基于CNN-GRU组合神经网络的数控机床进给系统热误差研究

热变形引起的误差是影响数控机床精度的主要因素之一。为了减小热误差对数控机床精度的影响,提出一种基于CNN-GRU组合神经网络的热误差预测方法。通过热误差实验,采集螺旋曲面专用数控机床直线进给系统的温升数据和热误差数据;利用模糊C均值聚类和灰色关联度分析筛选进给系统温度敏感点;以温度敏感点的温升数据和进给系统热误差为数据样本,建立CNN-GRU热误差预测模型。为验证模型的准确性和实用性,与基于CNN-LSTM和基于LSTM的传统热误差预测模型进行预测对比分析,结果表明CNN-GRU模型预测结果的平均绝对误差、均方根误差和决定系数均优于CNN-LSTM模型和LSTM模型,具有较高的预测精度和鲁棒性。提供的热误差模型可为后续误差补偿奠定基础,为数控机床的热误差预测提供思路。     

基于GA-BP神经网络系统的滚珠丝杠热误差建模

滚珠丝杠是数控机床进给系统的关键部件,其热变形影响机床的定位误差。为提高数控机床的精度,提出一种基于GA-BP神经网络的热误差预测方法。以TX1600G镗铣加工中心进给系统的滚珠丝杠为研究对象,运用有限元法对丝杠进行热特性分析,并据此获得其温度和热误差数据。针对BP神经网络模型训练时间长,容易陷入局部极值等缺点,运用遗传算法优化BP神经网络的阈值和权值,并建立滚珠丝杠的热误差预测模型。通过MATLAB完成仿真实验,结果证明,GA-BP神经网络模型比BP神经网络模型拟合性能更好,预测能力更强。     

考虑电控数据的LSTM神经网络进给轴热误差建模

针对进给轴热误差建模中忽略电控数据和时间序列影响的问题,提出一种考虑温度变化与电控数据的长短期记忆(Long-Short Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络热误差预测模型.以三轴立式加工中心为试验对象,首先对进给轴进行热变形分析,再以温度变化、电控数据为输入样本,建立了LSTM神经网络热误差预测模型,随后通过与仅考虑温度变化的LSTM神经网络,以及同时考虑温度变化与电控数据的BP神经网络进行对比分析,试验论证表明,对数控机床进给轴进行热误差建模时,在考虑温度变化的基础上,进一步考虑电控数据可以提高模型的预测精度和鲁棒性,且在同样输入条件下,LSTM神经网络热误差预测模型相较于BP神经网络有更好的预测精度和鲁棒性.     

考虑电控数据的LSTM神经网络进给轴热误差建模

针对进给轴热误差建模中忽略电控数据和时间序列影响的问题,提出一种考虑温度变化与电控数据的长短期记忆(Long-Short Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络热误差预测模型.以三轴立式加工中心为试验对象,首先对进给轴进行热变形分析,再以温度变化、电控数据为输入样本,建立了LSTM神经网络热误差预测模型,随后通过与仅考虑温度变化的LSTM神经网络,以及同时考虑温度变化与电控数据的BP神经网络进行对比分析,试验论证表明,对数控机床进给轴进行热误差建模时,在考虑温度变化的基础上,进一步考虑电控数据可以提高模型的预测精度和鲁棒性,且在同样输入条件下,LSTM神经网络热误差预测模型相较于BP神经网络有更好的预测精度和鲁棒性.     

数控机床热误差建模及补偿研究

数控机床的热误差是影响机床精度的关键因素,因此需要对其进行预测和补偿。首先通过多工况下的定位误差测量和进给轴测量点的温度监测,分析了进给轴温度场和热误差的分布变化特征;利用多元线性回归表征温度变化与进给轴膨胀率的定量关系从而完成热误差的预测建模,针对三轴数控立式铣床进行了热误差补偿。实验结果显示:基于修正的最小二乘法的热误差参考点预测模型更符合实际工况,与补偿前相比机床进给轴的精度提升了47.5%。     

基于遗传算法优化灰色神经网络的机床主轴热误差建模研究

针对机床主轴热性能对加工精度产生影响的问题,对机床主轴热误差建模方向进行了试验研究。以数控磨床主轴为研究对象,通过热特性试验获得了阶梯转速下的温度变化数据和热误差数据,对温度数据进行了模糊聚类分组,并采用相关系数法选出了温度敏感测点;通过对灰色神经网络初始参数进行优化,建立了遗传算法(GA)优化的灰色神经网络热误差预测模型;在该模型中,以灰色神经网络的预测输出和实际值的绝对误差作为遗传算法适应度函数,以平均相对误差作为预测模型的评价标准,并与灰色神经网络、BP神经网络预测结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:该预测模型具有更高的预测精度,通过GA对灰色神经网络的初始参数进行优化,可有效地提高网络的预测精度,更好地用于热误差补偿系统。     

基于ANFIS的高速电主轴热误差建模研究

为了减少热误差对电主轴加工精度的影响,需要建立电主轴的热误差补偿系统,而补偿系统的性能主要取决于热误差预测模型的准确性和模型输入的温度质量。为保证输入模型的温度质量,采用模糊C-均值聚类和灰色关联分析相结合的综合算法优化温度测点,将温度测点的数量由10降至3个,以某台电主轴为试验对象,以电主轴转速为7 000 r/min的温度变量为输入,热误差变量为输出,采用自适应神经模糊推理系统建立了电主轴的热误差预测模型,并以转速为5 000和9 000 r/min的实验数据作为验证,结果表明,建立的ANFIS热误差预测模型可以有效地预测电主轴的热误差,预测模型的残差小于1μm。最后,与误差反向传播神经网络进行对比,结果表明该预测模型具有更高的精度和抗干扰能力。     

数控机床进给系统误差综合补偿

数控机床进给系统的几何误差和热误差是影响零件加工精度的主要因素,为了有效地改善加工精度,提出了一种几何误差和热误差综合预测模型。通过分析进给系统的热误差曲线特征,对机床的几何误差及热误差进行分离。采用最小二乘法对几何误差进行一元四次拟合得到几何误差模型;利用模糊聚类和相关分析对温度测点进行优化,建立热误差模型;将上述几何及热误差模型线性叠加形成综合模型。在一台数控车床上,对机床初始运行、升温及热平衡三个典型阶段进行实验验证,结果表明:进给系统误差综合补偿模型具有良好的鲁棒性,能较大幅度地改善机床的加工精度。     

精密数控车床主轴热误差建模

开展了精密数控车床主轴系统热误差补偿的实验与建模方法的研究。建立了精密数控车床主轴系统轴向与径向偏转热误差补偿模型以增强其误差补偿能力,并提高机床加工精度。构建了主轴系统热误差测试平台,应用五点法测试主轴系统热误差,使用热电偶与红外热像仪测量主轴系统温升关键点温度变化数据,应用灰色综合关联分析法实现温度敏感测点辨识。构建了基于粒子滤波重采样粒子群算法的热误差预测模型,对模型预测效果进行评价。结果表明:基于粒子滤波重采样粒子群热误差补偿模型得到的轴向热误差预测残差为-1.29μm~1.55μm,建模精度为95.04%;y向热偏转误差预测残差为-4.68×10~(-6°)~9.66×10~(-6°),建模精度为91.26%;z向热偏转误差预测残差为-5.83×10~(-6°)~8.59×10~(-6°),建模精度为93.24%。实验结果证明该热误差补偿模型具有较高的预测精度,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

基于正则化的机床热误差自适应稳健建模算法

通过建立预测模型对机床热误差进行补偿,是有效解决热误差造成机床精度下降问题的常用方法。本文提出一种基于正则化的数控机床热误差自适应稳健建模算法,能够在建模过程中自适应选择温度敏感点(TSPs),并具有高预测精度和稳健性。首先基于结构风险最小化原则对热误差建模稳健性机理进行分析,进而利用正则化算法中LASSO解的稀疏性实现自适应TSP选择。然后基于不同实验条件的热误差数据,分析所提建模算法的预测效果,并与常用的多元线性回归、BP神经网络和岭回归算法进行比对分析。结果表明,本文所提建模算法具有最高的预测精度和稳健性,分别为5.22和1.69μm。最后,利用所建立的预测模型进行热误差补偿实验,以验证本文所提建模算法的实际补偿效果。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.