百香果全果与果汁发酵酒滋味成分及香气成分对比

目的：提升百香果酒品质。方法：以百香果全果和果汁为原料酿制百香果酒,分别测定其有机酸、氨基酸和挥发性化合物含量,并结合电子舌试验结果评价百香果酒风味成分。结果：2种百香果发酵酒中主要有机酸为酒石酸、柠檬酸、乳酸和苹果酸,但全果酒的前3种有机酸含量均显著高于果汁酒中的（P<0.05）,全果酒和果汁酒中含量最多的有机酸分别为酒石酸（27.20 mg/mL）和柠檬酸（12.49 mg/mL）;除半胱氨酸未检出外,全果酒和果汁酒中16种游离氨基酸总含量分别为88.16,68.88 mg/100 g,且全果酒中4类呈味氨基酸含量高于果汁酒;电子舌测试发现,2种百香果发酵酒中咸味信号强度差异性最大,且全果酒中的鲜味、咸味最强,酸味、涩味和甜味最弱;HS-SPME-GC-MS共检出179种香气成分,全果酒中挥发性风味化合物种类比果汁酒多4种,但其萜烯类物质含量和种类分别比果汁酒的多1,3倍。结论：相比于果汁酒,新型百香果全果酒整体风味（鲜味、咸味、萜烯类物质等）较突出,提升了百香果资源的综合利用度。     

香梨全果果浆与果汁发酵工艺及果酒香气成分分析

本研究以库尔勒香梨为试验原料,研究了EC118、KI、KD三种酵母在全果果浆与果汁发酵过程中发酵醪的基本理化指标,且对香梨果实与6种处理果酒的香气成分进行了分析。三种酵母在全果果浆与果汁发酵过程中各指标总体变化趋势没有表现出处理间差异,但各指标的变化水平存在一定的差异,6种果酒总酚含量为244.62～296.91 mg/L,全果果浆发酵果酒总酚含量高于果汁发酵果酒;EC118、KI、KD全果果浆与果汁发酵果酒香气种类分别为25、30、28、22、23、24,共有香气14种,主要包括醇类、酯类和酸类等,三种酵母中KI、KD酵母发酵产香气能力较优,所得果酒酸度适宜、酒精度高,色泽澄清透亮,全果发酵总酚含量、香气种类均高于果汁发酵,KI酵母香气成分最多,且KI全果果浆发酵果酒总酚含量最高,所以选择KI全果果浆为香梨果酒的最佳菌种及发酵原料。     

Hot-air drying of whole fruit Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller): physicochemical properties of dried products

Drying characteristics of whole fruit was studied as distinct from fruit slices. Taking Chinese jujube as an example, shrinkage, density, vitamin C, colour and rehydration of whole fruit were measured in hot-air drying at 50, 60 and 70 °C. Unlike fruit slices or lumps where shrinkage volume typically equals the volume of removed water, volumetric shrinkage of Chinese jujube was much more than the volume of removed water. Change in shrinkage with moisture content was described using three linear regions. Increased drying temperature increases the retention of vitamin C and the extent of browning, while decreasing shrinkage and the density. The findings are useful for industrial drying of whole fruit of Chinese jujube but also possibly extend to drying of other drupes.     

百香果全果酒发酵工艺优化及体外抗氧化性比较分析

以紫皮百香果（Passiflora edulis）为原料发酵百香果全果酒,通过单因素试验结合响应面法,确定百香果全果酒的最适发酵工艺,并通过四个抗氧化体系（DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH、还原能力）来评价其与百香果果汁酒和原汁的抗氧化活性。结果表明,百香果全果酒最适发酵工艺条件为初始糖度21%、酵母接种量0.04%、发酵温度29 ℃、发酵时间5 d。在此优化工艺条件下,百香果全果酒酒精度为11.9%vol;在四种抗氧化体系中,自由基清除率和还原能力均随样品体积的增加而增大,抗氧化活性的大小顺序为全果酒＞果汁酒＞原汁。     

高能球磨处理对赣南脐橙全果原浆粒径和流变特性的影响

为了开发柑橘全果产品,降低全果原浆粒径,改善其流变特性,对柑橘全果粗浆进行球磨处理。以赣南脐橙为原料,经粗粉碎后球磨处理不同时间（0、30、60、90、120、150、180 min）,得到不同粒径的全果原浆,研究经球磨处理后赣南脐橙全果原浆的粒径和流变特性的变化。结果表明,球磨处理能有效降低全果原浆的粒径,球磨处理180 min后果浆平均粒径由110.00 μm下降到56.53 μm,整体下降了49%。随着球磨处理时间的延长,全果原浆越来越均匀细腻,且无团聚现象。球磨处理的赣南脐橙全果原浆体系随剪切速率的上升,剪切应力增大,而表观黏稠度下降,出现剪切稀化现象,是一种典型的假塑性流体,具有较好的黏弹性。与未经球磨处理的原浆相比,球磨处理60 min得到的赣南脐橙全果原浆黏稠度最高,凝胶状态最为稳定,适合加工为果酱类黏稠度较高的产品;而球磨处理30 min得到的原浆体系黏稠度最低,但流动性最佳,适合加工为果汁类流动性较好的产品。本实验为柑橘全果产品加工提供了参考依据。     

女贞果实的抗氧化性测定

以南京产女贞果实为原料,考察不同提取剂对女贞果实不同部位(全果、果皮、核壳和果仁)提取所得提取液对DPPH 自由基的清除效果,比较向阳面和向阴面不同生长期女贞果实的乙醇提取液对DPPH 自由基的清除效果,研究固体状乙醇提取物的抗氧化性,测定女贞果实抗氧化的主要化学成分和固体状乙醇提取物的感官指标。结果表明：极性溶剂提取液表现出较强的清除DPPH 自由基的能力;不同提取剂对女贞果实不同部位的提取物清除DPPH 自由基能力的顺序为：甲醇、水的提取物为果皮＞全果＞核壳＞果仁,丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醇的提取物为果皮＞全果＞果仁＞核壳;提取物在低浓度区对DPPH 自由基的清除作用与浓度成正相关,且斜率大大高于高浓度区,而高浓度区对DPPH 自由基的清除作用与浓度的关系较复杂,表现为与提取剂密切相关。另外果实以成熟初期的提取物对DPPH 自由基清除率最高,在成熟中期和过成熟期后均有不同程度下降,而且向阳面生长果实提取物对DPPH 自由基的清除率显著高于向阴面果实提取物。抗氧化比较实验得到所制备的固体状女贞全果乙醇提取物抗氧化效果(IC50=5.38～10.46)与VC(IC50=8.59)相当,低于茶多酚(IC50 =1.70)。另外,水溶性好、呈深咖啡色固体状的乙醇提取物有望成为一种新型高效抗氧化剂。     

Fruit consumption and adiposity status in adults: A systematic review of current evidence

The aim of this review was to update current understanding of the potential association between fruit consumption and adiposity status in adult populations. Electronic databases were searched from January 1, 1997 to the search date of August 15, 2014, retrieving 4382 abstracts that were reviewed for eligibility: randomized controlled trial (RCT) or prospective cohort (PC), published in English, assessing the effect of whole fruit or fruit juice consumption on adiposity in healthy adult populations. Quality ratings for the 11 included RCTs were either positive (n = 2), neutral (n = 8), or negative (n = 1), while the six included PCs were either positive (n = 4) or neutral (n = 2). Consumption of whole fruit was found to contribute to a reduced risk for long-term weight gain in middle-aged adults. Experimental trials suggest this beneficial effect of whole fruit is mediated by a reduction in total energy intake. Fruit juice, however, had an opposing effect, promoting weight gain over the long term. This review reinforces national food-based dietary guidelines, encouraging the consumption of whole fruits and replacing fruit juices with plain water, as part of a broader set of dietary strategies to reduce total dietary energy intake in adult populations.     

臭氧处理对黄花梨果实褐变的影响

为研究臭氧处理对梨果实褐变的影响,采用5.0、2.5mg/L 臭氧水和蒸馏水浸泡黄花梨整果和鲜切果,5min后晾干,分别贮于20℃和5℃条件下,对贮藏过程中果实和切片的褐变指数、总酚(TP)含量及与酶促褐变相关的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性变化进行研究。结果表明：臭氧处理的黄花梨整果与鲜切果各项指标均优于对照组;臭氧处理显著降低贮藏5d 后黄花梨整果果心和整个贮藏期鲜切片的褐变指数,维持梨整果与鲜切果较高的总酚含量,对二者PPO、POD 活性均有一定的抑制作用;可增加梨整果较高的PAL 活性,抑制鲜切梨果PAL 活性。抑制黄花梨整果和鲜切果褐变以2.5mg/L 臭氧水处理为好。     

Effect of Preprocessing Treatments on the Firmness and Quality Characteristics of Whole and Sliced Strawberries After Freezing and Thermal Processing

Procedures designed to improve fruit firmness of overripe strawberry fruit originally designated for the fresh market were investigated. The firmness of ‘Cardinal’ strawberries was increased by soaking or vacuum infiltrating in 1 or 2% Ca lactate solutions. Calcium lactate was more effective in firming sliced than whole fruit. Thermally processed fruit benefited more from calcium absorption than did the frozen, thawed fruit. Whole fruit firmness was increased by the vacuum infiltration of Ca lactate. There was little increase in firmness of the sliced fruit when the calcium was vacuum infiltrated as compared to a soak treatment with no vacuum. There were slight but significant differences among treatments on all quality attributes tested. However, these quality differences would have no commercial importance.     

不同柑橘品种全果制汁适宜性分析

为了研究不同品种柑橘全果制汁的品质特性,对全国7 个地区30 个不同品种柑橘（包括蜜橘、椪柑、冰糖橙、脐橙等）的理化、营养、加工等18 项指标进行测定,并采用主成分分析法筛选出适宜全果制汁的品种。结果表明：不同品种的柑橘全果中籽数和总黄酮、柠檬苦素、诺米林含量差异较大,而出汁率、色度等指标差异较小。经主成分分析提取出6 个特征值大于1的因子,前6 个主成分分别对应柑橘全果苦味因子、加工因子、颜色因子、营养因子、酸度因子和甜度因子,其累积方差贡献率为82.566%。从6 个因子综合考虑,发现‘纽荷尔脐橙-II’、‘福本脐橙-I’、‘福本脐橙-II’、‘冰糖甜橙’、‘道州脐橙’、‘崀丰7904脐橙’为较适宜全果制汁的品种。本研究结果为选择适用于全果制汁的柑橘品种提供了参考依据。     

Effect of harvesting time and fruit size on titratable acidity, soluble solid and distribution of limonin in Thai tangerine juice

The effect of fruit size and harvesting of Thai tangerine fruit ( Citrus reticulata , Blanco) at different growth stages, 8–12 months after fruit set, on the distribution of limonin in whole fruit as well as in the individual fruit parts and extracted juice was investigated. The highest limonin concentration was observed in seed, followed by albedo, flavedo, segment membrane and juice sacs in decreasing order. The limonin concentration in juice as well as in whole fruit was decreased when fruit was harvested 8–12 months of fruit set. Increasing harvesting time from 8 to 12 months showed corresponding decreases in the amount of limonin in flavedo, albedo and seed. There was a decrease in titrable acidity and increase in total soluble solid and total soluble solid/titrable acidity ratio of juice with a later than normal harvesting time. However, fruit size showed no effect on limonin content and other properties of juice extracted from tangerine.     

二十正当年 盛装迎入世——中食协成立二十周年庆祝大会、四届四次理事会暨新世纪中国食品工业发展论坛侧记

<正> 卡塔尔首都多哈一声重锤,宣告了一个荒唐可笑时代的结束,全世界的目光又一次聚焦古老而生机勃勃的中华大地。一个近13亿人口的大市场,一个硕大无比的蛋糕,对那些食品工业的巨无霸们,将意味着什么呢?于是,“新千年法国高新技术博览会”与“2001年意大利葡萄酒及食品展览     

Physicochemical and nutritional properties of spray-dried pitaya fruit powder as natural colorant

Pitaya commonly known as dragon fruit is very popular of its intense color, constituent minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant properties. In this study, physiochemical properties of whole pitaya fruit powder as influenced by 2 different maltodextrin concentrations (20 and 30%) and 4 different inlet temperatures (145, 155, 165, and 175°C) were carried out. As inlet temperature increased moisture content and water activity decreased and this change was apparent at high concentration of maltodextrin. The best spray drying condition in relation to betacyanin content was 155°C inlet temperature and 20% maltodextrin concentration. Concerning the flowability, all factors and their levels resulted in poor flowing powder. From nutritional point of view, pitaya fruit powder was found rich in protein, fat, ash, fiber, and antioxidant. This study indicated that the pitaya fruit powder produced from whole pitaya fruit has potential to use as natural coloring agent and a health supplement.     

富硒蓝莓全果果酒体外消化特性研究

为分析富硒蓝莓全果果酒的体外消化特性,以非富硒酵母发酵蓝莓全果果酒为对照,对两种果酒在模拟胃肠液消化前后的总多酚含量、抗氧化活性、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性及酚酸含量进行测定。结果表明,两种果酒在模拟胃肠液消化后总多酚含量、抗氧化活性、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均有所下降,3.0 h模拟胃液及1.0 h模拟肠液消化后富硒蓝莓全果果酒中总多酚含量是对照的1.28倍,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）、2,2’-联氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）、超氧阴离子（O2-）自由基清除率及对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性分别是对照的1.27倍、1.85倍、1.07倍、1.18倍。富硒蓝莓全果果酒经模拟胃肠液消化后主要的酚酸为没食子酸（0.98μg/mL）、绿原酸（0.11μg/mL）、芦丁（0.17μg/mL）。富硒蓝莓全果果酒较对照在模拟胃肠液消化后具有更高的抗氧化、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,具有更强的生物活性。     

Flavonol profile of cactus fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica) enriched cereal-based extrudates: Authenticity and impact of extrusion

In previous studies, it was hypothesized that isorhamnetin glycosides are the dominant flavonol derivatives occurring in the peels and cladodes of cactus Opuntia ficus-indica fruits and might be used as markers for analyzing the authenticity of food products containing (whole) cactus fruits or cladodes. In the present work, use of the whole yellow-orange fruit from cactus O. ficus-indica as an ingredient of rice- and corn-based snacks was evaluated. The impact of extrusion cooking on the flavonol profile was characterized in rice- and corn-based extruded products fortified with a freeze-dried preparation from the whole cactus fruit. HPLC analysis showed that the flavonol profile of cactus O. ficus-indica consisted of five prominent isorhamnetin glycosides with a concentration of 148.9 μg/100 mg dw. In contrast, the rice or corn grits used in the present study did not contain any flavonol at all. The freeze-dried fruit was added in different ratios (0, 2, 6, and 10%) to the rice or corn grits prior to the extrusion process. Analysis of the final extrusion products showed that flavonol profiles from the fortified rice or corn products, even at the lowest level of addition (2%), were similar to the original profile of the fruit before processing. Furthermore, the total flavonol content in extruded products was not significantly affected by extrusion cooking. This study showed that the unique flavonol profile of fruits from cactus O. ficus-indica might serve as a biochemical marker for the evaluation of the authenticity of products made from whole cactus fruit or the fruit's peel.     

商业酿酒酵母发酵百香果果酒的品质及抗氧化性分析

以百香果为原料,选用安琪RW、安琪SY、帝伯仕、拉曼德、圣家5种商业酿酒酵母分别发酵百香果全果酒、果汁酒和果皮酒,分析不同百香果果酒的理化指标及感官品质变化,筛选最佳酿酒酵母及最佳发酵方式。结果表明,安琪酵母SY发酵的百香果果酒各项理化指标均优于其他4种酿酒酵母发酵的百香果果酒。3种果酒感官品质为全果酒>果汁酒>果皮酒。利用安琪酵母SY发酵的百香果全果酒品质优良,果酒酒精度为12.1%vol,可溶性固形物为4.1%,透光率为75.7%,总酸含量为5.7 g/L,总酚含量为0.57 mg/mL,总黄酮含量为0.42 mg/mL,感官评分为86.6分,果酒有一定的抗氧化活性,DPPH自由基清除率为78.6%,羟基自由基清除率为60.7%。     

Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: Extraction methodologies,applications, environmental,and economic assessment: A review (Part 1: General overview of the byproducts,traditional biorefinery practices,and possible applications)

Tropical fruits represent one of the most important crops in the world. The continuously growing global market for the main tropical fruits is currently estimated at 84 million tons, of which approximately half is lost or wasted throughout the whole processing chain. Developing novel processes for the conversion of these byproducts into value‐added products could provide a viable way to manage this waste problem, aiming at the same time to create a sustainable economic growth within a bio‐economy perspective. Given the ever‐increasing concern about sustainability, complete valorization through a bio‐refinery approach, that is, zero waste concept, as well as the use of green techniques is therefore of utmost importance. This paper aims to report the status on the valorization of tropical fruit byproducts within a bio‐refinery frame, via the application of traditional methodologies, and with specific attention to the extraction of phenolics and carotenoids as bioactive compounds. The different types of byproducts, and their content of bioactives is reviewed, with a special emphasis on the lesser‐known tropical fruits. Moreover, the bioactivity of the different types of extracts and their possible application as a resource for different sectors (food, pharmaceutical, and environmental sciences) is discussed. Consequently, this review presents the concepts of tropical fruit biorefineries, and the potential applications of the isolated fractions.     

基于机器视觉的红提串无损检测及分级

为实现整串红提的紧实度无损检测和分级,提出基于机器视觉检测的分级方法,通过工业摄像头采集新鲜红提串的彩色（red green and blue,RGB）和近红外图像,对整串红提RGB图像的三通道进行提取,采用归一化GB色差法提取红提图像中的果梗,运用形态学重构及局部亮度极大值方法定位红提串中的各个果粒中心,同时提取每串红提的质心,选取果梗面积、红提果粒个数与果串面积之比、红提果粒与红提质心距离之和与果粒个数之比等特征参数,分别建立基于线性判别分析、集成学习算法和支持向量机的紧实度分类模型,经检验支持向量机模型分类效果最佳,应用该模型对130 串红提进行紧实度检测和分类,分级正确率94.6%。结果表明该方法可为后续葡萄品质及产量预测提供参考。     

黄金梨果实膨大期应用毒死蜱的残留研究

目的了解毒死蜱在黄金梨果实膨大期使用的安全性。方法对京郊黄金梨果实膨大期(7~8月份)不同施药剂量和次数、不同套袋处理下毒死蜱在果实不同部位的残留状况和消解动态进行研究。结果在黄金梨果实膨大期,毒死蜱1000倍稀释液在梨全果上的半衰期为2.92 d。裸果施药500倍、1000倍、2000倍稀释液后,全果的毒死蜱原始沉积量分别为3.04、0.75、0.15 mg/kg。推荐剂量毒死蜱1000倍稀释液喷雾在梨果实上的原始沉积量分别为药后套袋全果0.90 mg/kg、裸果施药0.75 mg/kg、套袋后施药0.23 mg/kg。结论毒死蜱在梨果实上的残留主要集中在果皮上,其次为全果、果肉。施药浓度越大,残留越多。套袋后施药,果实上的残留显著降低。     

Selected Mechanical Properties of Pomegranate Peel and Fruit

Mechanical property data of pomegranate fruits are limited. The objective of this study was to determine the compression and cutting properties of whole fruit as well as the puncture strength of peel samples of fruit at different storage times. The results showed that storage time had a significant effect on all the properties studied in this work except for peel shear strain (p < 0.05). The whole fruit cutting energy and power, maximum cutting force, peel shear strength and strain and shear modulus showed an increasing trend with storage time. However, firmness, bioyield force, and modulus of elasticity increased and then decreased with storage time.