Electrophoretic characterisation of low-molecular weight wheat protein of variable solubility

A low mol. wt protein (S protein) which has a high affinity for endogenous polar lipid was isolated from wheat gluten, partially purified and compared electrophoretically with low mol. wt components of several previously studied wheat protein preparations. Mobilities of S protein components in acidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were very close to those of the chloroform/methanol soluble low mol. wt proteins (CM proteins). A fraction of S protein separated by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50 (S-III protein) was almost identical to CM proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Bands with mobilities similar to those of S-III protein were present in PAGE patterns of gliadin, the low mol. wt fractions IV and V obtained from gliadin by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-200, and the albumin/globulin fraction of flour prepared by the Osborne solubility fractionation. Because of its variable solubility S protein cannot be unambiguously classified according to the Osborne solubility classification of plant proteins.     

Purification and characterisation of seed globulins from black gram (Phaseolus mungo)

The salt-soluble proteins and crude globulins of black gram (Phaseolus mungo, Rox b), using crossed immunoelectrophoresis for identification, were separated into 28–29 and seven to eight individual components, respectively. Three major globulins (G1, G2 and G3), of which G1 was identified as a glycoprotein, were purified by anionexchange chromatography followed by gel filtration. Fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis was used for the localisation of these proteins in the different fractions. In crossed immunoelectrophoresis, purified G1 and G2 globulins each showed a single peak, while G3 globulin still contained four to five distinct peaks. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three subunits for G1 globulin (molecular weight 64 500, 55 000 and 50 000), three distinct subunits for G2 globulin (mol. wt. 67 000, 60 000 and 16 000), and six distinct subunits for G3 globulin (mol. wt 50 000, 42 000, 28 000, 26 000, 21 000 and 10 000). Isoelectric focusing in 6m urea showed three acidic subunits for G1 globulin. G2 subunits were separated into three acidic and two basic subunits. G3 globulin contained about ten acidic subunits. Immunochemical examination of pure G1 globulin indicated microheterogeneity similar to that found for vicilin extracted from other legume seeds. Based on molecular weights, subunit structure and amino acid composition, the G1 globulin of black gram was found to correspond with vicilin (glycoprotein II), and G2 globulin to legumin of other legume seed proteins. G1 and G3 globulins were found to be major storage proteins in black gram.     

蚕豆蛋白酶解物分离纯化及降胆固醇活性

采用凝胶过滤色谱对经过大孔吸附树脂纯化的蚕豆蛋白酶解物进行分离纯化,以期得到高降胆固醇活性的酶解物组分。结果表明:单因素试验得到蚕豆蛋白酶解物凝胶过滤色谱最佳分离纯化工艺条件为Sep G-10、G-25葡聚糖凝胶为柱填充材料,10 mg/m L的酶解液上样量4 m L,洗脱剂为去离子水,洗脱流速1 m L/min。凝胶过滤色谱分离纯化后得到F1~F6 6个蚕豆蛋白酶解物组分;与10 mg/m L考来烯胺散阳性对照比较,F3、F6组分对3种胆酸盐(胆酸钠、甘氨胆钠酸、牛磺胆酸钠)抑制率均高于阳性对照,其中F6组分的相对抑制率最高,分别为(274.98±0.19)%、(140.22±0.20)%、(130.99±0.22)%。     

Storage Proteins of Glandless Cottonseed Flour

The salt-soluble storage protein isolate of defatted glandless cottonseed flour was separated by gel filtration column chromatography into six fractions (I to VI). Column and thin-layer gel filtration showed that these fractions had molecular weights of >600,000, 280,000, 127,000, 63,500, 10,700, and <2,000, respectively. Treating fraction I protein with dilute alkali dissociated a component that migrated upon gel filtration with fraction VI. Both fractions I and VI were yellow and the color intensified at alkaline pH, suggesting the presence of bound flavonol and gossypol pigments. Because of its large size and low (16.6%) protein content, fraction I was thought to be fragments of membrane and aleurone gram globulins. Gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that the proteins in each fraction being completely recovered from column chromatography were represented in the pattern of the initial isolate. The proteins in fractions II and III have similar ammo acid compositions, except that III is low in methionine, cystine and tryptophan and II is low in tyrosine and phenylalanine. The amino acid composition of fraction I was also similar to fractions II and III, while unique patterns were noted for fractions V and VI. Fraction VI was rich in lysine and arginine.     

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CANOLA SEED (BRASSICA sp.) PHYTASE

Germinated Altex and Westar (Brassica napus) and Candle and Tobin (B. campestris) cultivars of Canola were screened for phytase activity. On the basis of this preliminary screening, 7-day germinated Altex seedlings were selected as a source for isolation and characterization of phytase. Partial purification of a crude extract (FI) by acetone precipitation resulted in an 8-fold increase in phytase activity. Ion-exchange chromatography of the partially purified preparation (FII) yielded two fractions (FIIIA and FIIIB) both of which demonstrated phytase and phosphatase activities. Further purification by gel filtration chromatography resulted in two fractions (FIVA1 and FIVA2) from fraction FIIIA and two fractions (FIVB1 and FIVB2) from fraction FIIIB. Fraction FIVB1 demonstrated both phytase and phosphatase activities, FIVA2 and FIVB2 demonstrated phosphatase activity but no phytase activity and FIVA1 showed phytase but no phosphatase activity. Fraction FIVB1, which showed highest phytase activity (5.3 IU/mg protein), had the following characteristics: temperature optimum of 50°C, pH optimum of 5.2, K_m of 0.36 mM and relative activity for pyrophosphate 232 times higher than for phytate.     

脱脂羊脑蛋白水解多肽的分离纯化及抗氧化活性

为制备羊脑蛋白抗氧化肽,本实验对脱脂羊脑蛋白含量及氨基酸组成进行了分析;采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）对枯草芽孢杆菌中性蛋白酶不同酶解时间的酶解液分子质量进行了分析;采用交联葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-25和Sephadex G-15对羊脑酶解产物进行了逐级分离纯化,以羟自由基（·OH）和亚硝酸根离子清除能力为指标对分离组分进行抗氧活性评价,并对纯化后的组分抗氧化活性进行了测定。结果表明,脱脂羊脑粉中蛋白含量为60.55%,在测定的17 种氨基酸中,谷氨酸和天冬氨酸这两种酸性氨基酸含量最高,且含有7 种必需氨基酸;羊脑蛋白经酶解后,分子质量集中在10 kD以下;经Sephadex G-25纯化后,得到了6 个组分,其中组分F4的抗氧化活性最强,组分F4经SephadexG-15纯化后,得到3 个组分,其中组分F4-2的抗氧化活性最强,组分F4-2对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、·OH、超氧阴离子自由基（O2－·）、亚硝酸根离子的半数抑制率IC50分别为1.64、2.47、7.98、5.14 mg/mL。     

羊栖菜褐藻糖胶的分级纯化和结构分析

从浙江洞头产羊栖菜中提取得到的褐藻糖胶,经DEAESepharoseCL 6B柱层析得F1、F2和F33个组分,F3又经SepharoseCL 6B柱层析得F31、F32和F333个级分.经凝胶过滤色谱检测,F31、F32和F33为均一组分.化学组成分析表明,这5个级分均为岩藻糖、半乳糖和甘露糖等糖基组成的杂多糖,并含有硫酸酯、糖醛酸以及少量的蛋白质,相对分子质量范围为2.5×104～9.5×105.F33中氮的质量分数为2%,氨基酸分析和紫外扫描表明氮大部分可能来自核酸.F32的硫酸酯对碱基本稳定,表明大部分硫酸酯位于单糖残基的垂直位置.     

罗非鱼肌浆蛋白源抗氧化肽的制备、分离纯化及其体外抗氧化活性

采用木瓜蛋白酶对罗非鱼肌肉蛋白组分(肌浆蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白、基质蛋白)进行酶解,研究罗非鱼不同蛋白组分酶解产物的抗氧化活性,并通过超滤、凝胶过滤色谱、反相高效液相色谱对高活性肌浆蛋白组分抗氧化肽进行分离纯化,同时对纯化后的抗氧化肽氨基酸组成予以分析.结果表明:罗非鱼肌浆蛋白酶解物(tilapia sarcoplasmi...     

Reducing,Radical Scavenging,and Chelation Properties of Fermented Soy Protein Meal Hydrolysate by Lactobacillus plantarum LP6

Fermented soybean protein meal hydrolysate (FSPMH) was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-15. The fractions obtained were subjected to various antioxidant assays, amino acid and molecular weight determinations. Among the seven fractions, the highest antioxidant activity was found in fraction F2, with significant differences (P < 0.01) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radicals (^.OH) scavenging and Cu²⁺ chelating activity. Fraction F2 exhibited scavenging of DPPH (59.43%), ^.OH (72.80%) and 44.47% Cu²⁺ chelating activity. All other fractions showed variable activities in different assays. Amino acid analyses of F2 fraction with the strongest antioxidant activity also had the highest percentage of related antioxidative amino acids content (Histidine 3.46, Serine 5.78, Valine 4.08 and Lysine 11.49 g/100 g protein) compared with other six fractions. The molecular weight distribution of F2 was found to vary from 170 to 1500 Da.     

Proteins and trypsin inhibitor activity of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) seed

Proteins soluble in tris-acetate buffer (pH9.0) were fractionated by DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The purified proteins which contained 5–6% carbohydrate, had molecular weights of 125 900 and 22 390 amu. The high molecular weight fraction was homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins extracted in phosphate buffer (0.1M , pH7.6) when subjected to Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography were resolved into three fractions, all of which showed considerable trypsin inhibitor activity. Germination for 3 days reduced the trypsin inhibitor activity of the seed by about 30%.     

Gel Filtration Fractionation of the Whole Water-Extractable Soybean Proteins

SUMMARY— The water-extractable soybean proteins (WESP) were fractionated into five fractions by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 column. Four of the five fractions were protein fractions, while the fifth fraction was nonprotein fraction. The first two fractions were heterogeneous by sedimentation analysis, while the third and fourth fractions give homogeneous fractions with 7s and 2s respectively. The trypsin inhibitor activity was found only in the fourth fraction.     

铜螯合亲和层析分离抗氧化活性蚕豆蛋白酶解物

采用铜离子螯合亲和层析柱对不同铜螯合能力的蚕豆蛋白酶解物组分进行分离,并探讨其抗氧化活性机制与铜螯合能力之间的关系。结果表明,金属亲和层析的最优条件为:平衡缓冲液为p H 5.0,浓度为0.05 mol/L的Na Ac-HAc;上样量为20 mg/m L的蚕豆蛋白酶解物1 m L;洗脱剂为0.04 mol/L咪唑。洗脱得到不能螯合铜的蚕豆蛋白酶解物组分F_1及能螯合铜的组分F_2,测定其总还原力、抑制羟自由基能力与铜螯合量,发现抗氧化活性的关系为F_2蚕豆蛋白酶解物F_1(P0.05),铜螯合量的关系也为F_2蚕豆蛋白酶解物(未经分离)F_1(P0.05),表明蚕豆蛋白酶解物的铜螯合活性越高,其抗氧化活性越高。     

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Zein Protein Fractions

Zein protein was extracted from the by‐product corn gluten meal. The obtained zein protein was 1st hydrolyzed by 4 different proteases. The antioxidant activities of the hydrolysates or peptides were evaluated by free radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelating activity, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory capacity. Among hydrolysates produced, alkaline protease hydrolysates exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. A regression model was established by uniform design to optimize the alkaline protease hydrolysis conditions. The hydrolysates with molecular weight < 3 kDa obtained from ultrafiltration showed the highest antioxidant activities in all relevant assays. The hydrolysates with molecular weight <3 kDa were subsequently purified by gel filtration chromatography, and fraction F3 exhibited the highest antioxidant activities. Two peptides were identified from fraction F3 using LC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF MS/MS as Pro‐Phe (263.13 Da) and Leu‐Pro‐Phe (375.46 Da). These peptides exhibited good free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect. The results clearly indicated that zein protein fractions are good sources for the development of natural antioxidants for the food industry.     

Purification of a lectin from Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)DC) tubers by affinity chromatography

A lectin from the tuber of winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC, has been isolated and purified by affinity chromatography using D -galactose linked Sepharose-6B, followed by CM-Sephadex C-50. The homogeneity of the lectin was confirmed by PAGE at pH 4.5, SDS—PAGE and gel filtration. It is a glycoprotein with a relative molecular mass (M_r) of 29 000±1000 and 46 000±2000 by SDS—PAGE and gel filtration on Biogel P-150, respectively. SDS—PAGE in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol gave two closely migrated protein bands corresponding to a molecular mass of 14 000 and 15 000. The total carbohydrate content was found to be 7%. The tuber lectin agglutinates both trypsinised and untrypsinised erythrocytes of human blood groups (A, B and A B), rabbit and rat but not sheep and human O group erythrocytes. The lectin is inhibited by D (+) galactose and galactose containing di- and trisaccharides. o- and p-Nitrophenyl α-galactopyranosides are found to be the most potent inhibitory sugars.     

Affinity purification and characterisation of chelating peptides from chickpea protein hydrolysates

A chickpea protein hydrolysate produced with pepsin and pancreatin was used for the affinity purification of chickpea chelating peptides. Three chelating peptide fractions were obtained after affinity chromatography with immobilised copper. These peptide fractions showed a higher chelating activity and histidine contents than the original protein hydrolysate. Chelating activity was positively correlated with the histidine content of the purified fractions. Different subfractions were also obtained after gel filtration chromatography from the affinity purified peptide fractions. Some of these subfractions showed a higher chelating activity and histidine contents than the original fractions. These results suggest that a combination of high His contents, around 20–30%, and small peptide size provide the best chelating activities. Thus sequential purification with affinity and gel filtration chromatography is a useful procedure for the purification of chickpea peptides with high chelating activity. These results show that a range of chelating peptides are generated during digestion of the chickpea proteins that, after metal chelation, may prevent the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and favour metal absorption.     

大麦虫水溶蛋白的分离纯化及抗氧化性研究

目的：研究大麦虫水溶蛋白各组分的抗氧化性。方法：以大麦虫幼虫脱脂粉为原料,采用磷酸盐缓冲液提取大麦虫水溶性蛋白,经过硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析和DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析对大麦虫水溶性蛋白逐步分离纯化,并对各组分的抗氧化性进行研究。结果：大麦虫水溶蛋白,经DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析进一步纯化后得到的蛋白组分对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率分别达到99.42%和55.11%。结论：大麦虫水溶蛋白组分P2M2是一类纯度高、抗氧化活性好的蛋白。     

Altering functional attributes of proteins through cross linking by transglutaminase – A case study with whey and seed proteins

The effect of cross linking of the major whey protein β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and major protein fractions (11S) of soybean (Glycinin) and sesame seed (α-globulin) with the microbial enzyme transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) was studied. The formation of polymerized proteins was followed by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of functional properties. Cross linked proteins were less turbid on heating to higher temperature as compared to untreated samples and the temperature at which the protein turns turbid also increased in the treated samples. In case of β-Lg and α-globulin of sesame seed when the control showed turbidity at 60 °C, the enzyme treated sample indicated at 65 °C and higher. Similar results were obtained in the case of soybean also. The treated samples showed higher emulsifying activity when compared to the control. The control showed an emulsifying activity of 0.55 ± 0.02, and the treated sample showed an emulsifying activity of 0.72 ± 0.02 (optical density at 500 nm is taken as emulsifying activity). Foaming capacity did not improve significantly with the enzyme treatment. The complex formed was investigated by gel filtration chromatography. Nearly 30% of the proteins (11S protein fractions and β-Lg) formed the complex and increase in the concentration of the proteins or the enzyme did not show any increase in the complex formation. The changes in the fluorescence intensity indicated changes in the microenvironment of the chromophores induced by the enzymatic cross linking.     

面筋蛋白咸味肽的分离纯化及结构鉴定

为了明确面筋蛋白酶解液中的咸味肽序列，对面筋蛋白咸味酶解物进行了分离纯化和结构鉴定。对酶解物脱盐处理后进行分离纯化。经过分级超滤，选择咸味最高、分子质量1 000 Da以下的组分进行葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-15过滤层析，结合感官评定结果筛选出咸味最强的组分，并利用液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定其氨基酸序列。最终得到面筋蛋白中咸味肽氨基酸序列为PFGQQ、PFSPQ、QPFP、PDFP、FDDP，分子质量分别为576.28、575.28、488.25、475.22、493.21 Da。本研究为面筋蛋白咸味肽的开发提供了一定理论依据。     

根霉胞内α-半乳糖苷酶的分离及其酶学性质

根霉Rhizopus sp.A01的菌丝体破碎液依次经过三相分离、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤获得了电泳纯的α-半乳糖苷酶,纯化了54.8倍,总酶活回收率达到27.3%,在SDS-PAGE上显示相对分子质量为85.6 ku的单一条带,凝胶过滤表明该酶表观相对分子质量为302 ku。该酶水解对硝基苯-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷的最适pH值为4.5,最适温度为55℃,表观Km值为(0.242±0.027)mmol/L,表观kcat/Km值为4.089×105L/(mol.s);对蜜二糖和棉子糖有弱的水解作用,水解速度依次为138.3μmol/(h.mg)、19.7μmol/(h.mg)。水解活性受Fe2+和Fe3+的显著激活,但受Mn2+、Cu2+、Hg+和Mg2+等离子的强烈抑制。该酶活性在pH4.0～8.2保持稳定,在50℃时保温90 min,残余酶活达到了48%。     

PURIFICATION AND SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RED KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) α-AMYLASE INHIBITOR

Red kidney bean contains more amylase inhibitor than do California white bean and cowpea while garbanzo bean and Westan and Westley lima beans do not contain inhibitor. Red kidney bean amylase inhibitor was purified to homogeneity by selective heat treatment (60°C) of a water extract at pH 4. 0, fractionation with ethanol and successive chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose chromatography. The inhibitor has an apparent molecular weight of 49,000 by Sephadex gel filtration and contains 8. 6% carbohydrate probably covalently linked via an amide linkage to asparagine. The inhibitor probably contains four subunits perhaps of three different types. The inhibitor is high in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine and valine, low in cysteine/cystine and does not contain proline. Stable 1:1 complex formation between inhibitor and porcine pancreatic α-amylase was demonstrated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The inhibitor has activity against porcine pancreatic α-amylase, human salivary α-amylase, and Tenebrio molitor (yellow corn meal worm) larval midgut α-amylase but is inactive against Bacillus subtilis α-amylase, Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase, barley α-amylase and red kidney bean α-amylase.