Der Verlauf des Stärkeabbaues bei der Mälzung und während des Maischens in der Bierbrauerei

The Course of Starch Degradation During Malting and Mashing in the Brewery . The photometric iodine titration method was successfully applied to examine starch degradation during malting and mashing in the brewery. By this method the apparent degree of degradation as well as the changes in heterodispersity corresponding to the respective molecular weight of the starch were determined. During germination of the barley heterodispersity of starch changes but slightly. Starch degradation takes place mainly during the preparation of the malt mash. In the final part of the amylolytic period only a small amount of non degraded starch remains in the draff. During enzymatic mashing the characteristic values of the malt mash are not reached till in the last periods of the mashing process. Total degradation takes place only after swelling and gelatinization. This can be attributed to the different effect of the added α-amylase preparation.     

Monitoring of barley starch amylolysis by gravitational field flow fractionation and MALDI-TOF MS

BACKGROUND: In barley, starch occurs in the form of granules with bimodal size distribution. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch granule is one of the most important reactions occurring during malting and mashing. Previous studies revealed the discrepancies in the assumption that barley varieties with better malting qualities should have a higher A/B (large/small starch granules) ratio. This led us to focus our attention on detailed analysis of two barley varieties, Jersey and Tolar, both with high malting quality but significantly differing in A/B (1.28 and 0.66, respectively), were chosen for more detailed analysis in the actual work. In this study, the capacity of gravitational field flow fractionation (GFFF) to monitor amylolysis of the starch granules was investigated. RESULTS: Isolated starch granules from these two barley cultivars were treated with amylases. The changes in starch granule size and bimodal distribution were studied by GFFF. Simultaneously, free sugars released during enzymatic digestion were observed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The changes in the fractogram and in the mass spectra reflect a correlation with the progress of enzymatic hydrolysis. CONCLUSION: The results show the interest in utilization of GFFF as a simple and cheap method for monitoring changes in the distribution of the starch granule size during amylolysis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Malt Modification Assessed by Histochemistry, Light Microscopy, and Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Modification in a kilned malt sample was studied by a combination of histochemistry, light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Hydrolysis of cell walls, proteins, and starch was most extensive in the starchy endosperm area adjacent to the scutellar epithelium. Some hydrolysis occurred in areas adjacent to the aleurone layers; hydrolysis decreased as distance increased from the embryo end to the distal end and from the aleurone layer to the center of the starchy endosperm. While no rigid sequence of hydrolysis was observed, generally, cell-wall hydrolysis was more extensive than protein hydrolysis, and starch hydrolysis seemed to take place gradually in the late stages of malting and kilning. Small starch granules were hydrolyzed more extensively than large granules.     

MULTIPLE FORMS OF α-AMYLASE IN MALTING BARLEY VAR. EMMA.

Multiple forms of α-amylase arise from translation of separate messages and post-translational proteolytic modification during malting. α-amylase activity is tolerant of proteolysis. The enzyme appears to have two domains one of which is associated with starch cleavage. The second site which binds cyclodextrin is destroyed by proteolysis. Cleavage yields a low molecular weight form which retains α-amylase activity.     

Comparison of Oligo- and Polysaccharides Formed from Starch During Processing of Sweet Potato Puree by Endogenous and Exogenous Enzyme Treatments

Hydrolysis patterns of starch were monitored during production of sweet potato puree (Jewel variety) using high performance size exclusion chromatography. A wide range of polysaccharides from large molecular size to simple sugars was observed. Lye peeling, prior to pureeing, induced partial hydrolysis by native enzymes due to gelatinization of starch from heat and alkali. Native enzymes were inactivated by steam injection (105°C for 5 min) and the puree treated with Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase and Tenase, a thermostable alpha-amylase. Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase produced a narrower molecular size range of polysaccharides during hydrolysis relative to Tenase. The average molecular size distribution of amylolysis end products from the native and exogenously treated systems differed. Specific lower molecular weight oligosaccharides formed during the final stages of amylolysis.     

醇酸降解淀粉制备糊精的研究

采用醇酸水解大米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉,发现：在相同条件下,正丁醇-盐酸水解的木薯淀粉溶解性最大,且在水解3 d后无显著增加。因此,从颗粒结构、晶体结构和分子结构等方面系统地研究醇酸降解木薯淀粉制备糊精过程。经正丁醇-盐酸水解后,木薯淀粉颗粒破坏程度严重,且随水解时间的增加,大部分木薯淀粉颗粒均失去了原有的颗粒形状;经正丁醇-盐酸水解7 d后,木薯淀粉的粒径下降了42.0%。X-射线衍射结果表明正丁醇-盐酸水解木薯淀粉在2θ为20°处出现了衍射峰,证明淀粉在正丁醇-盐酸水解过程中形成了直链淀粉-正丁醇络合物。高效分子排阻色谱和淀粉-碘全波长扫描分析表明：木薯淀粉经过正丁醇-盐酸水解后分子量在4 h内急剧下降,水解4 h后下降趋势减缓,水解3 d后分子量无显著变化并趋于稳定。上述结果表明,采用正丁醇-盐酸水解木薯淀粉3 d为制备糊精的最佳条件。     

Starch Hydrolysates with Very Low Degrees of Polydispersity

Acidic hydrolysis of starch, in contrast to enzymatic hydrolysis, gives a very low degree of multiple attack. By making use of this property it seems possible to prepare polysaccharide mixtures with very narrow ranges of molecular weight distribution. In a commercial sample of soluble starch the ratio of weight to number average molecular weights (M̄w/M̄n), which is a direct measure of polydispersity, is decreased from 3.1 to 1.2 by acid hydrolysis followed by ethanol-water precipitation.     

Carbohydrate content and structure during malting and brewing: a mass balance study

A holistic view of the fate of barley starch, arabinoxylan and β-glucan throughout malting and brewing is largely missing. Here, an industrial scale malting trial and pilot brewing trial were performed, and the concentration and structural characteristics of carbohydrates were analysed at 28 key points in the process. The barley starch content decreased during malting from 75.0% to 69.7%. During mashing, malt starch was converted to fermentable sugars (75.3%), dextrin (22.8%) or was retained in spent grains (1.8%). Arabinoxylan was partially hydrolysed during malting. Despite mashing-in at 45°C, no further solubilisation of arabinoxylan was observed during mashing. However, the average degree of polymerisation of the soluble arabinoxylan fraction decreased slightly. During fermentation, the arabinoxylan content decreased to 2.5 g/L. The amount of barley β-glucan decreased gradually in time during malting. Of the solubilised β-glucan, 31% was retained in the spent grains during wort filtration, slightly lowering the β-glucan content in the wort. The β-glucan content remained at 0.5 g/L during fermentation. Sucrose was hydrolysed during mashing, probably by barley invertases. From the total amount of malt used, 41.0% was converted to fermentable sugars. This mashing yield could have been improved by the full hydrolysis to fermentable sugars of the present β-glucan (to 41.1%), the remaining starch in spent grains (to 42.0%) and dextrin in wort (to 50.3%). These results provide more insight into the carbohydrate conversions during malting and brewing and can act as a baseline measurement for future work. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Physicochemical,thermal, and rheological properties of acid-hydrolyzed sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch

The effects of acid hydrolysis on physicochemical and rheological properties of sago starch were investigated. Sago starch was hydrolyzed in hydrochloric acid at 50 °C for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. The molecular weight distribution, physicochemical, thermal, and rheological properties of acid-hydrolyzed sago starch (AHS) were determined. After 24 h of hydrolysis, molecular weight of amylopectin and amylose were decreased to 3.57 × 10⁵ and 6.5 × 10⁴ g/mol, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of AHS increased with increasing degree of hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed sago starch containing low molecular weight fractions exhibited cold water solubility up to 100%. Setting temperature of AHS decreased with increasing hydrolysis time but amylose content and gel strength increased in the first 12 h of acid hydrolysis but decreased with extended hydrolysis time. Hydrolyzed sago starch in concentrations lower than 8 g starch per 100 g water was cold water soluble and could be used to modify properties of starch for specific applications such as yogurt and concentrated milk processing.     

Molecular Weight Characterization and Gelling Properties of Acid-Modified Maize Starches

The reduction in the molecular weight distribution during acid hydrolysis of ordinary and waxy maize starch occured in two stages: first amylopectin degraded to intermediate high molecular weight polysac-charides, secondly, these were further hydrolyzed. The amylose moiety of ordinary and high-amylose starch was not affected very much by the hydrolysis conditions used (0.1–1 M HCI, 40°C, 0.3–4 h), but the gelling properties of starch weakened. The amylopectin degradation products, probably branched dextrins, were shown to hinder the gel formation of amylose in the starch pastes.     

不同降解方法对抗性淀粉(RS3)得率及分子量的影响

对地产(佳木斯)玉米淀粉采用酸水解、酶解及超声波降解的方法,进行前处理.然后采用压热法制备抗性淀粉(RS3).对酸解、酶解、超声波三种前处理方法进行比较,分析了不同处理方法对RS3分子量分布及得率的影响.凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定结果显示,经超声波处理的淀粉的分子量更接近RS3分子量,且制得的抗性淀粉得率最高.     

A RAPID AND SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STARCH AND β-GLUCAN IN BARLEY AND MALT

A simple and precise method suitable for the routine determination of starch and β-glucan in barley and malt is described. Perchloric acid (50 mM) was used to effect rapid (3 min) and exhaustive extraction of both glucans which were then measured directly from this single extract by specific enzymic hydrolysis of the individual glucans to glucose. The glucose was also measured enzymically. Little or no acid hydrolysis of starch or β-glucan was observed under the extraction conditions used; most or all of the free glucose could be attributed to hydrolysis of sucrose. Complete solubilisation of the gum and hemicellulosic components of β-glucan was achieved. Preincubation of the acid extracts with protease prior to amyloglucosidase digestion resulted in higher measurements (approximately 4% w/w) of starch. The method was used to measure the levels of starch and β-glucan in five varieties of barley with contrasting malting quality, in micro-malts prepared from these samples and in commercial lager and ale malts.     

QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FOUR GENOTYPES OF BARLEY GRAINS DURING MALTING AND MASHING

Four genotypes of barley, including good and poor malting varieties, were sampled as grain, green malt, kilned malt and spent grains. Each of these samples were analysed for total protein, aggregated protein, total and soluble β-glucan, starch and husk contents. Protein sub-units were separated using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Activities of β-glucanase, endopeptidase and α-amylase were measured and starch from each sample was purified and separated into large and small granules, and analysed for total protein and sub-unit protein content. Results calculated as % of dry weight and as a proportion of the weight of dry grain showed quantitatively the changes which occurred in the components of the grain during malting and mashing. Comparisons of the composition of the genotypes at the various stages showed that the best malting variety studied, Ark Royal, was better because of moderate superiority in several characters rather than a fundamental difference in a single attribute and supports the thesis that to further improve malting quality plant breeders should select for several characters which are independently inherited.     

超声波对玉米淀粉分子结构影响

研究淀粉颗粒经超声波处理后,淀粉分子量分布变化、直链淀粉与支链淀粉组分变化。结果表明,随着超声波时间延长,淀粉水解率逐渐增加,支链淀粉分子量显著降低,直链淀粉含量升高,形成新的直链淀粉脂质复合物。     

BRAZILIAN HULL-LESS AND MALTING BARLEY GENOTYPES: II. THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STARCH

Thermal and rheological properties of starch isolated from two Brazilian barley experimental lines, malting and hull‐less, are reported. Gelatinization's thermal properties were T_o 53.3 and 58C, T_p 59.4 and 62.7C, and ΔH 6 and 6.8 J/g for the malting and hull‐less starch, respectively. A trend to slightly higher retrogradation rates were obtained for the malting (73.3%) compared with the hull‐less (72.1%) starch, while lower hot‐paste peak and final viscosity were observed in the former (125 and 114 RVU versus 169 and 179 RVU, respectively). Changes in storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli during heating and cooling showed higher values for the starch from the hull‐less line. During heating, G′was higher than G″and developed at higher temperatures. A trimodal distribution pattern of G″was observed in the starch from the hull‐less barley line. Two G′peaks at 75 and 87.5C were 6.2 and 2.4 times higher, respectively, in the starch from the hull‐less line than that from the malting line.     

Studies on the Structure of Pea Starches Part 4: Intermediate Material of Wrinkled Pea Starch

β-Limit dextrins were isolated from wrinkled pea starch, fractionated into different sizes, and their molecular weight distribution analysed by gel chromatography. A minor part of the dextrins had high molecular weight and long chains typical for amylose. The major part of the dextrins had low molecular weight and possessed unit chains of the same types as was found in the amylopectin of smooth pea starch. However, the proportion of long chains was significantly higher. The hydrolysis of wrinkled pea starch with α-amylase was fast and reflected the large content of amylose, whereas the hydrolysis of the β-limit dextrin was slow. The intermediate dextrin products obtained from the latter had similar molecular weights as those produced from other amylopectins, which indicated that it was build up of clusters of branchings. Structure models that show the mode of interconnection of the clusters in the intermediate material are suggested.     

Physicochemical changes in barley starch during malting

The objective of this work was to study the physicochemical modifications of starch during the malting of barley. The results showed that malting modifies the physicochemical properties of the starch over time by the action of barley enzymes. The gelatinisation temperature of starch increased as a function of the malting time owing to the selective enzymatic attack. The viscosity of starch decreased through malting. During germination, scanning electron microscopy showed that the enzymes degrade some starch granules which exhibited micro‐holes on the surface. X‐ray diffraction showed an apparent increase in the crystallinity during the first three days of germination, reflecting the consumption of amorphous regions. Such changes have not been previously reported. Infrared spectroscopy (1200–1500 cm^?1) showed the unfolding of carbohydrates as a result of enzymatic action. Such changes in the physicochemical properties of starch indicate that the amorphous area is consumed in the early stages of malting. © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

α-1,4-GLUCANS. PART XX. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE STARCHES FROM OATS AND MALTED OATS*

Starch was isolated from samples of oats and malted oats, and fractionated into amylose and amylopectin components. Analysis showed that malting caused a very limited decrease in the molecular size of the amylose, and a small but significant reduction in the exterior chain length of the amylopectin. These changes are very similar to those which occur when oat starch granules are subjected to limited α-amylolysis. It is suggested that α-amylase is the predominant enzyme involved in the changes which occur in cereal starches during malting.     

超声处理对小米淀粉结构及理化性质的影响

在相同超声温度及时间下,研究了不同超声功率0、25、50、100、150、200、250 W对小米淀粉聚集态结构及理化性质的影响,测定了超声处理时小米淀粉的水解率、颗粒形貌、晶体结构、官能团结构、粒径大小、流变学特性、糊化特性的变化规律。结果表明:超声处理导致小米淀粉水解率和粒径增大,250 W超声处理40 min小米淀粉水解率为1.037%,平均粒径由9.96 μm增大到12.10 μm,且表现出更好的稳定性;超声处理未引起小米淀粉结晶类型和分子结构改变,但导致分子有序度略微下降;超声处理改变了小米淀粉糊的流动性,其剪切应力和表观黏度随超声功率增加而降低;小米淀粉在超声处理后峰值粘度、最低粘度、终值粘度、崩解值和回生值均显著降低,热稳定性增加。超声波技术广泛应用于变性淀粉加工,本研究的结果可为小米淀粉的改性研究提供理论基础。     

BRAZILIAN HULL-LESS AND MALTING BARLEY GENOTYPES: I. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION

Barley represents an important source of total dietary fiber (TDF) and β‐glucans. The chemical composition and partial characterization of two Brazilian barley experimental lines, hull‐less and malting, are reported. The range in diameter of the A‐ and B‐type granules was similar in both barley lines, 15 to 28 µm and 8 to 10 µm, respectively. Higher values for total starch, damage starch, ash, TDF and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) were observed in the malting line while β‐glucan content was similar in both samples. The malting barley line had higher values of total isolated starch, as well as residual protein and total lipids in starch. The starch from the hull‐less barley line had lower swelling power and higher solubility than malting barley.