Formation of monodisperse polyacrylamide particles by dispersion polymerization: particle size and size distribution

Highly monodisperse polyacrylamide microparticles were directly prepared by dispersion polymerization in aqueous alcoholic media initiated by 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile using poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) as a steric stabilizer. Monomer conversion was studied dilatometrically and polymer molecular weight was determined viscometrically. The hydrodynamic diameter of polymer particles and its distribution were measured with a dynamic laser light scattering spectrometer. The number of the nuclei produced in the early stage of the polymerization was found to be constant during the remainder of the polymerization. The influences of various polymerization parameters, such as initiator concentration, monomer concentration, stabilizer content, medium polarity, and polymerization temperature on the particle size and size distribution were systematically investigated. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Magnetite‐coated polystyrene hybrid microspheres prepared by miniemulsion polymerization

Hybrid microspheres with a polystyrene core coated with magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. Acrylic acid was used as a comonomer to promote the anchoring of the magnetite nanoparticles onto the polymeric surface. The addition of a hydrophobic agent prevents effectively the monomer from diffusing into the aqueous phase. Magnetite was treated with a silane coupling agent in order to introduce some interactions with the polymers. The morphology and the structure of the hybrid microspheres were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the morphology of the hybrid microspheres was influenced by the concentrations of acrylic acid, hydrophobic agent and surfactant, and that the degree of coating can be tuned by changing these parameters. The miniemulsion polymerization technique is adaptable to the synthesis of magnetite‐coated polymer particles, and the synthesis can be scaled up. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

辐射引发分散聚合反应制备聚合物微球研究进展

介绍了辐射作用原理、辐射引发分散聚合反应技术和机理、及其最新研究进展：重点阐述了超声、紫外光、γ射线、微波辐射在分散聚合中的应用。     

单分散大粒径交联聚苯乙烯微球的制备及功能化改性的研究进展

单分散的聚合物功能微球具有许多突出优点,如比表面积大、表面反应能力强等。系统地分析和综述了单分散交联聚苯乙烯功能微球的制备方法及应用的最新研究进展,并对该类功能材料的发展前景进行了预测。     

无皂乳液聚合法合成单分散性阴离子聚苯乙烯微球

采用无皂乳液聚合法制备了粒径大小可控且均一的聚苯乙烯微球,研究了反应过程中SDS加入量、反应温度、引发剂加入量及反应介质对聚苯乙烯微球粒径大小及分布的影响。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪对微球结构进行了表征。     

分散聚合研究进展及单分散聚合物微球的应用

分散聚合是一种能得到很好单分散聚合物微球的新型聚合方法,该方法已广泛应用于医学、涂料工业、生物工程、化学工业等方面。大粒径单分散聚合物微球在许多领域里有着广阔的应用前景,越来越受到人们的关注。笔者对分散聚合中的反应机理、粒径的控制以及稳定剂和分散介质的研究进展进行了概述,并简要介绍了单分散聚合物微球的应用。     

无皂乳液聚合制备亚微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球

采用无皂乳液聚合法制备了具有单分散性的亚微米级聚苯乙烯微球,考察了聚合体系pH值、单体及引发剂用量对聚合转化率、微球粒径及其分布的影响。结果表明,采用NaOH和NaHCO,复合溶液调节聚合体系pH值是控制聚合动力学、微球粒径及单分散性的有效手段,当其质量比为1：1时效果较好。随碱性复合溶液加入量的增加,最终转化率下降,微球粒径则由于复合溶液同时起到电解质的作用而存在极大值。随过硫酸钾(KPS)质量分数的增加,反应前期聚合转化率增大,但其用量过大,会导致体系pH值偏低,KPS过早消耗完毕,故反应后期最终转化率偏低;其用量过低,会影响粒径的单分散性。当KPS质量分数为单体的2％～3％时,聚合体系稳定性增加并改善了微球的单分散性,粒径趋小。单体用量的变化对聚合速率影响不大,随单体质量分数的提高,微球最终粒径增大,当单体质量分数过高,会影响微球的单分散性乃至体系失稳,一般以不超过10％为宜。     

双分散反相悬浮聚合制备吸水微球方法及装置

针对反相悬浮聚合存在热力学不稳定、分散剂难于清洗及难以实现工业化生产的缺点,基于落球法测黏度原理,建立了先后采用机械搅拌分散和自然沉降分散的反相悬浮聚合制备微球的方法,并设计了制备装置。该方法依靠搅拌速度及水相与油相体积比确定球径,然后在不采用分散剂的条件下,利用自然动力使微球边沉降边反应,有效避免微球粘连结块;制备装置结构简单,可实现连续生产,反应釜体高度需大于2 m以保证足够的反应时间,釜体材质为非极性材料以防止微球吸附釜壁。聚丙烯酰胺微球制备实验表明,制备工艺易于操作,微球不存在粘连,分散介质可重复使用,且无污染,便于工业化生产。     

细乳液聚合制备二氧化钛/聚苯乙烯复合微球及其形貌分析

采用细乳液聚合法,以γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲基硅烷改性的TiO2粒子为核,制备了核壳结构的TiO2/聚苯乙烯(PS)复合微球。研究了超声细乳化时间、乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的浓度、TiO2用量对细乳液粒径及其分布的影响。通过纳米粒度与Zeta电位分析仪、红外光谱、透射电镜等分析手段对产物进行了表征。结果表明,随着超声细乳化时间的增加,初始液滴的粒径变小。聚合后的乳胶粒粒径随着SDS浓度的增大而减小;TiO2用量不足导致乳胶粒粒径分布变宽,且出现双峰;制备所得的TiO2/PS复合微球粒度分布较为均匀,平均直径为176.5 nm,球形规整度较好。     

Synthesis of monodisperse porous poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres by distillation-precipitation polymerization

Highly crosslinked monodisperse porous poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) microspheres were prepared by distillation-precipitation polymerization in acetonitrile containing up to 25 vol% of toluene as porogen with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator in the absence of any stabilizer or surfactant. The porous polymer microspheres were formed through a precipitation manner during the distillation of the solvent from the reaction system. Monodisperse porous polymer particles with spherical shape and smooth surface were synthesized with diameters in the range of 1.86 and 3.06 μm, total porosity of up to 0.30 cm³/g and specific surface area as high as 762 m²/g. The growth procedure of porous PDVB microsphere was characterized by SEM technique for morphological observation and isotherm nitrogen adsorption for the determination of the special surface area and porosity. The resultant porous polymer microspheres had a novel structure with the gradual increasing of pore volume during distillation of the solvent out of the reaction system.     

Synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked polystyrene microspheres via dispersion copolymerization with the crosslinker‐postaddition method

Monodisperse crosslinked polystyrene microspheres were prepared by the dispersion copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in a mixed solvent of ethanol and H₂O. 2,2′‐Azobisisobutyronitrile and poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) were used as the initiator and steric stabilizer, respectively. The crosslinker‐postaddition method was adopted through a slow addition of a crosslinking agent into the dispersion system at a certain time after the beginning of the polymerization. The effects of the postaddition recipe, postaddition beginning time, postaddition velocity, and agitation rate on the particle size, size distribution, and morphology were discussed. The resulting polymer microspheres were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and laser particle analysis. Crosslinked polystyrene microspheres with a narrow size distribution and a 12.0% crosslinker level were obtained with a size of 1.0 μm through the crosslinker‐postaddition method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

Preparation of monodisperse polystyrene spheres incorporating polyimide prepolymer by dispersion polymerization in the presence of L-ascorbic acid

Addition of a small amount of L -ascorbic acid (AA) unexpectedly provided uniform-sized polystyrene (PS) spheres in an ordinary dispersion polymerization process. PS spheres incorporated with polyimide prepolymer (BANI-M), designed as possible spacers for liquid crystal displays, were prepared from formulations containing a mixed solvent of isopropanol/2-methoxyethanol, 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, and poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at 343 K. The average particle size decreased by the addition of AA; however, dramatic improvements of monodispersity were observed with various formulations. The best coefficient of variation was 1.37%, compared to 7.03% obtained without the presence of AA. Addition of AA was originally intended to scavenge a trace amount of oxygen remaining in the reactor system, promoting a rapid and short particle nucleation period, and thereby resulting in improved monodispersity. However, there was no difference in the initial reaction rate between the runs with and without AA; no noticeable induction period was observed even without AA provided that an ordinary procedure was employed to eliminate the dissolved oxygen through a nitrogen bubbling, and the nitrogen atmosphere was maintained during the reaction. It was proposed from ¹H-NMR analysis that the abstraction of hydrogen atom from the PVP chain by the oxidized form of AA promoted the formation of graft copolymer PVP-PS, which stabilizes precipitating chains in the nucleation period. Approximately 40% of BANI-M present initially was incorporated in the PS particles, which occupied 4–9% of the weight of polymer particles, well below the target value of 20%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 897–907, 1998     

单分散氢氧化钙/聚苯乙烯微球的制备与表征

以葡萄糖水溶液为反应介质,在氧化钙消化成氢氧化钙的过程中,加入苯乙烯单体和引发剂,采用原位悬浮聚合法成功制备了聚苯乙烯(PS)包覆氢氧化钙[Ca(OH)2]形成Ca(OH)2/PS微球.考察了葡萄糖水溶液、苯乙烯、稳定剂聚乙烯醇以及反应温度对单分散Ca(OH)2/PS微球的粒径及粒子分散系数的影响,得出较佳合成条件.在较佳条件下制备的Ca(OH)2/PS微球平均粒径为30～40 μm,粒子分散系数为0.08～0.10.扫描电镜照片表明,Ca(OH)2/PS具有良好的球形度,表面光滑、无破损.红外光谱表征显示,产物为Ca(OH)2/PS微球.     

Synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization in acetic acid

Poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres with size ranging from 1.6 to 1.8 μm were prepared in acetic acid by precipitation polymerization. The particle size and particle size distribution were determined by laser diffraction particle size analyzer, and the morphology of the particles was observed with scanning electron microscope. Besides, effects of various polymerization parameters such as initiator and total monomer concentration, divinylbenzene (DVB) content, polymerization time and polymerization temperature on the morphology and particle size were investigated in this article. In addition, the yield of microspheres increased with the increasing total monomer concentration, initiator loading, DVB concentration and polymerization time. In addition, the optimum polymerization conditions for synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization in acetic acid were obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Study of the preparation and mechanism of formation of hollow monodisperse polystyrene microspheres by SPG (Shirasu Porous Glass) emulsification technique

In a previous study, it was found that monodisperse polystyrene (PSt) hollow particles can be prepared under special conditions by combining a Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) emulsification technique and subsequent suspension polymerization process. That is, a mixture of styrene (St), N,N‐dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), hexadecane (HD), and initiator N, N′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADVN) was used as the dispersed phase in an aqueous phase containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and water‐soluble inhibitor. The dispersed phase was created by pushing the oil phase through the uniform pores of an SPG membrane into the continuous phase to form uniform droplets. Then, the droplets were polymerized at 70°C. It has been puzzling that hollow microspheres were obtained only when sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) was used as a water‐soluble inhibitor, while one‐hole particles were formed when hydroquinone (HQ) or diaminophenylene (DAP) was used. In this study, the mechanism of formation of the hollow microspheres was verified by measuring the variation of diameter, molecular weight distribution, and monomer conversion, and by observing morphological changes during the polymerization, as well as by changing the type and amount of hydrophilic monomer, and initiator. It was found that the diameter of the oil droplets decreased, and a large amount of secondary new particles formed immediately after polymerization started in the case of NaNO₂. However, there was no such apparent behavior to be observed when HQ or DAP was used. It was determined that the hollow particles formed due to the rapid phase separation between PSt and HD, and as a consequence, a large amount of monomer diffused into the aqueous phase to form the secondary particles. Rapid phase separation confined the HD inside the droplets, a nonequilibrium morphology. On the other hand, one‐hole particles, representing an equilibrium morphology, formed when the phase separation occurred slowly because a lot of monomer existed inside of the droplets to allow mobility of the PSt. The addition of DMAEMA allowed the hollow particles to be formed more easily by decreasing the interfacial tension between the copolymer and aqueous phase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1530–1543, 2002     

磁场引发苯乙烯分散聚合反应的研究

本文采用苯乙烯的分散聚合反应体系为研究对象,在无外加温度、压力及其它物理手段的前提下,直接利用磁场在室温条件下引发苯乙烯的分散聚合反应,成功制备出了聚苯乙烯微球。研究结果表明,交变磁场作用引发苯乙烯分散聚合生成了聚苯乙烯,其重均分子量Mw=96856,数均分子量Mn=13162。所制备的聚苯乙烯微球的粒径为1—2μm,恒定磁场条件下制备的聚苯乙烯微球重含有部分不成形的杂质,而交变磁场条件下制备的聚苯乙烯微球的球形度规整,表面光滑,无缺陷和杂质。     

Monodisperse, micrometer-sized low molar mass polystyrene particles by two-stage dispersion polymerization

Free-radical dispersion polymerization of styrene was carried out in ethanol and in ethanol-water mixtures in the absence and presence of carbon tetrabromide (CBr₄) as a chain transfer agent. When CBr₄ was present at the onset of the reaction, particles with a broad size distribution were obtained. If, however, the addition of CBr₄ was delayed ca 1 h, so that the particle nucleation step was complete, then 1-2 wt% chain transfer agent, dissolved in monomer plus solvent, could be added to the reaction without a deleterious affect on particle formation. The particle size and size distribution was essentially identical to that obtained in the absence of CBr₄. When more CBr₄ was added, other problems arose. These problems appeared to be due to solubility of low molar mass polymer in the reaction medium. They could be overcome by running the reaction in ethanol-water mixtures (e.g. 5 wt% water) to decrease the solubility of oligo-styrene at 70 °C, the reaction temperature. In this way, monodisperse particles could be prepared in the presence of 3 wt% CBr₄ based upon total styrene, consisting of polymers with M_n=7060, M_w/M_n=2.4.     

反向悬浮聚合法制备载药淀粉微球的研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为预交联剂,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为交联剂,采用反相悬浮法制备了载药淀粉微球,以淀粉微球的平均粒径和溶胀度为指标,考察引发剂用量、MBAA用量、油水两相体积比、反应时间等因素对微球合成的影响。利用粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱等对产物进行了表征。结果表明:淀粉微球的平均粒径随引发剂用量的增加先增大后减小,随反应时间的增加逐渐增大;溶胀度随引发剂用量的增加先增大后降低,随反应时间的增加降低。MBAA用量和油水比对淀粉微球的平均粒径和溶胀度影响较大。制备所得淀粉微球粒度分布范围较窄,球形圆整,表面粗糙多孔,可用作良好的药物载体和吸附剂。     

Preparation and properties of magnetic polystyrene microspheres

Magnetic polystyrene nanospheres were efficiently prepared by using a new indirect process based on miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and vibrating‐sample magnetometry (VSM), respectively. The experimental results clearly show that the 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane was anchored onto the surface of the magnetic particles to form the vinyl end. The size of the magnetic particle is about 6–30 nm. The size of the magnetic particle capped with polystyrene is about 1–2 μm. The magnetic polystyrene spheres exhibit multidomain character, whereas the pure magnetic particles show single domain character. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3660–3666, 2007     

Preparation and characterization of monodisperse molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres by precipitation polymerization for kaempferol

A new kind of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) microspheres for the selective extraction of kaempferol was prepared by precipitation polymerization using 4-vinylpridine (4-VP) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as functional monomer and cross-linker respectively. The synthesis conditions, such as ratios of 4-VP/EDMA and polymerization time were discussed in detail. Results showed that the 2% was the optimal concentration of co-monomers to obtain monodisperse MIP microspheres, the best ratio of 4-VP/EDMA was 1:2, and 24 h was considered as the proper polymerization time. Compared with the MIP agglomeration or coagulum particles, monodisperse MIP microspheres showed the better adsorption capacity: the saturated adsorption capacity of monodisperse MIP microspheres was 7.47 mg g^?1, the adsorption equilibrium could be obtained in 30 min. Finally, the adsorption performances of the optimal MIP microspheres were evaluated by kinetic adsorption, adsorption isotherm, and selective adsorption experiments, which indicated that the adsorption mechanism were chemical single layer adsorption and the separation factor was up to 3.91 by comparing with the structure similar compound (quercetin). The MIP microspheres exhibit prospects in the kaempferol efficient and selective separation.