高速飞行器机载综合热管理系统设计与优化

先进的高速飞行器面临着气动加热与大功率电子设备发热的双重热负荷,使得机载热沉与能量需求呈指数上升趋势,进而导致发动机性能下降、耗油量增加,严重制约着飞行器的功能和性能提升。机载热管理系统的优化设计,旨在提升系统制冷和供电性能的同时减小发动机性能损失。以Mach数Ma=1~4.4的大热负载高速飞行器为背景,针对三种机载综合热管理系统,开展适应飞行任务的系统优化设计,实现燃油热沉、外涵道引气热沉、冲压空气引气、发动机引气与飞行任务的最优匹配。研究过程采用等效质量方法,将各系统质量、能耗、气源消耗等成本统一等效为燃油代偿损失,并作为目标函数,对多种工况进行优化设计。研究结果表明：在Ma≤2时,采用外涵道空气热沉模式更为合适,但随飞行速度的进一步提高,其制冷循环压比显著上升制冷效率降低,燃油代偿损失急剧上升;基于燃油热沉的综合热管理模式更适用于Ma=2~4.5的飞行任务,其制冷循环功耗和能耗在各飞行工况下性能表现较为稳定,燃油代偿损失仅因飞行速度增大而增大;与发动机引气相比,冲压空气引气更适合Mach数较高的飞行任务规划。因此,对于巡航Ma≤2的飞行器,搭载“外涵道引气热沉+发动机引气”的机载综合热管理系统,发动机性能损失更低;对于巡航Ma=2~4.5的飞行器,搭载“燃油热沉+可切换发动机引气/冲压空气引气”的机载综合热管理系统,发动机性能最优。     

Numerical simulation of unsaturated flow in woven fiber preforms during the resin transfer molding process

In this paper, the unsaturated flow encountered in the woven or stitched fiber mats used in RTM is simulated using an adaptation of the Finite Element Method/Control Volume (FEM/CV) technique. The movement of resin through such fiber mats is modeled as flow through dual scale porous media and the mass balance in such media creates a sink term in the equation of continuity of the macroscopic flows. Combining this equation with Darcy's law leads to a non-homogeneous non-linear elliptic partial differential equation for pressure that is solved iteratively. First the simulation is used to study simple flows encountered during the characterization of preforms, such as the constant injection pressure 1-D flow and the constant flow rate radial injection flow. Previously observed experimental results of relatively flatter pressure histories for the latter type of flows in wove fiber mats are replicated, both numerically and analytically, by the pressure equation with the sink term. A quantity called pore volume ratio is shown to play an important role in such flows. Finally, the unsaturated flow in a typical RTM mold, packed with woven fiber mats, is simulated numerically, and inlet pressures, fill times, and mat saturation are studied.     

考虑效率的功交换网络问题表格法

功交换网络与换热网络和质量交换网络存在类似性.本文将夹点技术推广到功交换网络,提出了确定功交换网络最小公用工程功消耗量的问题表格法.该方法中,根据功源功阱压力从高到低顺序将压力可分成若干区间,通过计算每个区间的剩余功和亏缺功,确定系统的最小公用工程功消耗量,计算亏缺功时可同时考虑功量交换的传递效率.这种方法可同时确定功...     

Fast liquid composite molding simulation of unsaturated flow in dual‐scale fiber mats using the imbibition characteristics of a fabric‐based unit cell

The use of the dual‐scale fiber mats in liquid composite molding (LCM) process for making composites parts gives rise to the unsaturated flow during the mold‐filling process. The usual approaches for modeling such flows involve using a sink term in the mass balance equation along with the Darcy's law. Sink functions involving complex microflows inside tows with realistic tow geometries have not been attempted in the past because of the problem of high computational costs arising from the coupling of the macroscopic gap flows with the microscopic tow flows. In this study, a new “lumped” sink function is proposed for the isothermal flow simulation, which is a function of the gap pressure, capillary pressure, and tow saturation, and which is estimated without solving for the microscopic tow simulations at each node of the FE mesh in the finite element/control volume algorithm. The sink function is calibrated with the help of the tow microflow simulation in a stand‐alone unit cell of the dual‐scale fiber mat. This new approach, which does not use any fitting parameters, achieved a good validation against a previous published result on the 1D unsaturated flow in a biaxial stitched mat—satisfactory comparisons of the inlet‐pressure history as well as the saturation distributions were achieved. Finally, the unsaturated flow is studied in a car hood‐type LCM mold geometry using the code PORE‐FLOW© based on the proposed algorithm. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1790–1807, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

HEAT TRANSFER DUE TO MHD SLIP FLOW OF A SECOND-GRADE LIQUID OVER A STRETCHING SHEET THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM WITH NONUNIFORM HEAT SOURCE/SINK

An analysis is carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics of a second-grade non-Newtonian liquid due to a stretching sheet through a porous medium under the influence of external magnetic field. The stretching sheet is assumed to be impermeable. Partial slip condition is used to study the flow behavior of the liquid. The effects of viscous dissipation, nonuniform heat source/sink on the heat transfer are addressed. The nonlinear partial differential equations governing momentum and heat transfer in the boundary layer are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. Analytical solutions are obtained for the resulting boundary value problems in the case of two types of boundary heating, namely, constant surface temperature (CST) and prescribed surface temperature (PST). The effects of slip parameter, second-grade liquid parameter, combined (magnetic and porous) parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, and nonuniform heat source/sink parameters on the heat transfer are shown in several plots. Analytical expressions for the wall frictional drag coefficient and wall temperature gradient are obtained.     

Theory of propagation limits for infiltration-mediated combustion in the absence of external gas supply

The effect of heat losses on infiltration-mediated solid-gas SHS reaction taking place in the absence of external gas supply is analyzed theoretically. It has been demonstrated that the presence of heat sink may result in disruption of combustion reactions with complete and incomplete conversion. Determined were the upper and lower limits for propagating the waves of infiltration combustion in terms of initial gas pressure and calculated were the respective critical parameters.     

Study on the packing effects of external gas‐assisted injection molding on part shrinkage in comparison with conventional injection molding

Applying gas pressure on the reverse side of the part that called external gas‐assisted injection molding (EGAIM) has the potential to solve shrinkage‐related molding problems. We investigate the packing effects of EGAIM on part shrinkage and sink mark under various rib design and compare it to that of conventional injection molding (CIM). It was found that EGAIM has uniformly distributed packing pressure within the entire mold cavity. To achieve equivalent part shrinkage, CIM requires 100 MPa packing pressure from the molding machine, whereas EGAIM requires only 9 MPa. EGAIM can further reduce part shrinkage if the gas pressure and gas packing time are both increased. EGAIM can also eliminate sink marks for rib designs of an aspect ratio (rib width /part thickness) up to 1.2, whereas CIM can achieve the same sink mark level only at an aspect ratio of less than 0.5. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化方法及其应用

在氢网络中,氢源氢阱通常连接于同一个耗氢反应器,为耦合源阱;反应器操作参数的改变影响该耦合源阱参数。在同一个氢网络中可能存在多对耦合源阱,考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化能够进一步为炼厂降低氢耗,提高经济效益。通过分析氢网络的公用工程与多对耦合源阱的关系,推导确定了公用工程迁量与反应器耗氢以及耦合源阱之间的方程。据此建立了耗氢反应器参数和氢网络图像集成优化方法。案例研究表明,该方法简单、容易理解,能够直观给出公用工程迁量与反应器进口温度之间的关系。     

Trapping of Radioactive Inert Gas Radon on an Oxide Glass: Scintillating Glass Fiber Bundle Method

Two macroporous fiber bundle radon sensors were developed by close-packing the 50 m fibers drawn from scintillating oxide glass in the quartz tubes. Radon (²²²Rn) diffuses from the source, through these sensors in parallel or in series, to the end of the linear closed system filled with air under ambient temperature and pressure of 290.15 K 307.95 K and 760 Torr, respectively. The strategy is to provide radon atoms and alphas emitted from radon and its progeny with large accessible scintillating glass surface areas for efficient trapping and detection, respectively. The variations of count rates over 115 days indicate both the significant trapping of radon on the glass surfaces as well as the dependence of this trapping process on temperature.     

Sucrose Utilization for Improved Crop Yields: A Review Article

Photosynthetic carbon converted to sucrose is vital for plant growth. Sucrose acts as a signaling molecule and a primary energy source that coordinates the source and sink development. Alteration in source–sink balance halts the physiological and developmental processes of plants, since plant growth is mostly triggered when the primary assimilates in the source leaf balance with the metabolic needs of the heterotrophic sinks. To measure up with the sink organ’s metabolic needs, the improvement of photosynthetic carbon to synthesis sucrose, its remobilization, and utilization at the sink level becomes imperative. However, environmental cues that influence sucrose balance within these plant organs, limiting positive yield prospects, have also been a rising issue over the past few decades. Thus, this review discusses strategies to improve photosynthetic carbon assimilation, the pathways actively involved in the transport of sucrose from source to sink organs, and their utilization at the sink organ. We further emphasize the impact of various environmental cues on sucrose transport and utilization, and the strategic yield improvement approaches under such conditions.     

运用多氢源匹配法设计氢分配网络

石油炼化企业中氢网络的优化对提高氢资源的利用率意义重大,以降低氢消耗和简化集成方法为目标提出了一种氢回用网络的设计新方法。在向一个氢阱分配氢源时,优先分配内部氢源,并将浓度刚好高于和刚好低于该氢阱入口浓度的氢源进行匹配利用,从而最大限度地降低外部氢源消耗。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,本文方法得到的结果可与文献方法得到的目标值相媲美,而设计步骤简单计算量小,可用手算即能完成,说明本文提出的方法是可行的。另外,本文方法不仅可以得出氢消耗目标值,还可以同时得出氢网络设计。     

Unsteady flow and heat transfer on an accelerating surface with blowing or suction in the absence and presence of a heat source or sink

The problem of unsteady flow and heat transfer in the laminar boundary layer on a linearly accelerating surface with suction or blowing in the absence and presence of a heat source or sink is considered. The governing partial differential equations for this investigation are transformed into the non-dimensional equations by using pseudo-similarity time and pseudo-similarity coordinate. The resulting two points boundary-value problem is solved numerically by the central finite difference method associated with Newton's iteration from the initial stage (ξ=0) to a steady state (ξ=1) completely. A parametric study is performed to illustrate the effects of Prandtl number, power-law surface temperature (PLST) or power-law heat flux (PLHF), heat sink or heat source, and suction or blowing parameter on the dynamic velocity and temperature fields as well as the transient development of the skin-friction coefficients and the Nusselt number. These results are depicted graphically to display special aspects of unsteady flow and heat transfer characteristics in all time.     

Countercurrent flow osmotic processes for the production of solutions having a high osmotic pressure

Several osmotic processes, concentrate return reverse osmosis, osmotic sink reverse osmosis, and osmotic sink osmosis are proposed for the production or further concentration of solutions having a high osmotic pressure. These processes all involve countercurrent flow, on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane, of the permeant donating, i.e. concentrating solution, and the permeant-receiving i.e. diluting solution.The processes depend on the fact that, at any point in the train of membranes, the permeant-receiving solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the permeant. This effect is achieved by the injection of a solution having a high osmotic pressure at the beginning of the permeant-receiving side of the countercurrent system.     

Numerical Simulation of Manifold Microchannel Heat Sinks for Thermal Management in a Li-Ion Battery

The microchannel heat sink is an effective technology for the thermal management of Li-ion batteries. The overall performance of two heat sinks with improved thermal management of Li-ion batteries was determined by a numerical simulation model. A manifold microchannel heat sink (MMC) and a traditional microchannel heat sink (TMC) with different aspect ratios of microchannels were developed. Thermal transfer performance and pressure drop characteristics of two heat sinks were compared by Fluent. Results indicate that the temperature uniformity of the TMC is worse than that of the MMC. The total pressure drop of TMC is significantly higher as compared to that of the MMC. Consequently, the MMC has a better overall performance than the TMC.     

考虑启动压力梯度计算直井-水平井联合布井时注采极限井距

由于低渗透储层具有低孔、低渗特征,其孔隙结构异常复杂,表现出非达西渗流,存在启动压力梯度。水平井技术作为开发低渗透储层的有效技术之一,具有泄油面积大、单井产量高、穿透度大、储量动用程度高等优点。本文采用拟三维思想,利用积分法推导了水平井在水平面上的流函数和势函数。并针对低渗透储层存在启动压力梯度,计算直井-水平井联合布井时的极限井距,结合等产量-源-汇典型解,对比联合布井与纯直井布井时极限井距的差异。并得到不同水平井段长度下,极限井距与启动压力梯度之间的关系。经实例验证,此方法对直井-水平井联合布井确定合理井距开发低渗透储层具有一定的指导意义。     

Effects of radiation and heat source/sink on unsteady MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a shrinking sheet with suction/injection

In this paper, an investigation is made to study the effects of radiation and heat source/sink on the unsteady boundary layer flow and heat transfer past a shrinking sheet with suction/injection. The flow is permeated by an externally applied magnetic field normal to the plane of flow. The self-similar equations corresponding to the velocity and temperature fields are obtained, and then solved numerically by finite difference method using quasilinearization technique. The study reveals that the momentum boundary layer thickness increases with increasing unsteadiness and decreases with magnetic field. The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with Prandtl number, radiation parameter and heat sink parameter, but it increases with heat source parameter. Moreover, increasing unsteadiness, magnetic field strength, radiation and heat sink strength boost the heat transfer.     

A Multi-Criteria Study of Optimal Working Fluids for High Temperature Heat Pumps

A bi-objective optimization with respect to coefficient of performance (COP) and volumetric heating capacity (VHC) is performed for a high temperature heat pump. For fixed temperature levels of the heat source and sink, the values for temperature in the evaporator and condenser as well as the degree of vapor super-heating and condensate sub-cooling are optimized. Constraints are placed on the minimal pressure in the evaporator, the maximal pressure in the condenser and the compressor discharge temperature. Results are presented for a one-stage and a two-stage heat pump cycle. Cyclobutane and several butene isomers are identified as working fluids with a good compromise between COP and VHC from a CoMT-CAMD approach based on PC-SAFT and a realistic model for the ideal gas heat capacity.     

Light-induced electron spin polarization in the ground state of water-soluble copper porphyrins

Light-induced spin-polarized transient EPR spectra are reported for several water-soluble copper porphyrins. The spectra are assigned to the doublet ground state, with emissive spin polarization resulting from photoexcitation and subsequent electronic relaxation. In contrast to other systems for which polarization of a doublet ground state has been observed, the exchange interactions in the copper porphyrins are strong and the geometry is fixed. It is proposed that intersystem crossing from the photoexcited trip-doublet to the trip-quartet state can lead to net polarization of the spin system and that this polarization is maintained during electronic decay, possibly via charge-transfer and exciplex states. The intensity of the observed spin polarization is essentially independent of the molecular orientation in the external field, but is strongly dependent on the nature of the charged peripheral groups. Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed.     

Mercury porosimetry and the interpretation of pore geometry in sedimentary rocks and artificial models

The major objectives of this paper are to investigate how the form and hysteresis of mercury injection, withdrawal and reinjection capillary pressure curves are affected by the geometry of pores and their connections in samples of sedimentary rocks and also in artificial and theoretical pore-network models.In particular, those aspects of pore systems which may influence trapping of mercury during pressure reduction and withdrawal are considered. These are: pore to throat ratio, throat to pore coordination number or connectivity and the types and extent of random and non-random heterogeneities within the system.These aspects of pore systems influence the threshold pressure and the gradient of injection curves as well as the gradients and degree of hysteresis displayed by withdrawal and re-injection curves. Such curves are useful in interpreting pore geometry and give information which is valuable in assessing multiphase fluid behaviour in oil and gas reservoir rocks. In the case of water displacing oil or gas, in a strongly water-wet system, the trapping of oil or gas is controlled mainly by capillary forces and a direct analogy with the air-mercury system is possible.     

Radial pressure and thickness effects on the moisture diffusion in hollow composite cylinders

According to the literature, the mechanical states (external or internal) have an effect on the penetration of moisture into a composite material through affecting both its main controlling parameters: the diffusion coefficient and the maximum moisture absorption capacity. In this article, a scale transition analysis is performed to investigate the coupled effect of the external/internal mechanical states, experienced by epoxy resin composite structures, on the moisture penetration process. The scale transition approach provides relations linking the plies strains to those of their constituents and homogenization procedures enabling to estimate the evolution of the plies diffusion parameters, from those of the epoxy, at any step of the moisture diffusion process. This work underlines the effects induced by the thickness of the considered composite structure. The respective contributions of the internal and external loads (in the case of a radial pressure, only) on the transient and permanent stages of the diffusion process are also investigated. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers