珊瑚礁砂砾料力学行为与颗粒破碎的试验研究

珊瑚礁砂砾石是中国南海岛礁建设的主要填料,因为特殊的生物成因和多孔隙的颗粒结构,极易产生颗粒破碎。对取自南海某岛礁的珊瑚礁砂砾石填料开展了大型压缩试验、三轴排水剪切试验和三轴不排水剪切试验,研究了压缩指数、杨氏模量、剪胀和强度等基本工程力学指标与颗粒破碎的变化规律。在相同的压缩作用下,疏松试样比密实试样的颗粒破碎程度更大。颗粒破碎程度随着压力的增大而显著增大,导致珊瑚礁砂砾料的压缩模量和杨氏模量随压力的增大增幅不明显,峰值摩擦角和临界状态摩擦角随压力的增高而显著降低。颗粒破碎过程具有明显的应力路径和应力历史依赖性,有无预压作用的相同密度的试样表现出显著不同的压缩特性,相同密度和初始压力的试样在排水和不排水剪切下也表现出明显不同的剪胀和强度特性。峰值摩擦角依赖于应力路径和颗粒破碎的演化过程;临界状态摩擦角与最终的颗粒破碎指标值有较好的相关性,与颗粒破碎的产生过程无关。     

考虑应力路径和颗粒破碎影响的钙质砂剪胀特性及剪胀方程研究

钙质砂的剪胀特性受应力路径和颗粒破碎的共同影响.为了探讨钙质砂在不同应力路径下的剪胀特性,进行了一系列不同固结压力和应力路径组合的排水三轴压缩试验.结果表明:应力路径和颗粒破碎对钙质砂的剪胀特性有重要影响.不同应力路径下钙质砂的剪胀比与应力比的关系存在显著差异.相同应力比下的剪胀比,等围压试验的最大,等轴向应力试验的最...     

复杂应力路径下堆石料的颗粒破碎特性研究

针对堆石料进行了一系列等向压缩、常规三轴和复杂应力路径试验,采用相对颗粒破碎率为度量研究了多种应力路径条件下堆石料的颗粒破碎特性。对不同应力路径下试验过程中的塑性功进行了对比,分析了颗粒破碎与平均应力p、广义剪应力q所做塑性功之间的关系,研究了不同应力路径下三轴试验颗粒破碎的差异和原因。结果表明:模拟心墙土石坝填筑和蓄水应力路径下的颗粒破碎远小于常规三轴试验。多种应力路径下塑性功与相对颗粒破碎率之间存在明显的相关性,并可用幂函数较好拟合。不同应力路径下塑性功分量之间差异明显。常规三轴试验中广义剪应力q所做功占总塑性功的主要部分,不同复杂应力路径试验p,q所做塑性功占比差异较大。     

考虑颗粒破碎的钙质砂边界面循环本构模型

钙质砂作为一种海洋生物成因的易破碎材料,由其构成的地基在海洋环境下长期受到动荷载的作用,故模拟钙质砂在循环荷载作用下的颗粒破碎及其对应力应变行为的影响具有重要意义。将引起塑性应变和颗粒破碎的机制分解为两种:有效球应力增加引起的压缩机制和剪应力比变化引起的剪切机制。压缩机制引起的颗粒破碎可由Hardin公式模拟,为适应复杂应力路径,在Hardin公式的基础上建立了增量型的压缩破碎模型。剪切机制引起的颗粒破碎满足两个"递减率":(1)在每一个单向剪切过程中,颗粒破碎的累积速率总是在单向剪切起始处最大,并随着单向剪应变的增加而减小;(2)在总的剪切过程中,颗粒破碎的累积速率随颗粒破碎量的增大而逐渐减小。在边界面本构模型框架中引入所建立的压缩和剪切破碎模型,通过随颗粒破碎量移动的临界状态线反映颗粒破碎对模量、强度和剪胀等应力应变行为的影响,建立了一个考虑颗粒破碎的循环本构模型。通过对钙质砂的单调和循环三轴试验结果的模拟初步验证了所提出本构模型的合理性。     

不同应力路径下钙质砂力学特性的排水三轴试验研究

钙质砂的力学性质既有强度低、易破碎的特点,又有应力路径依附性的特性.为了研究不同应力路径对钙质砂的颗粒破碎和力学性质的影响,对不同固结压力的钙质砂进行了5种应力路径下的排水三轴压缩试验.结果表明:不同应力路径对钙质砂的应力–应变关系、抗剪强度和颗粒破碎特性有较大的影响.相同固结压力下,等轴向应力试验的剪胀现象最为明显,...     

一个考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型

基于广义塑性理论建立了一个考虑堆石料颗粒破碎的弹塑性本构模型。模型采用随平均应力增加而减小的峰值摩擦角和特征点摩擦角来反映堆石料因颗粒破碎而表现出的峰值应力比与剪胀应力比的非线性,在此基础上确定塑性流动和加载方向向量;运用指数型压缩函数建立依赖于体积应变和平均应力的压缩参数 λ ,并构造随平均应力与剪应力水平而变化的塑性模量表达式。模型共有 8 个参数,均可通过等向或单向压缩和三轴压缩试验确定。为验证本文模型的合理性,依据试验资料确定了 3 种不同堆石料的本构模型参数,并对典型三轴压缩试验进行了模拟。 3 种材料的模型预测结果与试验数据均吻合良好,表明本文模型可合理反映了颗粒破碎对堆石料强度与变形特性的影响。     

考虑颗粒破碎的砂土临界状态特性描述

近年来,随着土石坝和高填方等工程的兴建,粒状土得到了广泛的应用。粒状土在高应力作用下会发生颗粒破碎的现象相当严重,因此粒状土的颗粒破碎问题不容忽视。为了更合理地描述颗粒破碎对粒状土中砂土力学特性的影响,首先分析砂土试验结果,得出了砂土颗粒分别在平均正应力和剪应力作用下的破碎特性。其次,基于UH(unified haedening,统一硬化)模型,引入可以表示砂土压缩破碎和剪切破碎的相关参数,建立了可以考虑颗粒破碎的砂土本构模型。该模型不仅能够反映砂土的剪胀、剪缩、应变硬化和软化等特性,而且可以反映在平均正应力的作用下,不同的压缩曲线最终会归一的特点,同时还能够反映剪应力作用下砂土临界状态线下移的现象。最后,使用模型预测了Lade的常规三轴试验,模型预测结果与试验结果符合良好,说明该模型能够合理地描述砂土的力学特性。     

考虑钙质砂颗粒破碎的分数阶边界面本构模型

钙质砂作为海洋工程中广泛应用的建筑材料，颗粒破碎会导致其强度和剪胀性降低，压缩性增加，影响构筑物的安全和稳定。通过引入破碎应力建立考虑颗粒破碎的临界状态线来描述破碎对临界状态线位置和形状的影响；并基于分数阶微分和状态相关理论建立了统一的状态相关分数阶塑性流动法则；在边界面塑性理论和临界状态理论框架下建立了考虑钙质砂颗粒破碎和状态相关特性的分数阶塑性边界面本构模型。模型能够模拟不同初始密实度和围压条件下钙质砂三轴排水试验结果和颗粒破碎影响下的状态相关行为，并验证了模型的适用性。     

循环荷载作用下堆石料颗粒破碎特性试验研究

利用大型动三轴试验设备,针对3种堆石料进行了考虑周围压力、固结比以及动应力幅值影响的排水动三轴压缩试验,探讨了动力荷载作用下筑坝堆石料的颗粒破碎特性。研究表明:在循环荷载作用下,堆石料颗粒破碎率随母岩强度的提高而降低,随围压、固结比及动应力幅值的增加而增加;根据动三轴试验过程,在进行颗粒破碎分析时应将堆石料颗粒破碎的产生分为4个阶段予以分别考虑;堆石料在动荷载施加前的已有颗粒破碎状态及应力水平对其后续的颗粒破碎特性具有一定的影响,动力加载过程中试样的体积收缩能够在一定程度上反映这一过程中颗粒破碎率的变化。     

考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料本构研究：进展及发展

颗粒破碎会引起材料的压缩性变大及强度软化，因此颗粒破碎对粒状材料力学特性影响的研究非常重要。首先从试验研究方面着手，总结了颗粒破碎的描述方法、不同加载条件下（一维及等向压缩、三轴剪切、扭剪及单剪）应力应变的颗粒破碎效应；接着总结了考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料力学本构模拟方法，即一维及等向压缩模型、三维剪切模型及基于离散元法的微观土力学模型。最后，通过大量试验结果分析并结合笔者近年来的研究成果，指出可破碎颗粒材料在应力应变过程中的颗粒级配变化可由修正相对破碎指数来表示，可通过塑性功来确定，且塑性功确定法的优越性还体现在循环加载下的累积破碎评价；然后再通过修正相对破碎指数，来确定临界状态线的位置，进而可通过当前状态与临界状态线的相对位置来评价颗粒破碎对颗粒材料力学特性的影响。所提出的以修正相对破碎指数为关键变量的本构方程可直接应用于考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料静动力本构模型的开发。     

Particle breakage evolution of coral sand using triaxial compression tests

Particle breakage continuously changes the grading of granular materials and has a significant effect on their mechanical behaviors.Revealing the evolution pattern of particle breakage is valuable for development and validation of constitutive models for crushable materials.A series of parallel triaxial compression tests along the same loading paths but stopped at different axial strains were conducted on two coral sands with different particle sizes under drained and undrained conditions.The tested specimens were carefully sieved to investigate the intermediate accumulation of particle breakage during the loading process.The test results showed that under both drained and undrained conditions,particle breakage increases continuously with increasing axial strain but exhibits different accumulating patterns,and higher confining pressures lead to greater particle breakage.Based on the test results,the correlations between particle breakage and the stress state as well as the input energy were examined.The results demonstrated that either the stress state or input energy alone is inadequate for describing the intermediate process of particle breakage evolution.Then,based on experimental observation,a path-dependent model was proposed for particle breakage evolution,which was formulated in an incremental form and reasonably considers the effects of the past breakage history and current stress state on the breakage rate.The path-dependent model successfully reproduced the development of particle breakage during undrained triaxial compression using the parameters calibrated from the drained tests,preliminarily demonstrating its effectiveness for different stress paths.     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的珊瑚砂临界状态与本构模型研究

临界状态是土力学中一个非常重要的概念,是许多土体本构模型建立的基础。对于珊瑚砂,由于显著的颗粒破碎,其变形特性和临界状态值得深入探讨。通过不同密度和不同围压组合的一系列三轴试验,研究了颗粒破碎对土体变形特性和临界状态的影响,建立了考虑颗粒破碎影响的珊瑚砂临界状态数学表达式,并将其引入砂土状态相关剪胀方程,提出了考虑颗粒破碎影响的珊瑚砂状态相关剪胀方程和本构模型。该模型仅采用一套模型参数就能较好地反映珊瑚砂在不同密度、不同围压条件下的应力变形特性,并且可以考虑珊瑚砂的颗粒破碎特性。     

常压至高压下砂土强度、变形特性试验研究

 砂土材料常压至高压下的强度、变形特性是构建砂土模型的首要问题。开展3种粒组砂土8 MPa围压范围内的等向压缩试验以及0.2～6.4 MPa围压范围内的三轴剪切试验,将砂土常压至高压范围内的力学特性进行系统分析,以获得能够将常压至高压范围内的强度、变形特性进行统一描述的力学参数。通过研究发现：(1) 砂土在高压下出现一定量的颗粒破碎,改变了砂土的剪切耗能机制,使得砂土三轴压缩剪切由剪胀软化特征向剪缩硬化特征转变;(2) 砂土材料的三轴压缩剪切峰值应力比受砂土粒径、围压共同影响,M-C强度准则在高压条件下不再适用;而残余应力比则基本不受粒径、围压的影响,是典型的无黏性摩擦型岩土力学参数,应作为砂土基本力学特性指标;(3) 砂土材料在常压至高压范围内的剪切过程中存在较明显的临界状态现象,临界状态曲线与等向压缩曲线形态相同均呈指数衰减型并在高压条件下产生交叉,两者共同构成砂土材料的状态区间能够体现常压至高压范围内的剪胀与剪缩特征。     

On the Relationship between Particle Breakage and the Critical State of Sands

Ring shear and shear box tests were used to investigate the relationship between volume change and particle breakage during the shearing of two sands. One sand was a carbonate sand which was sheared under a high confining stress to examine whether, in the region of compressive shearing behaviour due to particle breakage, the breakage would ever cease and the soil reach a stable grading. The other sand tested was a quartz sand that was sheared at low confining stresses, to investigate whether a dilatant sand would also be subject to particle breakage. In both cases breakage was found to continue to very large strains, with no evidence of a stable grading being reached within the range of strains used. While the breakage was very small for the quartz sand it was large for the carbonate, emphasising that any definition of a critical state by means of conventional triaxial or shear box testing would be approximate only, because of the limited strains that they allow.     

珊瑚砂微生物固化体三轴压缩声发射试验研究

对不同干密度增量的珊瑚砂微生物固化体进行了三轴压缩声发射试验,研究不同围压条件下固化体的应力应变曲线特征及对应的声发射信号特征。试验结果表明,珊瑚砂微生物固化体的三轴压缩声发射曲线可分为三个阶段,在应力应变曲线的近似线弹性阶段声发射活动不频繁,屈服阶段声发射活动频度增大,延性流动阶段声发射活动频度降低,但仍有少量声发射振铃计数与能量高峰出现;累计振铃计数曲线呈直线型,反映了声发射活动在变形全过程均维持了一定的频度,说明内部的胶结断裂与颗粒破碎持续发生,颗粒发生错动并重新排列,导致固化体表现出延性流动特性。通过声发射试验,可以更好地理解珊瑚砂微生物固化体的宏观变形与破坏过程,为建立珊瑚砂微生物固化体损伤本构模型奠定基础。     

Particle breakage in triaxial shear of a coral sand

This paper presents a laboratory experimental study to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of particle breakage using numerous triaxial tests on a coral sand. Coral is a highly crushable granular material which fills the gaps between more crushable and less crushable granular materials. The monotonic tests and cyclic tests were terminated at the designated axial strains and the designated cyclic numbers, respectively. The grain size distributions were measured by sieve analyses of the specimens after the triaxial tests were performed. The relative breakage and relative fractal dimension were used to quantify the particle breakage. The cause of particle breakage that increased with increasing isotropic consolidation stress was shown to be isotropic stress. An almost linear increase in particle breakage in relative breakage was found as axial strain increased, whereas the increase in particle breakage in relative fractal dimension showed upward convexity. More particle breakage occurred in denser samples. During consolidation to the identical mean effective stress, the anisotropic stress state played a bigger role in particle breakage than the isotropic stress state, but during shearing particle breakage occurred more sharply in the triaxial tests with the isotropic consolidation to the higher confining pressure. In the cyclic shearing, the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension increased in upward convexity as the cyclic number increased, but in upward concavity with increasing axial strain. A hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the relative fractal dimension with the relative breakage for use with both monotonic and cyclic tests. In the monotonic tests, a hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension with the plastic work per unit volume. It is proposed that the loading-mode-induced (i.e., monotonic loading and cyclic loading) different mechanism of particle breakage meant that this model could not be applicable in the cyclic tests. The results suggested that the hyperbolic correlation of the particle breakage in relative fractal dimension and the plastic work per unit volume is the most reliable method of interpreting the energy consumption characteristics of particle breakage. This approach takes the fractal nature of soil into consideration. A microscopic view of particle breakage is also effective for observing the evolution of particle breakage.     

长期循环荷载下珊瑚砂累积变形特性试验研究

对取自南海的珊瑚砂进行等向和K_0固结的三轴排水剪切试验,发现固结路径对珊瑚砂的剪切行为有显著影响。在此基础上,采用K_0固结条件,设计一系列不同围压和循环动应力比的长期排水循环加载三轴试验,研究得到珊瑚砂具有门槛颗粒破碎循环动应力比,安定性理论可用于解释不同动应力比长期循环加载下珊瑚砂的累积变形发展模式。基于静力和动力试验结果,引入相对偏应力水平,建立能反映初始固结状态和循环动应力比的珊瑚砂排水循环加载轴向残余累积应变显式计算模型,对预测循环荷载下珊瑚砂地基长期沉降有积极意义。     

三轴剪切下珊瑚砂颗粒破碎规律及强度特征

珊瑚砂广泛分布于我国南海岛礁,其性质与普通砂有明显的差异,主要体现在颗粒具有显著的破碎特征。为进一步研究珊瑚砂的破碎特征和破碎对其强度特征的影响规律,本研究通过控制相对密实度、含水率和围压等多种初始条件展开三轴固结排水(CD)的剪切试验。结果表明:珊瑚砂颗粒破碎会根据相对密实度以及围压的逐渐增大而增大,随着含水率的增大而先增大后减小,但是随围压的增大,颗粒的破碎不会无限制增大,当到达一定程度时会逐渐趋于停止;在相对密实度保持一定时,珊瑚砂的内摩擦角会依据含水率的增大而先增大后减小。珊瑚砂大颗粒破碎形成小颗粒并嵌固在孔隙中,大小颗粒之间的相互作用及级配趋于良好,颗粒的破碎一定程度上增大了珊瑚砂的强度。此试验成果可以为岛礁珊瑚砂工程建设提供参数依据,为深入研究珊瑚砂颗粒破碎的理论提供借鉴。