自然发酵对豌豆淀粉理化性质的影响

豌豆在35℃下分别自然发酵0、1、3、5 d,研究对豌豆淀粉的直链淀粉含量、透明度、溶解度、膨润力、黏度特性和质构特性等理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液的pH从7下降到4.2,直链淀粉含量增加,透明度降低。自然发酵后豌豆淀粉的溶解度和膨润力均降低,发酵5 d后,糊化温度从73.05℃升高到83.55℃,峰值黏度从178.42 RVU降低到120.8 RVU,淀粉凝胶硬度从920.34 g降低到104.01 g。     

Changes in physio-biochemical metabolism,phenolics and antioxidant capacity of different Chinese pea varieties during germination

In this study, changes in physiological and biochemical metabolism, phenolics and antioxidant capacity of six different Chinese pea varieties during germination were investigated. Results showed that germination had a positive effect on the physiological indexes and bioactive substances of pea. The bud length, root length, fresh weight and respiration rate of pea sprouts increased with germination time. The content of free and bound phenolics in germinated peas increased significantly. Meanwhile, activated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase (4CL) led to the accumulation of phenolics. Antioxidant capacity of pea sprouts increased with the extension of germination time. From the perspective of principal component analysis, compared with the other five varieties, Longwan 7 can be distinguished by free phenolic content in the later stage of germination. The result provides a new perspective for further development of pea as a functional food for human consumption.     

豌豆淀粉与马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉理化性质比较

通过对豌豆淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉的基本组成、颗粒形态、凝沉性、糊化特性、透明度及抗性淀粉含量的测定与比较表明:豌豆淀粉中直链淀粉和蛋白质的含量较高,但其颗粒直径小于马铃薯淀粉;与马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉相比,豌豆淀粉易于回生,但糊稳定性较好;豌豆淀粉糊的透明度低于马铃薯淀粉,但其淀粉组成中慢消化淀粉含量高于马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉。      

发酵对粗粮营养价值、抗氧化性以及理化性质的改良研究现状

随着人们生活水平的提高、健康理念的逐渐深入,粗粮逐渐受到现代人的青睐。但是粗粮食品口感粗糙,加工性能较差,而发酵后的粗粮在营养价值、抗氧化性以及理化性质上都更为优良。本文就国内外对粗粮发酵的研究现状,包括发酵菌种、营养价值、抗氧化性以及理化性质等方面进行了概述,旨在为开发新的粗粮发酵食品提供参考。      

Composition,molecular structure,and physicochemical properties of starches from two grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cultivars grown in Canada

The morphology, molecular structure and physicochemical properties of starches from two cultivars (NC8A97, Lath 96) of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) were examined. In both cultivars, starch granules were irregular to oval to round to elliptical shaped, with smooth surfaces. No significant differences was observed between the cultivars with respect to mean granule diameter (26.3–27.3 μm), mean granule length (32–34.5 μm), amylose content (37.95–38.30%), bound lipid content (0.08%), amylopectin chain length distribution, average chain length (19.2) and X-ray diffraction pattern (‘C’ type). However, NC8A97 and Lath 96 starches differed significantly with respect to the degree of crystallinity (Lath 96 > NC8A97), B-polymorphic content (Lath 96 > NC8A97), granular swelling (NC8A97 > Lath 96), extent of amylose leaching (NC8A97 > Lath 96), peak viscosity (Lath 96 > NC8A97), shear stability (Lath 96 > NC8A97), set-back (NC8A97 > Lath 96) and susceptibility towards enzyme and acid hydrolysis (NC8A97 > Lath 96). The results showed that physicochemical properties of the grass pea starches were influenced by the extent of interaction between starch chains (Lath 96 > NC897) in the amorphous regions, amount of crystallites (NC8A97 > Lath 96) and crystallite heterogeneity (NC8A97 > Lath 96).     

Effect of extrusion cooking on structure and functional properties of pea and kidney bean proteins

Pea (Pisum sativum L cv Ballet) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L cv Pinto) seeds were extruded at 148 and 156 °C respectively. Protein solubility at various pH values and in various solvents was determined and analysis of protein fractions was carried out by SDS‐PAGE. Also, sulphhydryl and disulphide groups, water‐holding capacity (WHC), water solubility index (WSI) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) were determined. No changes in total nitrogen content of pea and kidney bean seeds occurred as a result of thermal treatment. Protein solubility from raw and extruded legumes was significantly higher in saline solutions than in water in the pH range 2–10. The solubility of proteins from extruded pea and kidney bean flours was greatly decreased with respect to native flours when extraction was in buffer (pH 7.0) alone. Extraction with buffer containing 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), alone or in combination, greatly increased protein extractability. As a result, the relative solubility was nearly 100% in buffer with SDS and 2‐ME for both raw and extruded samples. Total and free sulphhydryl group and disulphide contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after extrusion cooking. Moreover, extrusion treatment caused major changes in the band patterns of the albumin and globulin fractions obtained by SDS‐PAGE. WHC and WSI of extrudates increased significantly in both peas and kidney beans. A significant reduction in OAC was observed in extruded kidney bean flour. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

挤压处理对豌豆蛋白功能特性及结构的影响

目的:研究挤压处理对豌豆蛋白功能特性及结构的影响,提高豌豆蛋白的功能性质。方法:采用全自动测色色差计对豌豆蛋白挤出物颜色的变化进行分析,用化学分析法对蛋白质的持水性和乳化特性进行测试,用扫描电子显微镜观察豌豆蛋白及其挤出物的微观结构,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析挤出物的二级结构变化。结果:豌豆蛋白经挤压处理后,颜色无显著差异,产品色泽良好,持水性显著下降(P<0.05),乳化性和乳化稳定性显著增加(P<0.05)。挤压处理后微观结构改变明显,产生蛋白聚集体,结构紧密。挤压处理后无新的特征峰出现,但二级结构各组分之间发生转化,β-折叠、α-螺旋结构向β-转角、无规卷曲结构转化,结构稳定性增加。结论:豌豆蛋白经过挤压处理后,保留了原来的产品色泽,乳化特性显著改善,结构致密,稳定性得到了提高。     

盐含量对泡辣椒发酵过程中质构劣化及相关理化指标变化的影响

该研究通过考察不同食盐含量下泡辣椒发酵过程中质构劣化与微生物数量、pH、水分存在状态以及总果胶酶活力变化之间的关系,研究食盐含量对泡辣椒质构品质形成的影响机制。结果表明,当食盐含量为4%～6%时,乳酸菌适度产酸,且高渗环境促进辣椒组织中的自由水渗出或转化为不易移动水,导致样品水分活度显著下降。同时,由于果胶酶活性受到显著抑制,细胞结构完整且水分结合能力增强,有助于样品硬度、咀嚼性和脆性的提升。当食盐含量＜4%时,体系中果胶酶活性高,导致样品质构劣化。而食盐含量＞6%时,高渗环境导致泡辣椒组织过度失水坍塌,硬度、咀嚼性和脆性均下降。因此,4%～6%的食盐含量可有效控制泡辣椒质构劣化。     

Effect of genotype and environment on the concentrations of starch and protein in, and the physicochemical properties of starch from, field pea and fababean

BACKGROUND: The effects of genotype and environment and their interaction on the concentrations of starch and protein in, and the amylose content and thermal and pasting properties of starch from, pea and fababean are not well known. RESULTS: Differences due to genotype were observed in the concentrations of starch and protein in pea and fababean, in the onset temperature (To) and peak temperature (Tp) of gelatinization of fababean starch, and in the pasting, trough, cooling and final viscosities of pea starch and fababean starch. Significant two‐way interactions (location × genotype) were observed for the concentration of starch in fababean and the amylose content, To, endothermic enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) and trough viscosity of fababean starch. Significant three‐way interactions (location × year × genotype) were observed for the concentration of starch in pea and the pasting, trough, cooling and final viscosities of pea starch. CONCLUSION: Differences observed in the concentrations of starch and protein in pea and fababean were sufficient to be of practical significance to end‐users, but the relatively small differences in amylose content and physicochemical properties of starch from pea and fababean were not. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of microbial transglutaminase on the protein fractions of rice,pea and their blends

BACKGROUND: Transglutaminase (TG) is a transferase that has been used for crosslinking proteins. In general, those interactions are promoted within proteins of the same nature, and very few studies have been conducted for creating new bonds between proteins from different sources catalysed by TG. The effect of TG on the protein fractions of rice flour, pea protein isolate and their blends was studied by using different electrophoretic analyses (simple sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and multistaking SDS‐PAGE under reducing and non‐reducing conditions). RESULTS: TG induced the disappearance of numerous protein bands as a consequence of the formation of large protein polymers, linked by isopeptidic and disulfide bonds, with reduced solubility. The main protein fractions involved in those interactions were the albumins and globulins, from the pea protein isolate, and the rice flour; and the glutelins were also crosslinked. CONCLUSION: Composite flours containing the rice flour and the pea protein isolate are proposed for obtaining a protein‐enriched dough with better amino acid balance. Also a protein network formed of protein aggregates of high molecular weight can be created in the presence of transglutaminase. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

酱香型白酒二轮次堆积酒醅微生物群落与理化指标相关性研究

采用高通量测序技术分析酱香型白酒二轮次堆积发酵过程中堆积酒醅微生物群落结构及演替规律。结果表明,酱香型白酒二轮次堆积发酵酒醅中共检测出171个属微生物,其中细菌125个属,真菌46个属。堆积酒醅中优势真菌包括曲霉属（Aspergillus）、假丝酵母属（Candida）、裸胞壳属（Emericella）、毕赤酵母属（Pichia）、红曲霉属（Monascus）、毛孢子菌属（Trichosporon）、节担菌属（Wallemia）、威克汉姆酵母属（Wickerhamomyces）;优势细菌包括芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、海洋芽孢杆菌属（Oceanobacillus）、高温放线菌属（Thermoactinomyces）、枝芽孢菌属（Virgibacillus）、片球菌属（Pediococcus）、光冈菌属（Mitsuokella）等。相关性分析结果表明,淀粉、总酸含量与曲霉属、裸胞壳属等微生物的丰度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,有利于微生物的生长繁殖;温度、粗蛋白和还原糖的含量与裸胞壳属的丰度呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,对裸胞壳属的生长有抑制作用;水分含量与微生物多样性之间的相关性不显著（P≥0.05）。     

Influence of wheatgrass and mung bean microgreens incorporation on physicochemical,textural, sensory,antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of gluten-free eggless rice muffins

In this study, gluten-free eggless muffins were prepared by incorporating wheatgrass (WP) and mung bean microgreens (MP) powder in rice flour at 2%, 4% and 6% levels. The batter rheology was evaluated and muffins studied for changes in physicochemical, textural, antioxidant, sensory properties and phenolic composition. The batter viscoelasticity, firmness, gumminess and chewiness increased, while height and specific volume (SV) of muffins declined by increasing the level of WP and MP incorporation. WP and MP incorporated muffins exhibited higher protein content, dietary fibre, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant properties. WP incorporated muffins were rich in total free and bound phenolic acids, while MP incorporated muffins had more total free and bound flavonoids. The 6%MP incorporated muffins were rated lower by sensory panellists, while 2%WP incorporated muffins were acceptable with better nutritional profile, similar cohesiveness, springiness and SV to that of rice alone muffins.     

Fortification of set yogurt with passion fruit juice: Effects on fermentation kinetics,physicochemical properties,and functionality

With the purpose of developing an alternative set yogurt with high consumer acceptability, passion fruit juice, at levels that varied from 0 to 10%, was incorporated into set yogurt, and the effects on the fermentation kinetics, physicochemical properties, and functionality of set yogurt were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of passion fruit juice was simultaneously propitious for milk acidification in earlier fermentation stages and reduced the fermentation rate at later stages of fermentation. The phenolic compounds and pectin in passion fruit juice interacted with caseins to form soluble complexes, enhancing the gel strength of set yogurts by 7.5%. The aroma and flavor of the set yogurt was improved as well. However, with the addition of 10% passion fruit juice, the gel structure was destroyed, and the quality of the set yogurt was very degraded. More importantly, the addition of passion fruit juice increased the polyphenol content and significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of the set yogurt. This investigation demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating passion fruit juice-enriched set yogurt and its superior quality compared with the corresponding normal product.     

Effect of grinding on the structure of pea protein isolate and the rheological properties of its acid-induced gels

The purpose of this study was to expand the application range of pea protein isolates by improving the rheological properties of their acid-induced gels. A pea protein isolate was ground for different durations, and changes in the structure and properties of its gels were studied. Furthermore, the influence mechanism of grinding on gelation was revealed. The results showed that grinding slightly changed the secondary structure of the pea protein isolate and had a great impact on its tertiary structure. Compared with the unground pea protein isolate, the solubility of the ground pea protein isolate increased from 45.89% to 69.84%, and the water-holding capacity of the gels increased from 52.04% to 94.67% at 7.5 min of grinding. After grinding for 15 min, the particle size of the pea protein isolate decreased from 1292.4 to 945.7 nm, and the polydispersity index decreased from 0.387 to 0.321. Rheological measurements showed that the storage modulus (G′), viscosity and recovery of protein gel samples improved after grinding. Thus, grinding enhanced the potential of protein gels for new applications.     

酸马奶发酵过程中理化指标与细菌相的动态变化

分析了酸马奶发酵过程中(0~96 h)部分理化指标以及细菌群落的变化情况。结果显示酸马奶发酵96 h内p H为下降趋势,发酵初期迅速酸化,发酵后期下降速度缓慢趋于稳定,最低达到p H3.54;总蛋白质、脂肪含量存在一定的起伏变化,72 h达到最高值;乳糖含量减少,而乳酸含量增加;葡萄糖、半乳糖、乙酸、丙酸含量在发酵过程中处于较低的水平;细菌群落结构分析结果显示酸马奶发酵过程中存在丰富的细菌多样性,并且群落结构有明显的演替变化。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)为优势细菌属,在酸马奶发酵过程中12~24 h呈现出上升的趋势,而24~48 h时其含量下降。研究结果表明不同发酵时间酸马奶营养价值存有差异。      

复合发酵剂对羊肉发酵香肠亚硝酸盐残留量和品质的影响

以羊肉为原料不添加发酵剂、添加市售发酵剂和复合发酵剂(植物乳杆菌与肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂比为1∶3)采用同种工艺生产三组发酵香肠。研究三组羊肉发酵香肠发酵和干燥成熟过程中的p H、Aw、色差、亚硝酸盐(NIT)含量变化以及成品的质构特性。结果显示:发酵过程中,三组发酵香肠的p H、Aw和e值均下降,混合发酵剂组p H迅速降低为4.7,低于对照组和市售发酵剂组,其NIT含量为0.66mg/kg,低于对照组和市售发酵剂组的0.79、0.8mg/kg;成熟结束时,三组的p H和e值开始上升,混合发酵剂组的Aw下降极显著(p<0.01)快于市售发酵剂组和对照组,并且三组各项质构指标除黏聚性外均差异极显著(p<0.01),最终对照组、市售发酵剂组、混合发酵剂组发酵香肠的NIT含量分别为1.38、1.46、1.26mg/kg。整体上,混合发酵剂香肠品质优于其他两组。      

4种特色红茶菌发酵液感官品质、理化特性及菌群结构比较研究

目的 揭示不同红茶菌发酵液品质差异的内在原因.方法 以4种特色的红茶菌发酵液为研究对象(标记为A、B、C、D),比较分析其在感官品质、理化特性和群落结构的差异.结果 4种红茶菌发酵液的香味、滋味差异较大,色泽差异较小,其中B在发酵第2 d具有独特发酵风味与茶香,色泽橙黄,口感清爽,综合评分最高,为74.2分;4种红茶菌...     

Effect of the stage of growth,wilting and inoculation in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) silages. I. Herbage composition and silage fermentation

The stage of growth, field wilting and inoculation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) effects were studied by ensiling herbage of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) at four consecutive stages. Stands of semi‐leafless field pea, sown in spring, were harvested at four progressive morphological stages (end of flowering, I; beginning of pod filling, II; advanced pod filling, III; beginning of ripening, IV). For each stage of growth, the herbage was field wilted to a dry matter (DM) content of 318, 300, 348 and 360 g kg^?1 for stages I, II, III and IV, respectively. The unwilted and wilted herbages were ensiled in 5‐L silos, with (I) and without (C) a LAB inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum). High levels of ethanol, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were observed in all silages, facilitated by the high levels of water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) at ensiling (from 111 to 198 g kg^?1 DM). Despite the low pH values (4.3 and 4.1 for C and I silages, respectively), all the silages showed detectable levels of butyric acid. Field peas can be successfully ensiled after a short wilting period with reduced field curing and reduce DM losses onward from advanced pod filling stage, with the aid of LAB inoculum. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry