A RANKING OF US GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN URBAN STUDIES AND URBAN AFFAIRS

ABSTRACT: A ranking of 33 urban studies and urban affairs programs in the US was developed from peer ratings obtained in a program survey and from citation activity reported in the Social Sciences Citation Index over the 1986–1989 period. A breakdown of citations by broadly defined subject areas is presented. The survey revealed a difference between Ph.D. and MUS/MA programs in the perceived relative importance of peer evaluation and citations as rating criteria. The survey results also indicate that the degree of familiarity with other programs is lower than what has been observed in most social science disciplines.     

“城市填空”：一项给“城市空墟”重注活力的计划

“城市空墟”这一现象是随当今的快速城市化进程产生的一个全球性的问题也是URBAIVUS都市实践长期以来特别关注的领域,通过探讨一系列城市策略,我们试图把城市中的某种缺陷转化为重组被割裂的城市元素的机会,本文通过“人民公园”与“土楼公舍”两级主题项目展示了针对“城市空墟”提出的“城市填空”策略“人民公园”意在城市中心地带经营城市公共空间,尝试用“都市造园”的手段逐步梳理、连接,充实和转化高速城市化所形成的“物体城市”,进而建立开放的城市公共空间系统。“土楼公舍”从建筑学和社会学的角度挖掘传统建筑价值,探讨一种独特的为低收入群体设计的小单元的居住模式。两项提案均致力于通过填补城市残余边角和重建公共领域来重新定义城市表层。逐步将当今城市中有着巨大潜力的大量空墟,转化为可以激发社区居民互动交流的城市新领域。     

艺术品一样的城市构筑物

“我非常依赖于概念图解，我把它们当作我的秘密武器。它们协助我进行设计，从一个项目到另一个项目，从一个基地到另一个基地。如果我对每一个项目都采用一套固定的语言，做到现在应该很厌倦了，也许很罕以前就已经对建筑丧失兴趣了。从一开始就为每一个项目诉求一个概念，这是我能继续深入一个设计的方法，通过它启发新的想法源源不断地注入到建筑设计中。虽然很多或者说大多数的欣赏我作品的人似乎更关注于它们在体验或感官上的特质——比如对光、材料的运用等等——对我来说，更重要的是想法。“     

城市规划作为城市认知的中道——一个耦合进化的认知框架探讨

当前的城市认知掺杂着各种观点,城市理论与城市规划理论不断被重塑。传统的城市认知无论是概念、定义、原理、方法抑或认知结构,均不能充分捕捉如此快速并压缩进化的城市特征,呈现出旧理论与新城市的错位、新概念与非本体的嫁接、单向度与多维度的超越等现实困境。通过文献研究,引介进化论思想,以"理论溯源"的方式探求认知-行动-思辨的协同进化框架,进而从城市的进化、城市规划的进化和人的认知的进化三个认知基点展开进化维度与方式的主题性解读,推演出城市规划作为城市认知的中道这一耦合进化的认知框架,并探讨其对构建中国本土城乡规划知识体系的启示。     

大尺度城市设计中的时序问题——以南京东山新市区中心为例

大尺度城市设计项目中,建设时序并非被动的实施计划,它也影响到未来的城市形态。城市设计中建设时序的关键在于把握影响空间发展格局的关键时段和关键节点,来推动其他部分的实施。本文以南京东山新市区中心为例,探讨了在大尺度城市设计中,将城市形态的最终产品分解为若干个过程式的分阶段形态的方法,并根据各阶段特点采用不同的控制力度,把总体的城市形态设计转变为基于建设时序的形态过程指引。     

CITIES AS PEOPLE,CITIES AS PLACES: URBAN REVITALIZATION AND URBAN CONFLICT

Just as the decades of the 50s and 60s were the age of suburbia, the 70s brought, for many, a return to the city and to an increasingly urban way of life. Analysis of this phenomenon by social scientists has resulted in the production of a large number of displacement studies, virtually all of which demonstrate the same thing: young, middle-class, usually childless professionals move into an urban neighborhood and, while materially improving the neighborhood, typically displace the indigenous population. This paper argues that in the long run, this process of displacement, as important as it is, is but one of a large number of consequences ensuing from urban revitalization. Many of these are far more subtle and far more potentially troublesome, and, to the degree to which they leave legacies of intraurban conflict and result in the loss of a sense of community, are likely to be far more difficult problems with which urban areas shall have to deal.     

基础设施——都市之原动力

机场核心计划 投资200亿美元的机场核心计划于1998年完成,为香港社会基础设施网络和经济带来巨大利益。一个包括公路,铁路和海运的完整运输网络，是赤鳃角香港国际机场成功的关键，新增连接新机场和香港周边地区的道路包括一条经东涌和西九龙,贯穿机场与西区隧道的快速公路,整个路网总长达34km（图1）。     

城市客厅姿态的综合体项目

综合体项目的成功由多方因素决定UED：现在很多商业建筑都在向综合体的方向发展,有的称为“城市综合体”,有的则直接称为“商业综合体”,您是如何定义这个名词的？     

IMPLEMENTING URBAN HOUSING REHABILITATION PROGRAMS: A COMPARISON OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE EXPERIENCES1

Recent changes in federal housing rehabilitation policy have shifted the emphasis from single-family to multi-family units and from direct federal delivery of housing services to state and local administration. To discover the implications of this shift, this study compares the implementation of a state home improvement loan program with the financing and administration approach adopted by the federal Section 312 and Community Development Block Grant loan programs prior to 1983. A survey of borrowers who participated in the state and federal rehabilitation loan programs reveals that both types of programs assist the “incumbent up grader,” both increased the value of property, both achieved high levels of borrower satisfaction, and both concentrated on the single-family unit. Differences, however, did arise between the federal and state programs in that the state program borrowers were encouraged to conduct preventive maintenance, while the federal programs advanced social goals of serving a greater number of low-income homeowners with larger loan amounts at lower interest rates. This comparison study does not support the federal withdrawal from providing direct single-family rehabilitation loans because it can supplement the bond-market orientation of the state approach with a social targeting function.     

HOUSING REHABILITATION AS AN URBAN POLICy ALTERNATIVE

Economic and social changes in central cities have made physical decay widespread, and housing rehabilitation has become an increasingly important strategy for reversing this decay. The principal factor which affects the design and impact of housing rehabilitation programs is the income group at which they are targeted. Programs directed at the housing poor face a series of problems related to the lack of resources of these groups, while the principal problem of programs aimed at middle-income groups is reversing the pattern of neighborhood disinvestment. All types of rehabilitation programs share problems of low productivity due to the complexity of the rehabilitation process and to the overall lack of resources committed to them. As a part of a larger community development process, housing rehabilitation programs must embrace and reconcile the sometimes conflicting goals of maximum physical revitalization and the provision of improved housing services for the poor. This does not require radical new programs but rather a sophisticated mix of existing approaches coupled with the funding commitments necessary to execute them. The current trend towards fiscal retrenchment will seriously interfere with further efforts to utilize housing rehabilitation as an effective tool for revitalization.     

景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例

由于城市绿地指标（包括绿地率和人均绿地指标）受城市边界的主观性和可变性以及城市中绿地的空间分布的影响而有很大差异,这些指标很难或不足以衡量城市绿化和环境质量。为此,笔者提出以景观可达性作为评价城市绿地系统对市民的服务功能的一个指标。以中山为例,这一指标不但可以完善绿地（或其它服务设施）实际效用的评价体系,同时,为实现以人为本的城市规划思想提供了一个有力的依据。     

博物馆作为城市图标

在当代建筑研究领域,博物馆在城市和公共空间的建构中担当着重要的角色。     

论建立以社区为基本单元的城市规划新体系--以杭州市为例

对杭州城市社区现状及公共服务设施进行了首次全面调查与梳理研究,就社区规模与人口现状,社区类型与公共服务设施作了重点考察,针对杭州城市社区建设中存在的问题进行了深入分析,提出了建立“以社区为基本单元的城市规划与管理体系”的创新思路。     

从综合体到复合城

正人们厌倦了堵车、挤电梯这些无奈的日常程序,因为这些就像酒后的晕厥状态,每天重复而又毫无记忆。难道这就是高密度城市的桎梏而无可幸免?围合的小区、孤立的超高层办公楼以及封闭式大型购物中心的建设,重复上演着工业时代资本、领地和城市功能区块之间的引力效应。然而信息时代已经悄然来临,逐步瓦解了传统金字塔式的权力和空间等级。开放、多元、融合和边界模糊的信息化时代特     

THE IMPACTS OF STATE GROWTH MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS ON URBAN SPRAWL IN THE 1990S

ABSTRACT: The urban landscape in the United States has been characterized by sprawl for decades. Despite arguments in favor of sprawl or its component attributes, it is widely believed that sprawl leads to many contemporary United States urban and environmental problems. Since 1961, 15 states in the United States have adopted state growth management programs (SGMPs) with various goals, including curtailing sprawl. This article, among a few previous studies, examines the effectiveness of SGMPs on containing sprawl. We create sprawl indices for 294 metropolitan areas in 1990 and 2000, measuring two major dimensions of sprawl: density and land‐use mixture. Our examination of SGMPs involves not only a dummy variable indicating whether a SGPM exists or not, but a score system measuring the degree of state involvement in local growth management and three variables measuring three major attributes of SGMPs. With the refined measurements for both sprawl and SGMPs, we examine the impacts of SGMPs on the sprawl measures in the 1990s of the selected metropolitan areas in the United States. Our statistical results show that SGMPs effectively promoted compact development in terms of population density and land‐use mixture. However, the statistical results do not support the claim that SGMPs with a higher degree of state involvement in local growth management, on average, worked better at curtailing sprawl than those with a lower‐degree involvement in the 1990s. This article suggests that state governments in the United States should more fully exercise their responsibilities to control urban sprawl rather than just leave this issue to local devices.     

城市交通网络设计问题中的双层规划模型

城市交通网络设计问题的主要内容就是通过规划的思想建立数学模型,通过优化计算方法寻找最优的用于道路网络新建或改善的交通建设投资决策方案,即研究如何能用最少的资金投入达到使整个交通网络中某种指标最优的目的。这些具体的系统性能指标可以是使整个网络中的系统总阻抗最小、交通拥挤程度最低、能源消耗最少等,从而为交通规划部门和决策人员提供科学、系统、合理、有效的决策方案和决策数据,使政府有限的资金投入能取得最佳的投资效益。本文首先简单介绍了城市交通网络设计问题研究的主要内容,然后给出了城市交通网络设计中一般形式的双层规划模型及其推广形式。     

多重混合策略下的城市空间——丽水市水阁商贸中心城市设计

通过在功能组织、空间形态、空间尺度和建筑密度四个层面的混合策略,水阁商贸中心的城市设计尝试创造一种多元的、人性的、生动的城市空间,从而提升现有工业区的活力,为水阁新区的健康发展奠定基础。     

作为一种规划工具的城市事件——斯图加特园艺展与城市开放空间优化

以城市事件作为一种规划工具在城市空间发展过程中的作用机制为研究对象,以园艺展推动斯图加特城市空间优化为案例,分析了斯图加特通过三次园艺展将分散的公共空间整合为U型绿带的过程,认为城市事件在斯图加特开放空间整合和优化过程中,通过关键要素的建设实现了系统整合,产生了城市开放空间的场所感与生命力,并尊重各种历史文化要素形成了和谐的城市开放空间。     

城市化作为生产手段及引起城市规划功能转变

在全球化的影响下 ,城市化已成为生产手段 ,因此在讨论城市化时应引入基本生产概念 ,如产品 ,资金 ,市场营销和市场规则。在这种新条件下 ,城市规划已被赋予全新的功能 ,包括筹资 ,设计产品 ,参与市场营销 ,以及产品的售后服务。但是 ,城市规划在参与制定市场规则中应该具有的监督功能却未被重视 ,这应成为城市规划改革的重点。     

DOWNTOWN REDEVELOPMENT AS AN URBAN GROWTH STRATEGY: A Critical Appraisal of the Baltimore Renaissance

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1970s, Baltimore has been heralded as a model of how declining, older U.S. cities can be revitalized Baltimore's economic development strategy has hinged on the creation of a “good business climate”; the linchpin of the strategy has been the redevelopment of downtown into the “corporate center” of a new Baltimore economy based on advanced services and tourism. Despite the favorable publicity accorded Baltimore's transformation, systematic analysis of social and economic trends suggests that corporate center-business climate redevelopment has done little to boost aggregate levels of prosperity in the city. Moreover, the Baltimore strategy has generated uneven patterns of growth and exacerbated urban dualism Baltimore has become “two cities”: a city of developers, suburban professionals, and “back-to-the-city gentry who have ridden the downtown revival to handsome profits, good jobs, and conspicuous consumption; and a city of impoverished blacks and displaced manufacturing workers, who continue to suffer from shrinking economic opportunities, declining public services, and neighborhood distress. The article explores three main reasons for these results: (1) business domination of Baltimore's public-private “partnership,” (2) the absence of explicit mechanisms linking downtown redevelopment to the revitalization of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, and (3) the inherent pitfalls of building an urban economy on downtown-centered corporate services and tourism. The article concludes by briefly examining the implications of the Baltimore case for the general problem of how to generate equitable, sustainable economic development in older U.S. cities.