备低成本的改性煤矸石吸附剂。通过单因素静态吸附实验分别研究了pH、CMS与NTA固液比、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间等对改性煤矸石吸附废水中Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的影响。结果表明，在焙烧温度为700℃、CMS与NTA最佳固液质量比(简称固液比)为1∶15、溶液pH=9、吸附时间为2 h、投放量为0.8 g/L条件下，改性煤矸石能够吸附选矿废水中大量Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺，最佳去除率分别为69.34%和79.98%。结合吸附等温模型拟合分析，吸附剂对Pb²⁺的吸附过程以单层的化学吸附为主。     

黄磷渣制备二氧化硅吸附Pb2+的性能研究

为了探究水体中Pb²⁺有效去除方法，以黄磷渣为原料实现二氧化硅的制备、纯化及表征，以其为媒介探究不同因素下对Pb²⁺的吸附性能。结果表明：SiO₂表面成功接枝KH570,传质动力随吸附时间的增加逐渐减弱，吸附缓慢，吸附容量在30 min时饱和达到9.51 mg/g; 60 min后发生解析，导致吸附容量下降至9.38 mg/g。随着温度升高和溶液Pb²⁺浓度的增大，活性位点与Pb²⁺有效碰撞的机率增大，吸附容量达到12.3 mg/g;随着pH值升高吸附容量增大。笔者采用Langmuir和Freundlich模型探索吸附剂对Pb²⁺的吸附行为发现：Langmuir模型等温吸附适合描述吸附剂对Pb²⁺的吸附行为，且SiO₂对Pb²⁺的吸附符合二级动力学行为。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。