Trace elements and metals in farmed sea bass and gilthead bream from Tenerife Island, Spain

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of metals (Ca, K, Na, Mg) and trace metals (Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd) in two fish species (gilthead bream [Sparus aurata] and sea bass [Dicentrarchus labrax]) collected from fish farms located along the coast of Tenerife Island. Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, whereas Pb, Cd, and Ni were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents were 3.09, 0.59, 0.18, and 8.11 mg/kg (wet weight) in S. aurata and 3.20, 0.76, 0.24, and 10.11 mg/kg (wet weight) in D. labrax, respectively. In D. labrax, Ca, K, Na, and Mg levels were 1,955, 2,787, 699.7, and 279.2 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively; in S. aurata, they were 934.7, 3,515, 532.8, and 262.8 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively. The Pb level in S. aurata was 7.28 ± 3.64 μg/kg (wet weight) and, in D. labrax, 4.42 ± 1.56 μg/kg (wet weight). Mean Cd concentrations were 3.33 ± 3.93 and 1.36 ± 1.53 μg/kg (wet weight) for D. labrax and S. aurata, respectively. All Pb and Cd levels measured were well below the accepted European Commission limits, 300 and 50 μg/kg for lead and cadmium, respectively.     

微波消解结合ICP-OES和ICP-MS测定奇亚籽中多种矿物质元素的含量

建立奇亚籽中K (钾)、Na (钠)、Ca (钙)、Mg (镁)、Fe (铁)、Mn (锰)、Zn (锌)、Cu (铜)、P (磷)、B (硼)、Pb (铅)、Cd (镉)、As (砷)、Cr (铬)、Al (铝)、Ni (镍)16种矿物质元素的方法。样品经微波消解,以电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-OES)测定K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、P、B含量,电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Al、Ni含量。结果表明,此方法的ICP-OES检出限范围在0.00850~0.10200 mg/L,定量限范围在0.0283~0.3400 mg/L;ICP-MS检出限范围在0.00471~0.11330 mg/L,定量限范围在0.0157~0.3777 mg/L。线性相关系数均为r＞0.999,加标回收率为90.4%~99.8%,相对标准偏差为0~4.1%。同时用国家标准物质大米(GBW10045(GSB-1))和小麦(GBW10011(GSB-2))评价了方法的准确性,测定结果在标准值范围内。奇亚籽中含有丰富的P、K、Ca、Mg,其中P含量最高,为6860 μg/g,Ca含量为4085 μg/g,K含量为2798 μg/g,Mg含量为2515 μg/g;Fe、Zn、Al、Mn、Cu、Na、B含量(由高到低)在5~100 μg/g。同时检测出重金属危害元素Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni,其中Pb含量符合食品安全国家标准GB 2762-2017的限量要求,未能检测出As。该方法污染小、简便、高效、准确度高,适用于奇亚籽等植物类样品中多种化学元素的测定。     

Comparative study of the mineral composition of several varieties of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from different countries cultivated in Canary Islands (Spain)

Potatoes are a basic component of human diets worldwide being an excellent source of minerals linked the maintenance of health. Contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), cupper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) in seventy‐four fresh potato samples from different varieties consumed in Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain) were determined by flame atomic absorption spetrometry (FAAS). The mean concentrations were 60.1 mg kg^?1, 222 mg kg^?1, 5047 mg kg^?1, 125 mg kg^?1, 1.69 mg kg^?1, 8 mg kg^?1, 1.70 mg kg^?1, 3.88 mg kg^?1, 62.7 μg kg^?1 and 19.9 μg kg^?1 for Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Cr, respectively. The varieties of local potatoes presented higher mineral contents than imported potatoes. Potassium presented the highest contents in all varieties of potatoes. Iron was the most abundant microelement. Local potatoes offer greater nutritional contributions to the recommended intakes than imported varieties. Within the macrominerals, the highest contribution to the intakes was observed for K, while Fe was the trace element with the largest contribution to the proposed intake.     

Characterization and prediction by near-infrared reflectance of mineral composition of rocket (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa and Eruca vesicaria subsp. vesicaria)

BACKGROUND: Minerals are essential for human nutrition and must be obtained from our diet. Crucifer vegetables are a good source of these nutrients. Our objectives were to determine the genetic variability for mineral content and to evaluate the use of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for prediction of ashes and minerals among and within the rocket species Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa and vesicaria. The minerals studied were iron (Fe), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). RESULTS: The maximum mean values obtained for all the accessions (mean ± SE) were 235.5 ± 1.5 mg ashes kg^?1, 273.3 ± 4.2 mg Fe kg^?1, 18.1 ± 0.4 mg Cu kg^?1, 2.8 ± 0.1 g Na kg^?1, 71.6 ± 1.0 g K kg^?1, 64.6 ± 1.2 g Ca kg^?1, 6.8 ± 0.1 g mg kg^?1, 101.6 ± 1.2 mg Mn kg^?1, and 67.1 ± 0.4 mg Zn kg^?1 of dry weight. CONCLUSION: The statistical analysis showed significant differences for all the minerals, except Ca, for each accession studied individually and for accessions grouped within countries. The results indicate that NIRS can be used as a rapid screening method for determining total mineral, Fe, Na, K, and Zn in rocket. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determinaton of proximate composition and mineral contents of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and swim crab (Portunus pelagicus) caught off the Gulf of Antalya

The proximate composition and mineral contents of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and swim crab (Portunus pelagicus), caught off the Gulf of Antalya, were investigated. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the nutritive value. Claw and body meat of these two species were analyzed. For both species there were no significant differences in the moisture, fat and ash contents of claw and body meats but protein contents of swim crab were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those found in blue crab. Na, K, Ca, Zn and Cu values for blue crab and swim crab were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents of claw and body meats of the two species.     

True and Apparent Retention of Nutrients in Hamburger Patties Made from Beef or Beef Extended with Three Different Soy Proteins

Hamburger patties containing all beef or beef extended (20% reconstituted soy product, 80% beef) with soy isolate, soy concentrate or textured soy flour, or beef extended with one of the three soy products fortified with iron (60 mg/100g soy protein) and zinc (25 mg/100g soy protein), were analyzed in both the raw and cooked states for moisture, protein, fat, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn. The percent true nutrient retentions (% TR) and percent apparent nutrient retentions (% AR) were calculated. The % TR was not significantly different for any of the patties for protein, fat, total ash, Ca, or Cu. The % TR of moisture decreased as the refinement of the soy added to the patties increased. The % AR was higher than the % TR for all nutrients examined.     

Analysis of mineral composition of some Assam and Darjeeling black teas

Black teas manufactured in Darjeeling and Assam were analysed for various macrominerals such as P, K, Ca, Mg and microminerals such as Mn, Fe and Cu. A considerable amount of minerals, eg K (40-46 mg), Mg (2.7-3.0 mg), Ca (0.48-0.66 mg) and traces of Mn (0.28-0.40 mg), Fe (0.16-0.20 mg), P (29-41 μg) and Cu (12-22 μg) were found in a cup of black tea brew. Black teas manufactured from the leaf coming from a pruned section and fine portion usually showed higher mineral content than tea manufactured from unpruned sections and coarse grade teas of Darjeeling. Assam CTC tea was found to be richer in mineral content compared to Darjeeling orthodox tea.     

Chemical composition of shell and flesh of three prawn samples from Lagos lagoon

The protein, ash, fibre and individual mineral ion contents of three species of prawn taken from the Lagos lagoon were determined. The median liveweights of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklots), Palaemon species A (Powell) and Penaeus notialis were respectively, 25.52 g (shell + head 16.76 g; flesh 9.26 g), 3.15 g (shell + head 1.71 g; flesh 1.44 g) and 5.11 g (shell + head 2.14 g; flesh 2.96 g). All (shell + head) samples had high protein, ash and fibre contents but only the protein content was high in the flesh, which had low or undetectable quantities of fibre. The fat and carbohydrates contents were generally low. In M vollenhovenii the (shell + head) was a better source of Mg, Zn, Cu and K than the flesh, which was a better source of Ca, Ni, P, Fe, Co and Na. In P species A the (shell + head) was a better source of Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Co, Na and K than the flesh (higher in Zn and Ni). In P notialis the (shell + head) was the better source of Ca, Zn, P, Fe and Co and the flesh the better source of Mg, Ni, Fe, Na and K. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

MINERAL COMPOSITION OF MEDLAR (MESPILUS GERMANICA) FRUIT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY

Abstract The mineral composition of medlar fruit collected (June 15 - October 8) in Turkey at five stages of development was studied. In the fruit, 32 minerals were analyzed and 16 minerals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sr, Ti and Zn) were present at detectable levels. The ripe medlar fruit was richest in potassium (7370 μg/g dry wt), calcium (1780 μg/g dry wt), phosphorus (1080 μg/g dry wt), magnesium (661 μg/g dry wt) and sodium (183 μg/g dry wt). During the fruit development, Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn were highest in August (unripe fruits) while the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Cu gradually decreased throughout development. The ripe medlar fruit is an important source of nutritionally needed minerals and trace elements, in particular Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn, for human populations in southeastern Europe, Turkey and Iran.     

First-milking colostrum mineral concentrations and yields: Comparison to second milking and associations with serum mineral concentrations,parity, and yield in multiparous Jersey cows

This observational study described first-milking colostrum mineral concentrations and total yields, and evaluated its associations with cow serum mineral concentrations, parity, and first postpartum milking yield in 100 multiparous Jersey cows from a single herd fed a negative dietary cation-anion difference diet prepartum. Additionally, first- and second-milking colostrum mineral concentrations and total yields were compared in a subset of 65 cows. Serum minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Cu) were assessed before first milking. Cows were milked at 9 h and 4 min ± 3 h and 32 min and at 21 h and 11 min ± 3 h and 43 min postpartum (± standard deviation); yields were recorded and samples collected for mineral concentrations assessment (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Cu). Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between first-milking colostrum mineral concentrations and total yields and cows' serum mineral concentrations, parity, first-milking colostrum yield, and calving-to-milking interval. The most abundant minerals in first-milking colostrum were (least squares mean ± standard error of the mean) Ca (55.71 ± 13.52 mmol/L; 8.75 ± 5.74 g) and P (41.91 ± 13.01 mmol/L; 5.26 ± 3.72 g), followed by Na (39.65 ± 13.23 mmol/L; 3.08 ± 1.77 g), K (36.47 ± 7.57 mmol/L; 5.79 ± 4.20 g), Mg (13.43 ± 3.09 mmol/L; 1.25 ± 0.78 g), Zn (272.12 ± 113.34 μmol/L; 71.98 ± 55.34 mg), Fe (12.51 ± 3.79 μmol/L; 2.56 ± 1.55 mg), and Cu (3.34 ± 1.22 μmol/L; 0.77 ± 0.56 mg). Higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, and Cu, and total yields of Mg, Zn, Fe, and Cu were observed at first- compared with second-milking colostrum. Serum and first-milking colostrum Cu concentrations were positively associated, but no significant associations were observed between other minerals' serum and first-milking colostrum concentrations or total yields. Parity was associated with first-milking colostrum Ca, P, K, and Fe concentrations and yields; younger multiparous cows had higher concentrations and total yields of these minerals. Linear (Fe), quadratic (P, Na, and K), and cubic (Mg, Zn, and Cu) associations were observed between first-milking colostrum mineral concentrations and yield. In all cases, mineral total yields were linearly associated with first-milking colostrum yield. In conclusion, variation in first-milking colostrum mineral concentrations and total yields across cows could be partially explained by cow parity and colostrum yield. Further research including primiparous and cows under different management settings is needed to expand the knowledge and understanding of colostrum mineral concentrations and total yields in dairy cows.     

Mineral composition of the red and green pepper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annuum</Emphasis>) from Tenerife Island

The content of macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and microelements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in green and red pepper samples consumed on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, has been determined. Analysis has shown the influence of the ripening stage on the mineral content of the pepper. Red pepper presents higher K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B concentration levels than green pepper. There are differences between the values obtained in this study and the values shown in different food composition tables; our results are higher in Na, Ca and Mg, and lower in K and Fe.     

Determination of mineral contents of wild-grown edible mushrooms

The aim of this study was to determine the mineral contents of wild edible mushrooms. The phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) contents of thirty wild-grown common edible mushrooms, collected from Erzurum province, Turkey, were analyzed. The minimum and maximum macronutrient contents of mushrooms were determined as mg/g dw for Mg (0.90–4.54), Ca (0.17–8.80), K (12.6–29.1), Na (0.03–4.85) and P (0.64–4.49), while minimum and maximum micronutrient contents of mushrooms were determined as mg/kg dw for Zn (26.7–185), Fe (50.1–842), Cu (9.23–107) and Mn (5.54–135). The potassium content was found to be higher than those of the other minerals in all the mushrooms. The K, P and Cu concentrations were determined to be highest in Suillus granulatus.     

BIOMASS NUTRIENT PROFILES OF THE MICROALGA PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM

The microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultured under various conditions in an external tubular photobioreactor and in a bubble column. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, available carbohydrates, fiber, lipids and energy), nitrate, nucleic acids, mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, P, S, As, Pb, Cd), C/N ratio, fatty acids and pigments (total carotenoids, carotenoid class and chlorophylls) were analyzed. On average, the biomass contained 36.4% crude protein, 26.1% available carbohydrates, 18.0% lipids, 15.9% ash and 0.25% neutral detergent fiber, on a dry wt basis. The mineral element contents in 100 g dry biomass were: Ca (1910 mg), K (1720 mg), Na (1430 mg), S (1050 mg), Mg (555 mg), Zn (373 mg), (Mn 31.4 mg), Cu (8.4 mg), and P (269 mg). Toxic heavy metal contents were negligible. The fatty acid content was (on percent dry wt): 0.65% in 14:0;1.28% in 16:0; 1.48% in 16:lω7; 0.34% in 16:2ω4; 0.75% in 16:3ω4 and 2.50% in 20:5ω3. Nutrient composition of biomass was highly influenced by means of the residence time in the culture bioreactor and the external irradiance. The biomass produced at low external irradiance was richer in protein and eicosapentaenoic acid.     

Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from the Khasi hills of Meghalaya

Seven wild edible mushrooms commonly consumed in the Khasi hills of Meghalaya were analyzed for their contents of dry matter, crude protein, fat, fibre and ash along with minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Mg and Se), ascorbic acid and the profile of essential amino acids. The macronutrient profile in general revealed that the wild mushrooms were rich sources of protein and had low amounts of fat. In general, most of the mushrooms studied had good amounts of minerals, including trace minerals. On average, phenylalanine was the limiting amino acid (0.9 μg%) while the highest amount of EAA present in the mushrooms studied was leucine (704 μg%). One serving of the studied mushrooms (250 g fresh weight) contained an average of 6.12 g of protein, 287 mg of calcium, 9.3 mg of iron and 3.72 mg of zinc. More importantly it had low levels of fat (0.712 g) and sodium (0.077 mg).     

Chemical composition and mineral content of rice bran of two egyptian rice varieties heated by microwave

Two rice varieties, a short grain (Giza 175) and a long grain (Giza 181), were parboiled by soaking in water at 80—85 °C for 1.5 h, then dried in the microwave oven for 3, 5, 6 and 8 min. The effect of such parboiling treatment on the chemical composition and mineral content (Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) of rice bran were studied. The ash and protein contents of parboiled rice bran varieties decreased with microwave time. The oil extraction increased until 5 min, then decreased after 6 and 8 min microwave time, while acid value of the oils decreased gradually. Each of the mineral components of the brans exhibited different magnitudes of loss, but Mg loss was smaller.     

Simultanbestimmungsmethoden für die Elemente Kupfer,Zink, Eisen und Mangan sowie Natrium,Kalium, Calcium und Magnesium mittels Flammen-Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (F-AAS)

Simultaneous determination of the elements copper, zinc, iron and manganese as well as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS). The elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn are very important for the examination of human food and foodstuff in the light of nutritional physiology. Two simultaneous determination methods for these elements with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) are presented. The sensitivity of the F-AAS is sufficient for these examinations. Using the calibration and the method of standard addition resp. and “Schinkellösung” (caesiumchlorid lanthanumchlorid buffer solution), the simultaneous determination of Na, K, Ca and Mg is possible. The detection limits of Na, K, Ca and Mg depend on the simultaneous determination of the elements, the used wavelengths and the kind of the examined samples (30 mg Na, 24 mg K, 1,9 mg Ca and 0,46 mg Mg per kg fresh matter). The detection limits for Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn with the simultaneous determination are 0,61 mg Cu, 0,14 mg Zn, 3,8 mg Fe and 0,44 mg Mn per kg sample. The new methods are tested with the standard reference materials CRM No 278 (Mussel Tissue), CMR No 185 (Bovine Liver) and CRM No 189 (Wholemeal Flour) and with selected samples.     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定市售3种珍珠粉中金属元素

采用微波消解法处理样品,用硝酸-双氧水(体积比6∶1)混合溶液作为消解剂进行微波消解,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了市售3种珍珠粉中锌、钠、镁、铁、钙、铜、锰、锶等8种金属元素含量。8种元素检出限(3S/N)在0.000 6～0.024 8 mg/L,回收率95%～105%,相对标准偏差(n=10)<5%。试验结果表明:3种珍珠粉样品中8种金属含量的数值变化趋势较为一致,其中钙含量最高,含量均达34.15%以上,锰、锶、铁、钠的含量也较为丰富,均在94.74μg/g以上,而锌、镁、铜含量相对较少,均少于11.78μg/g。从珍珠粉的主要成分金属元素钙的含量测定结果可以推断出3种珍珠粉的品质有所差别,钙含量低的质量相对差。     

Nutrient profiles of commercial goat milk cheeses manufactured in the United States

Thirty varieties of commercial goat milk cheeses collected from 13 manufacturers in 11 states of the US were evaluated. Concentration profiles of basic nutrients, major and trace minerals, their correlations, and mineral ratios in the caprine cheeses were determined to compare nutritional parameters among the varieties. Mean percentage of moisture, fat, protein, and ash for plain soft, semi-soft, hard, pepper, garlic, and herb cheeses were 59.8, 22.5, 18.9, 1.74; 43.2, 28.5, 26.2, 2.83; 27.4, 32.3, 25.4, 3.58; 57.3, 22.9, 21.6, 1.32; 64.3, 18.3, 16.7, 1.34; 59.1, 21.8, 17.3, 1.60, respectively. Ranges of mean concentrations (mg/100 g wet basis) of S, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, and Zn were: 2.00 to 8.05; 192 to 785; 7.03 to 103; 10.3 to 78.0; 57.1 to 1035; 225 to 924; 96.0 to 1260; .52 to 8.73; .47 to 22.1; .08 to .40; .44 to 1.32; .49 to 4.13, respectively. Twenty of the 30 varieties were very high or high moisture cheeses, which would suggest slow coagulation as the major mode of fabrication. Wide variations in the concentrations of P, K, Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, Al, and Zn were found among and within varieties of the cheeses. High concentrations and variations in Fe and Al in the cheeses indicate a significant possibility of uptake of these elements into the products during farmstead manufacturing processes. Percentage of moisture was negatively and significantly (P less than .05 or P less than .01) correlated with the concentrations of ash, fat, protein, and most of the minerals. Percentage of ash was positively and significantly correlated with the concentrations of macrominerals but negatively and less correlated with concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, and Cu. The Na:K ratio was the highest of the five mineral ratios. Differences were significant for Ca:P, Ca:Mg, and Na:K ratios among the six types of goat cheese tested.     

Levels of nutritionally-important trace elements and macronutrients in edible leaves and grain of 27 nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes grown in the Upper West Region of Ghana

Analysis of edible leaves and grain of 27 nodulated cowpea genotypes in 2005 and 2006 revealed differences in mineral density. Cowpea genotype IT82D-889 exhibited high concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and S in grain relative to Brown Eye, IT84S-2246 and TVx3236. Fe concentration in cowpea grain ranged from 63 mg/kg in Ngonji to 137 mg/kg in Soronko, while Zn was 44 mg/kg in Ngonji and 65 mg/kg in Vuli-1. Leaf concentrations of Cu, Mn, B and Fe were consistently higher in the genotypes Apagbaala, IT84S-2246, Fahari and IT97K-499-39, while Fe, Cu, B and Zn were lower in TVu11424, Brown Eye, Vuli-1, Soronko and Glenda. Compared with spinach, cowpea leaves had greater levels of Fe (5-fold in magnitude), Mn, P, Ca, K and Mg. Based on these data it is likely that when and where the dietary intake of cowpea leaves is high in Africa, children would suffer less from micronutrient deficiency.     

Macro and Micro Minerals from Selected Muscles of Pork

Ten individual muscles (Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femorus, Gluteus medius, Longissimusu muscle, Psoas major, Serratus ventralis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Triceps brachii) from 10 pork carcasses were removed and analyzed for selected minerals. Individual muscles contained relatively large quantities (mg/100g) of K, Na, P and Mg with smaller amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn but varied between muscles with differences of one- to twofold. Semimembranosus had lesser amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, and Mn than any other muscle studied. In general, the mineral content of leg, loin, and shoulder were different. The shoulder muscles had a greater quantity of Fe and Zn present in their muscles than leg or loin.