PVA型超亲水-水下超疏油过滤膜油水分离性能研究

稀土萃取分离生产过程中会产生大量的含油废水亟待处理，超亲水-水下超疏油过滤膜为稀土冶炼含油废水带来了新的解决方案。以过滤棉为基材，以富含羟基的聚乙烯醇(PVA)与亲水的纳米二氧化硅溶胶为前驱体，以戊二醛为交联剂制备了PVA型超亲水-水下超疏油过滤膜。接触角测试表明，在空气介质中对水的接触角为0°，在水介质中对油的接触角为155.3°，具备优良的超亲水-水下超疏油性能。对制备的PVA型超亲水-水下超疏油过滤膜进行油水分离实验发现，3次重复实验过滤膜的平均油水分离率为97.5%，膜通量为11.89 L/(m²·s)，经30次油水分离循环测试，该过滤膜仍具有95.3%的油水分离率和11.06 L/(m²·s)的膜通量，展现了较好的耐久性和稳定性，具有一定的工业推广应用前景。     

高通量rGO微球@PVDF纳米纤维复合膜的制备及其油水分离性能研究

采用静电纺丝法制备了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)纳米纤维膜,并采用共混纺丝法和真空抽滤两种方式将还原氧化石墨烯微球(rGO)负载于其上,获得高通量rGO微球@PVDF纳米纤维复合油水分离膜。通过调整静电纺丝过程参数(如推注速率和电场强度等)和纺丝液配方,对PVDF纳米纤维膜结构进行优化,并采用不同的rGO微球负载量、负载方式、黏结剂含量来提高纳米纤维膜的表面粗糙度和疏水性。利用扫描电子显微镜和接触角测试对纤维膜的表面形貌和亲疏水性进行表征,并通过二氯甲烷-水体系进行油水分离实验,测试了不同配方下杂化膜的重力驱动油水分离性能。结果表明,当静电纺丝溶液中PVDF含量为14%时,以1 mL·h^-1的推注速率,在15 kV下制得的PVDF纳米纤维膜,并将1%PVDF溶液、3 mg rGO微球(与黏结剂中有效成分PVDF质量比为3∶1)和溶剂组成的铸膜液抽滤在膜表面,复合膜表面水接触角为130.9°,其油水分离过程中的有机溶剂透过通量可达5 641.3 L·h^-1·m^-2,水相的截留率为99.28%。     

超亲水天然多酚改性膜的制备及其油水分离性能

为研发绿色环保、制备工艺简单的油水分离材料，以单宁酸(TA)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为改性剂，聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜为基底，通过简单浸渍法，制备了超亲水复合膜(TAPE膜)。采用SEM、AFM、FTIR、XPS和接触角测定仪对TAPE膜进行了表征和分析，并考察了TAPE膜的油水分离性能、耐磨性能和稳定性。结果表明，TAPE膜具有多孔微纳米粗糙结构，当TA含量为蒸馏水质量的1.75%时，该膜的水接触角和水下油接触角分别为0°和156°，表现出超亲水性和水下超疏油性。在0.09 MPa工作压力下，TAPE膜分离水包油乳液的膜通量为1146.4 L/(m²·h)，是原始PVDF膜的30倍，该膜对油水混合液和水包油乳液的分离效率均可达99.9%。此外，TAPE膜具有良好的稳定性，膜表面经砂纸(320目)磨损(100 g载重)25次后水接触角仍高达152°。     

超亲水PVDF纤维复合膜的制备及其油水分离性能研究

为解决聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜分离含油废水时亲水性差、易被污染的问题，利用乙烯-co-马来酸酐共聚物(PEMA)的超润湿性能，先将PVDF和PEMA共混后通过静电纺丝制备出富羧基PVDF纤维复合膜，后在纤维表面原位生长微纳米CaCO₃颗粒对膜进行矿化处理得到超亲水PVDF纤维复合膜，并将其用于油水分离。探讨PEMA含量和矿化条件对纤维复合膜结构与性能的影响，明确膜微观结构、表面化学组成与膜油水分离性能、抗污染性能之间的关系。结果表明：当PEMA与PVDF质量比为1:4、经3次循环矿化后所制备的PVDF纤维复合膜具有最佳的亲水性能，水接触角从131.12°降至18.55°、在重力下纯水渗透通量为391.96 L/(m²·h)；膜具有优异的抗油粘附性能和水下驱油能力，对于正己烷/水、甲苯/水、石油醚/水、大豆油/水、二氯乙烷/水等混合物进行油水分离时效率均高达98.5%以上；10次循环油水分离实验和持续水洗实验表明该纤维复合膜具有很好的恢复性和亲水持久性。     

超亲水/水下超疏油膜的制备及油水分离性能

工业生产和频繁的溢油事故产生大量的含油废水,其高效分离依然面临全球性的挑战。具有仿生浸润特性的膜可以选择性透过水或油,分离效率高且操作简单而广泛应用于油水分离。本文通过一步浸渍法将TiO₂纳米颗粒和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）原位固化到不锈钢网上制备了具有微/纳米层级结构的超亲水/水下超疏油油水分离膜。重点考察了TiO₂/PVP涂覆液浓度（质量分数1%、3%、5%、7%、9%）对膜的浸润特性和油水分离性能的影响。实验结果表明,不同TiO₂/PVP浓度改性的膜具有超亲水/水下超疏油特性,水的接触角均为0°,在水中油的接触角达160°,油水分离效率大于99.5%。膜通量随浓度的增大先减小后增加,当质量分数为3%时膜通量最大为8422.5L/（m²·h）。经过30次连续油水分离后,其分离效率仍大于99.5%,表明TiO₂/PVP-SS （stainless steel）膜有良好的耐久性和稳定性。因此,TiO₂/PVP-SS仿生特殊浸润膜材料在油水分离领域具有经济、高效、环境友好的潜在优势。     

一种高机械耐久性油水分离网的制备及性能

为提高超疏油/超亲水涂层的机械耐久性，首次提出以碳纳米管、正硅酸乙酯和丙烯酸树脂为原料，加入全氟辛酸和壳聚糖季铵盐进行改性，喷涂制备出一种具有高机械耐久性的油水分离网。利用接触角测试、砂纸磨损实验和油水分离实验，评价分离网的润湿性、机械耐久性和油水分离能力，并通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对涂层磨损前后的形貌变化进行分析。结果表明，当碳纳米管掺杂量为1.5%时，制备的涂层油接触角为155.5°,水接触角为0°,具有良好的超润湿性；经过160次砂纸磨损实验，仍保持超疏油/超亲水状态，表现出优异的机械耐久性；在油和水(碱性、酸性、中性、冷、热)的混合溶液中均有96%以上的分离效率和1.6×10⁴ L/(m²·h)以上的渗透通量，经过20次分离后分离效率为96.33%,具有良好的油水分离能力。     

氧化石墨烯改性PVDF超滤膜制备及分离性能

用N-(三甲氧基硅丙基)乙二胺三乙酸钠(EDTS)对氧化石墨烯进行修饰,制备出亲水的EDTS-GO纳米复合物。然后通过共混的方式将EDTS-GO添加到PVDF中,制备出EDTS-GO改性PVDF超滤膜。接触角分析和红外光谱结果表明,在相转化过程中EDTS-GO转移至膜表面,PVDF膜表面的亲水性增强。系统考察了不同EDTS-GO添加量对膜性能的影响。膜性能测试表明,随着EDTS-GO添加量的增加,PVDF膜的纯水通量先增大然后降低,当添加量为0.5%时,纯水通量达到最大值,711.2 L·(m2·h)-1。此外,抗污染实验表明,EDTS-GO改性的PVDF超滤膜比未改性的PVDF超滤膜具有更强的抗污染性能。     

亲水化改性PVDF超滤膜的抗污染特性研究

以不同通量的自制亲水化纳米SiO2改性PVDF超滤膜(PS)和聚乙烯醇改性PVDF超滤膜(PA),对城市污水二级出水(EfOM)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)水溶液进行了过滤试验,通过对比未添加改性剂的PVDF超滤膜,考察通量衰减率、膜污染阻力构成、通量恢复率等指标,分析水质与膜材料间的相互关系对超滤膜抗污染能力的影响.结果表明,在BSA料液中,3种通量下,低通量的膜抗污染能力好于高通量膜.20 min内PA膜表现出最低的膜通量衰减,而P膜在过滤初期通量就急剧下降.在EfOM料液中,各通量下,P膜通量衰减严重且产生了不可逆的堵孔阻力,亲水化改性后膜通量衰减率降低,稳态通量高,膜污染阻力主要来自于浓差极化和滤饼层阻力,其中PS膜通量下降率最低,而PA膜清洗后通量易恢复.     

多巴胺及KH-561改性PVDF超滤膜的制备及性能

采用聚多巴胺与亲水物质前驱体同步水解的方法,在膜表面生成杂化涂层,通过调整3-(2,3-环氧丙氧基)丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-561)与多巴胺的配比,制备了PVDF超滤改性膜。测试了杂化涂层对改性膜的表面形貌、亲水性、纯水通量、截留率等性能的影响。结果表明,杂化涂层不仅提高了改性膜的表面亲水能力,也改善了膜内部孔道的亲水性,PVDF改性膜的水接触角降至37.8°。膜水通量达到174 L/(m²·h),蛋白截留率达90%以上。杂化涂层在膜表面形成一层水膜,使膜具有良好的抗污染性能,改性膜的衰减系数最低可达0.19。     

纳米TiO_2改性PVDF超滤膜的制备

采用溶液刮膜法制备了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜,利用TiO_2溶胶对PVDF超滤膜进行了改性。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、接触角测量仪、拉力测定仪等对改性前后PVDF超滤膜进行了形貌、结构、亲水性能以及力学性能测试。结果表明,PVDF超滤膜的最佳配方:w(PVDF)为16%,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮与N,N-二甲基乙酰胺质量分数分别为2%,82%。纳米TiO_2能均匀分散在PVDF超滤膜中,显著提升了超滤膜的各项性能,改性PVDF超滤膜中,w(TiO_2)最佳为2%,膜的纯水通量达226.5 L/(m~2·h),牛血清蛋白截留率保持在89.3%,膜的牛血清蛋白污染率由38.5%降至6.7%,膜与水接触角由69.4°降至45.2°。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.