The Development of Pass/Fail Colour Matching Formulae for Single Number Shade Passing

A series of modifications to the ANLAB colour–difference formula is described which has progressively improved the agreement between the formula and the pass/fail decisions of visual observers. The latest modification, the JPC 79 formula has been suggested as a viable alternative to visual colour matching.     

Industrial Tolerances,Performances of a Colour–difference Formula

Since 1976 J & P Coats (UK) Limited have employed an instrumental match prediction and pass/fail system in the Dyehouse in Paisley. The system was developed by the Research Laboratory ofJ&P Coats Limited and, since 1976, a number of modifications to the pass/fail formula has been made on the basis of bulk experience. These modifications culminated in the J & P Coats 1979 Colour–difference Formula. Since the introduction of the JPC 79 formula many thousands of pass/fail decisions have been made and the agreement between visual observer and instrumental decision has been good.     

药型罩材料对JPC成型的影响

运用LS-DYNA模拟软件研究了药型罩材料对聚能杆式侵彻体(JPC)成型的影响.通过对铝、铁、铜、钽、钨JPC的统计分析,得出材料密度和延伸率对JPC头部速度、长径比等参数的影响规律.结果表明,随着从铝到钨材料密度以及延伸率的减小,JPC头部速度降低69%,长径比降低75%, 鉴于JPC的这两个参数,铜、钽是作为JPC成型的较好材料,而铜最佳,铝易断裂、易气化,铁和钨不能够得到充分拉伸,均不适合JPC的成型.对铜药型罩进行了试验验证,试验结果与模拟结果较吻合.     

Burning through steel tubes by gas-dispersed products of thermite combustion

Numerical results of an experimental study of burning through steel tubes in a water medium by thermite-combustion products are presented. Based on the analysis of experimental data, recommendations on the optimal organization of the process are given, and an empirical formula for calculating the thermite mass necessary for burning through a steel wall is derived. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 79–82, July–August, 2000.     

A Modification of the Mott Formula for prediction of the fragment size distribution

A modification of the Mot fragmentation formula, accounting for a maximum fragment size, is suggested. Twelve experimental data sets are used to test the goodness of fit of the original and the modified formula. Generally, the modified formula is found to give a better representation of the experimental data, and particularly, the overestimation of the number of very large fragments is avoided.     

Strength of Commercial Explosives

Strength is determined for mixtures of Amatol (79/21 AN/TNT) with various additives and mixtures of ammonium nitrate and aluminum of various compositions. The results obtained and literature data are used to obtain a formula for calculating the relative strength of commercial explosives containing two parameters — explosion heat and volume of explosion products. The strength of mixtures of ammonium nitrate and aluminum (under powerful initiation leading to overcompressed detonation) exceeds the strength of the reference explosive (Amatol) when the aluminum content is 10—40%. In this case, maximum strength is observed for a mixture containing 30% aluminum. The experimental results and calculations using the proposed formula are in satisfactory agreement.     

Grading textile fastness. Part 1; Using a digital camera system

This paper describes an imaging system based upon a digital camera for assessing the fastness of textile materials to staining and colour-change. Large sets of samples were assessed by a panel of professional assessors and these results were used to evaluate the inter-observer and between-laboratory variations, and the instrumental method against the visual results. In addition, the measured results from a camera imaging system and a spectrophotometer are compared. The results show excellent agreement between the two instrumental methods. The agreement is even better than the inter-observer and between-laboratory agreements. It was also found that the present ISO standard formula gave a very poor prediction to the visual results for staining fastness. After a simple correction, the formula fits the data much better. In conclusion, applying a digital camera system plus a revised ISO formula can provide an accurate and rapid method for assessing textile fastness.     

似化学局部组成模型及其应用

以Guggenheim似化学关系为基础,采用微扰理论的方法推导得到符合单流体模型的局部组成表达式,得到了非电解质溶液的Wohl型活度系数模型,通过二元体系汽液平衡数据回归得到了烷烃、芳香烃、酮、醇、水等5类物质各基团的作用参数,对三元体系汽液平衡的预测结果表明该模型预测性能优于UNIFAC.     

Generalization of strength versus water-cementitious ratio relationship to age

In this paper, an attempt is made to generalize Abrams' law to any given age. It is intended to enhance the applicability of this law for practical applications by covering 3 to 365 days range. The result makes the prediction of concrete strength more convenient. Two novel methodologies, parameter-trend-regression and four-parameter-optimization methodology, have been proposed to extend the Abrams' formula and a power formula to any given age without collecting data at that age. Experimental data from several different sources are used to validate the reliability of these methodologies. As a result of the analysis presented in this study, a set of generalized water-cementitious ratio formulas is proposed for concrete with limited replacement percentage of fly ash. It is shown that the generalized formulas agree with the experimental data better than the original formulas do.     

Rise Velocities of Large Bubbles in Viscous Newtonian Liquids

Rise velocities of large bubbles in high-viscosity oils and molten simulated waste glass were measured by a newly developed remote technique. Over a range of Reynolds numbers from 2 × 10⁻⁴ to 0.6, the experimental data for steady-state bubble rise velocities agreed better with the Hadamard-Rybcznski formula than with the Stokes formula.     

彩色涤纶短纤维色差的控制

介绍了用于评定色差的CIELAB和CMC色差公式,并对2个公式在彩色涤纶短纤维色差控制中的实际运用做了对比实验。从对比结果和数据分析来看,CIELAB色差公式存在一定的局限性,CMC色差公式测试结果与目测具有更好的视觉一致性,完全可以在纺织行业色差控制上替代CIELAB色差公式并推广使用。     

Velocity of a Freely Rising Gas Bubble in a Soda-Lime Silicate Glass Melt

The buoyant rise speeds of single bubbles of varying composition and size in a soda-lime silicate glass melt were measured. The measured rise velocities were compared with the steady-state velocities predicted by the Stokes and Hadamard-Rybczynski formulas. In all cases the data fit the latter expression for steady-state rise speed far better than the Stokes formula.     

经验公式对全国煤实测发热量的检验

选择一些经验公式对48个来自全国的无烟煤煤样的发热量实测值的可靠性进行了检验，发现仅凭一两个经验公式的检验结果很难对实测结果的可靠性作出正确的评价，不同经验公式的检验结果有时具有很大差异．某个样品实测值在通过经验公式检验时出现了偏差超标值，而在用另一经验公式检验时其偏差却很低．总的来说，利用元素指标经验公式对样品发热量进行计算检验时，其计算值与实测值偏差一般小于工业分析指标经验公式，而不同矿区经验公式的准确性比一般经验公式高，对来自不同矿区的样品实测发热量采用矿区专用公式进行检验审核会更好．     

Lattice Model for Estimating the Opacity of White Coatings

White pigments impart opacity to films and coatings by virtue of their ability to scatter incident light. This study considers a homogeneous coating that contains a low concentration of randomly dispersed, monodisperse pigment particles. The optical properties are determined using a lattice model with cell size defined by the diameter ( d ) of the particles. For pure scattering, the contrast ratio (CR) is an algebraic function of the scattering coefficient (κ), pigment volume fraction (φ), and coating layer thickness ( L ), as follows: [formula omitted]When tested against literature data for white films opacified with titanium dioxide, an empirical expression with a single adjustable constant provides a better interpolation formula than the above equation. This discrepancy is attributed to the contribution of a minor amount of absorption to the measured opacity.     

过程装备计算机辅助工艺过程设计的多参数数表拟合方法探索

在过程装备计算机辅助工艺过程设计(CAPP)的开发和应用过程中,多参数数据表的数字化公式拟合是解决免查手册和自动计算需求的较好方案。拟合工具软件采用Excel及TableCurve,拟合原则为公式结构一致化、拟合过程批次化,逐步将众多关联参数拟合为一个多参数方程式。将拟合方程应用于CAPP的Excel和spreadsheet中,可实现多参数求值自动计算,摆脱繁琐的手册查阅和手工计算,加快设计速度,提高计算精度。该方案对于工程中其他多参数数据表示成拟合方程的应用具有参考价值。     

芒硝复分解循环法制碳酸氢钠新工艺

介绍以芒硝为原料采用复分解循环的新工艺制备碳酸氢钠的方法 ,用正交设计法找出最佳工艺条件 ,产品质量符合GB16 0 6 - 79。     

侧面散热对导热系数测量的影响研究

稳态平板法测量导热系数因方法简单直接在测量材料的导热系数中广泛应用。但通过数值模拟和实验发现侧面散热对导热系数测量影响明显,采用大空间自然对流换热实验关联式对实验数据处理公式进行修正,在实验中得到较满意结果。利用数值模拟和实验对影响侧面散热的主要因素如环境温度、热源温度、样品厚度、试样导热系数进行研究,发现环境温度降低、热源温度增加、试样厚度的增加以及试样导热系数的减小,都会导致传热温差增加,侧面散热的绝对量和占总传热量的比例也随之增加。     

均匀设计在橡胶配方研究中的应用

运用均匀设计法，通过多属性决策方法，定量地求得综合性能好的橡胶配方。对三因素九水平的ＩＲ配方的优化表明，仅进行９次配方试验就可得到综合性能较好的橡胶配方。     

Improved kinetics-based gold cyanide extraction with mixture of LIX79+TOPO utilizing hollow fiber membrane contactors

Dispersion-free solvent extraction of gold(I) (Au(CN)₂⁻) from alkaline cyanide media was performed using porous hydrophobic hollow fibers with mixtures of membrane extractants. The organic extractant used for gold(I) extraction was LIX79 (N,N′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)guanidine) alone and a mixture of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO)+LIX79 diluted with n-heptane. The mixture of LIX79+TOPO affords a better performance than LIX79 alone. It took 300 s to extract more than 95% gold with equimolar LIX79+TOPO (0.125 M), whereas pure LIX79 (0.375 M) took 1860 s to reach the same percentage level of gold extraction (over six times slower). The mass transfer coefficient’s (K_Au^E) value was around four times higher with the equimolar mixture of 0.125 M LIX79+0.125 M TOPO than with LIX79/n-heptane alone. Extraction of Au(CN)₂⁻ from alkaline cyanide solutions with TOPO alone was also observed, indicating that gold(I) complexation takes place probably by a solvation reaction mechanism (M⁺Au(CN)₂·S_n). A model is presented which describes the extraction mechanism, indicating different rate-controlling steps. The validity of this model was evaluated with experimental data and was found to tie in well with theoretical values.     

Effect of montmorillonite clay addition on the morphological and physical properties of Jatropha curcas L. and Glycine max L. protein concentrate films

Protein concentrates from jatropha (JPC) and soy seeds (SPC) were obtained by solubilization and acid precipitation of proteins. JPC and SPC films were prepared by the casting method, using two different montmorillonite (MMT) clay concentrations and plasticized with glycerol. Film properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile properties, water retention, and water vapor transmission rate (WVRT). Typical tactoid microcomposite structures were found to be heterogeneously dispersed in the films containing MMT. A small XRD peak was found in films with MMT. Slight improvements in thermal stability and tensile strength were observed in the films with MMT. Reductions in water retention and WVRT were obtained when MMT was added into the films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44459.