Fast SPH simulation for gaseous fluids

This paper presents a fast smoothed particle hydro-dynamics (SPH) simulation approach for gaseous fluids. Unlike previous SPH gas simulators, which solve the transparent air flow in a fixed simulation domain, the proposed approach directly solves the visible gas without involving the transparent air. By compensating the density and force calculation for the visible gas particles, we completely avoid the need of computational cost on ambient air particles in previous approaches. This allows the computational resources to be exclusively focused on the visible gas, leading to significant performance improvement of SPH gas simulation. The proposed approach is at least ten times faster than the standard SPH gas simulation strategy and is able to reduce the total particle number by 25–400 times in large open scenes. The proposed approach also enables fast SPH simulation of complex scenes involving liquid–gas transition, such as boiling and evaporation. A particle splitting and merging scheme is proposed to handle the degraded resolution in liquid–gas phase transition. Various examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.     

一种基于自适应光滑长度的SPH液体模拟方法

传统SPH流体模拟方法通常使用固定的粒子光滑长度进行插值计算,在某些情况下会导致较大的插值误差。为提升模拟精度,建立了粒子光滑长度与邻居粒子密度调和平均数间的关系,自适应调整粒子的光滑长度,并设计和定义了相应的邻居搜索方案和核函数以解决受力不对称的问题。经实验验证,粒子邻居数方差有效降低,解决了传统SPH支持域固定导致的粒子插值误差过大的问题,使仿真结果更接近物理事实。同时由于物理计算精度的提高,模拟稳定性得到增强,可使用更大的时间步长,有效提升了模拟速度。最终,相比其他方法在视觉质量和模拟速度上均具有一定优势。     

Real-time Simulation of Gas Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

This paper extends the SPH method to gas simulation. The SPH(Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics) method is the most popular method of flow simulation, which is widely used in large-scale liquid simulation. However, it is not found to apply to gas simulation, since those methods based on SPH can’t be used in real-time simulation due to their enormous particles and huge computation. This paper proposes a method for gas simulation based on SPH with a small number of particles. Firstly, the method computes the position and density of each particle in each point-in-time, and outlines the shape of the simulated gas based on those particles. Secondly the method uses the grid technique to refine the shape with the diffusion of particle’s density under the control of grid, and get more lifelike simulation result. Each grid will be assigned density according to the particles in it. The density determines the final appearance of the grid. For ensuring the natural transition of the color between adjacent grids, we give a diffuse process of density between these grids and assign appropriate values to vertexes of these grids. The experimental results show that the proposed method can give better gas simulation and meet the request of real-time.     

基于光滑粒子流体动力学方法的交互式水流加热仿真

针对传统水流加热仿真中交互困难与效率低下的问题,提出一种基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)的热运动仿真方法,旨在交互式控制水流加热变化过程。首先,基于SPH方法将连续水流粒子化,以粒子群模拟水流的运动,并通过碰撞检测方法将粒子运动限定在容器内;然后,采用第一类边界条件的热传导模型加热水粒子,并根据粒子的温度更新粒子的运动状态,以模拟加热过程中水流的热运动;最后,定义可编辑的系统参数与约束关系,通过人机交互仿真多种条件下水流加热及其运动过程。以太阳能热水器加热仿真为例,通过修改少量参数控制热水器的加热工作验证了SPH方法求解热传导问题时的交互性与高效性,为交互式水流加热在其他虚拟场景的应用提供了便利。     

Real-time adaptive fluid simulation with complex boundaries

In this paper, we present a new adaptive model for real-time fluid simulation with complex boundaries based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) framework. Firstly, we introduce an adaptive SPH framework that is based on our character field function composed of four factors: geometrical complexity, boundary condition, physical complexity, and complementary condition in terms of the neighboring particle number. Meanwhile, the rule for particle adaptation is presented. We also present a two-step method to fast detect collision with complex boundary. The first step is voxelization on the complex scene. In the second step, based on the result of voxelization, we propose a three-phase method to fast detect collisions between complex boundaries and particles. By using this method, we avoid most of the useless intersection detection computation and greatly enhance the computation efficiency. In addition, a subdivision of boundary is precomputed before the collision interaction method so that fluid in a scene with complex boundary can still be simulated at relatively high speed and system stability risk is reduced greatly. To further accelerate the simulation, a highly parallel fluid algorithm is presented and implemented using GPU so that we can simulate dynamic fluid with mutual interaction between fluid and complex boundary at a considerably fast speed without compromising realism.     

基于粒子分解的SPH并行算法研究与应用

作为一种典型的拉格朗日型无网格数值方法,光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法在模拟自由表面流问题时具有天然优势。但是,该方法计算量大、耗时长,为此提出了一种基于粒子分解的SPH并行算法。该算法将所有粒子平均分配到各个进程进行计算,每个时间步通信仅调用一次发送、接收和广播函数,因此易于实现且可扩展性较好。应用该并行算法对二维溃坝流和三维液滴冲击液膜问题进行数值模拟,结果表明：该并行算法能显著减少模拟所消耗的计算时间,有利于进行三维大规模计算问题的数值模拟;当粒子数大于百万时,最大加速比可达30以上。     

基于SPH方法的滴水涟漪动画模拟

光滑粒子流体动力学（Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH）方法是一种新近发展的可用于流体模拟的无网格数值方法。文中基于SPH方法的基本原理,利用SPH方法求解描述水流现象的二维浅水波方程,根据具体模型使用Mon-aghan人工粘性的变形形式,有效地防止了相互靠近粒子的穿透,消除了SPH方法在模拟流体动力学问题时产生的数值振荡。通过使用可变光滑长度,使邻近粒子的数量保持相对稳定,提高了求解的计算效率和精度。同时,对光滑长度进行了修正以获取对称光滑长度,保持了粒子间相互作用对称性。全面考虑了各种定解条件的设置,对水滴的运动进行了模拟,SPH模拟结果与有限差分法、有限体积法结果非常吻合,验证了方法的准确性,为SPH方法的进一步发展和广泛运用奠定了基础。     

虚拟手术流血模拟的GPU加速实现

目的 流血效果是虚拟手术模拟器视觉效果的重要组成部分,血流与固体交互的庞大计算量使取得实时的流血模拟效果具有很大的挑战性。提出一种基于图形处理单元(GPU)加速的虚拟手术流血效果模拟方法。方法 该方法以Müller等人提出的光滑粒子动力学(SPH)作为基础,采用温度项使粒子具有不同速度模拟血流形成的血槽,同时基于构建均匀空间网格的思想,利用通用并行计算架构(CUDA)多线程并行加速技术完成粒子控制方程的求解和血流与固体交互的计算,从而取得实时的效果。结果 实验结果表明,本文方法能够满足虚拟手术中切割表面流血和血液在器官中流动的模拟需求,在粒子个数为9000时仅需20 ms,对比于纯CPU的实现取得20.15倍的加速比,实现了大量粒子下的实时流血模拟。 结论 本文方法具有较好的灵活性和实时性的特点,可以应用于虚拟手术仿真系统之中。     

A unified particle model for fluid–solid interactions

We present a new method for the simulation of melting and solidification in a unified particle model. Our technique uses the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method for the simulation of liquids, deformable as well as rigid objects, which eliminates the need to define an interface for coupling different models. Using this approach, it is possible to simulate fluids and solids by only changing the attribute values of the underlying particles. We significantly changed a prior elastic particle model to achieve a flexible model for melting and solidification. By using an SPH approach and considering a new definition of a local reference shape, the simulation of merging and splitting of different objects, as may be caused by phase change processes, is made possible. In order to keep the system stable even in regions represented by a sparse set of particles we use a special kernel function for solidification processes. Additionally, we propose a surface reconstruction technique based on considering the movement of the center of mass to reduce rendering errors in concave regions. The results demonstrate new interaction effects concerning the melting and solidification of material, even while being surrounded by liquids. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SPH方法的流体粒子与软体碰撞检测

针对虚拟手术系统中流血粒子与软组织器官碰撞检测的问题进行了研究.虚拟手术中流血与软体器官组织进行碰撞检测不同于传统的刚体或者软体之间的碰撞检测,流血模型的拓扑结构变化较大,传统方法通过更新拓扑结构来进行碰撞检测的方法不能够保证碰撞检测的实时性和准确性.提出一种基于空间划分的流血粒子与软体碰撞检测算法,能够处理基于光滑粒子流体动力学（Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH）模拟的流体与任意动力学模型模拟的软体之间的碰撞检测.同时,提出了对SPH算法进行最近相邻粒子搜索过程中建立起的均匀空间网格进行重复利用,使空间网格用于碰撞检测的空间划分与流体粒子的定位,从而减少了时间和空间资源的重复消耗.实验结果表明,该算法能够满足虚拟手术中流血粒子与软体之间的碰撞检测对精确性和实时性的要求.     

SPH-GPU并行计算在风沙流中的应用

为了实现小尺度范围风沙运动的真实感模拟,采用基于拉格朗日力学无网格形式的光滑粒子流体动力学（smooth particle hydrodynamics,SPH）方法解决了基于欧拉网格法因网格大变形或者变形边界等引起的各种问题,并克服了不能用固定欧拉网格追踪任意单颗粒子运动轨迹的困难,因此该方法在研究风沙运动方面有着独特的优势。然而,随着风沙流动中SPH粒子数目的增加,该方法计算效率低,计算规模大的缺陷在风沙模拟过程中尤为明显。为了提高其计算效率,在CUDA软硬件平台上,建立SPH-GPU并行加速的二维气沙两相耦合模型,对串行的热点程序进行分析,找出最耗时且适合并行的热点程序;其次对GPU并行计算模型进行验证,宏观上得到了沙粒群运动的时空变化规律,微观上得到了典型沙粒的跃移轨迹和变异的尖角轨迹;最后对比了三种不同粒子数下CPU与GPU的计算效率。模拟结果证明SPH-GPU并行计算方法能够进一步应用在风沙流的数值模拟研究中。     

Hydraulic Erosion Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

This paper presents a new technique for modification of 3D terrains by hydraulic erosion. It efficiently couples fluid simulation using a Lagrangian approach, namely the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method, and a physically-based erosion model adopted from an Eulerian approach. The eroded sediment is associated with the SPH particles and is advected both implicitly, due to the particle motion, and explicitly, through an additional velocity field, which accounts for the sediment transfer between the particles. We propose a new donor-acceptor scheme for the explicit advection in SPH. Boundary particles associated to the terrain are used to mediate sediment exchange between the SPH particles and the terrain itself. Our results show that this particle-based method is efficient for the erosion of dense, large, and sparse fluid. Our implementation provides interactive results for scenes with up to 25,000 particles.     

An Efficient Boundary Handling with a Modified Density Calculation for SPH

We propose a new boundary handling method for smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). Previous approaches required the use of boundary particles to prevent particles from sticking to the boundary. We address this issue by correcting the fundamental equations of SPH with the integration of a kernel function. Our approach is able to directly handle triangle mesh boundaries without the need for boundary particles. We also show how our approach can be integrated into a position‐based fluid framework.     

基于SPH与FEM的结构入水分析方法

建立基于光滑粒子动力学（smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH）、有限元法（finite element method, FEM）和无反射边界耦合的结构入水分析方法,将无限水域利用无反射边界条件截断成有限水域,将有限水域分为流体变形大的SPH区域、流体变形小的FEM区域和声学流体FEM区域,结构用FEM离散。采用通用接触算法模拟SPH与FEM的耦合,采用声固耦合方法处理FEM区域之间的耦合,建立流固耦合的SPH FEM分析方法。该方法结合SPH模拟大变形的优点和FEM的高效性,可实现含自由液面变形、液体飞溅和无限水域等特点的流固耦合问题的模拟,为结构入水分析缩小离散区域、降低自由度和SPH粒子数等提供一种有效的分析方法。     

Efficient high-quality volume rendering of SPH data

High quality volume rendering of SPH data requires a complex order-dependent resampling of particle quantities along the view rays. In this paper we present an efficient approach to perform this task using a novel view-space discretization of the simulation domain. Our method draws upon recent work on GPU-based particle voxelization for the efficient resampling of particles into uniform grids. We propose a new technique that leverages a perspective grid to adaptively discretize the view-volume, giving rise to a continuous level-of-detail sampling structure and reducing memory requirements compared to a uniform grid. In combination with a level-of-detail representation of the particle set, the perspective grid allows effectively reducing the amount of primitives to be processed at run-time. We demonstrate the quality and performance of our method for the rendering of fluid and gas dynamics SPH simulations consisting of many millions of particles.     

Lightweight particle-based real-time fluid simulation for mobile environment

This paper presents a real-time lightweight fluid simulation based on a particle fluid technique developed for mobile environment . The Bullet physics engine and smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) fluid algorithm will be used for our lightweight fluid simulation. First, we describe an advanced collision detection mechanism that will be used. By using this method, less computational resources are required. Secondly, we present a simplified SPH algorithm where nearby particles are grouped together to minimize the number of calculations. By decreasing the number of particles, an improved computational performance is expected. Finally, the ARM NEON based parallel computing technique was enabled to reduce execution time by lowering the number of arithmetic instructions. Several experiments are carried out where the experimental results indicate the first technique led to a 50% improvement in performance. The second technique provided a 17% overall improvement. The third technique delivered a performance improvement within the range of 26%–40%. Overall, the experimental results show that the proposed techniques provided an accumulative performance improvement of approximately 120% for all applied methodologies.     

基于ARM SVE的光滑粒子流体动力学SIMD加速方法

光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)是近年来兴起的一种无网格的粒子方法,SPH在处理大变形、运动物质表面以及自由表面等问题时优势明显,在数值模拟领域得到了非常广泛的应用,是一种典型的科学计算应用.作为一种显式的粒子方法,SPH在每一个迭代步都需要计算大量的粒子间相互作用,计算量非常大,如何提高SPH的计算效率成为研究热点.可伸...     

Improved Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method for simulating flow around bluff bodies

In this article, we present numerical solutions for flow over an airfoil and a square obstacle using Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) method with an improved solid boundary treatment approach, referred to as the Multiple Boundary Tangents (MBT) method. It was shown that the MBT boundary treatment technique is very effective for tackling boundaries of complex shapes. Also, we have proposed the usage of the repulsive component of the Lennard-Jones Potential (LJP) in the advection equation to repair particle fractures occurring in the SPH method due to the tendency of SPH particles to follow the stream line trajectory. This approach is named as the artificial particle displacement method. Numerical results suggest that the improved ISPH method which is consisting of the MBT method, artificial particle displacement and the corrective SPH discretization scheme enables one to obtain very stable and robust SPH simulations. The square obstacle and NACA airfoil geometry with the angle of attacks between 0° and 15° were simulated in a laminar flow field with relatively high Reynolds numbers. We illustrated that the improved ISPH method is able to capture the complex physics of bluff-body flows naturally such as the flow separation, wake formation at the trailing edge, and the vortex shedding. The SPH results are validated with a mesh-dependent Finite Element Method (FEM) and excellent agreements among the results were observed.     

GPU通用计算平台上的SPH流体模拟

针对流体模拟需要大量计算资源从而很难达到实时模拟的问题,提出一种完全在GPU上实现的基于平滑粒子流体动力学的流体模拟方法.首先通过在GPU上构造基于哈希函数的空间均匀网格来实现任意大小场景的快速邻近粒子查找,并在GPU上并行求解SPH流体方程来实现流体模拟;渲染流体时,通过在顶点着色器中进行纹理采样,利用粒子坐标缓存数据直接更新流体粒子系统的顶点缓存,从而避免了CPU—GPU之间的数据传输,充分利用了GPU的并行性.实验对比表明,与纯CPU实现以及CPU和GPU混合实现的模拟结果相比,采用该方法能显著地减少单个时间片的计算时间,大幅度提高流体模拟和渲染的整体性能.     

基于IIF 模型的流体表面张力模拟

基于光滑粒子动力学(SPH)方法模拟流体时流体表面张力的作用在固液、气液交界 处不可忽视,其影响模拟的准确性和视觉真实感。目前已有的表面张力模型如连续表面力(CSF) 模型、粒子间相互作用力(IIF)模型都存在各自的缺陷。针对IIF 模型模拟表面张力时所产生的 粒子非物理聚集、流体表面形状不规则等现象,采用基于类Lennard-Jones 势函数的分子间聚斥 力对表面张力建模,并定义了基于法向差的SPH 张力修正项以解决IIF 模型不能保证流体表面 面积最小化问题。实验结果表明,该方法能够稳定和正确地模拟两相交界处的表面张力的效果。