Influence of confining stress on fracture characteristics and cutting efficiency of TBM cutters conducted on soft and hard rock

Combined with numerical simulation, the influence of confining stress on cutting process, fracture conditions and cutting efficiencies of soft and hard rock has been conducted on the triaxial testing machine(TRW-3000) designed and manufactured in Central South University(China). Results are obtained by performing analysis on the fracture scopes of cement and granite plates,the characteristics of cutting force in cutting processes and the cutting efficiency. Firstly, the increase of latitude fracture scope and the decrease of longitude fracture scope are both more notable in the tests conducted on cement plates subjected to the increasing confining stresses; secondly, the increase tendency of peak penetration forces obtained from tests conducted on granite plates is more obvious, however, the increase tendencies of average penetration forces achieved from cement and granite plates are close to each other; thirdly, the cutting efficiency could be improved by increasing the spacing between cutters when the confining stress which acts on soft and hard rock increases in a certain degree, and the cutting efficiency of soft rock is more sensitive to the varying confining stresses.     

岩石特性对掘进机破岩的影响

目的研究岩石特性对掘进机破岩的影响,提高掘进机施工效率,延长滚刀使用寿命．方法将滚刀及其掘进的岩石作为一个整体,模拟破岩过程中滚刀和岩石的应力分布,并通过实验测量了滚刀破岩时滚刀受力和切深等参数,分析了不同硬度的岩石、切深和滚刀施加力对滚刀及岩石受力的影响．结果岩石反作用于滚刀的力和岩石的切深沿切割方向呈波浪型水平线;岩石抗压强度增大,岩石的切深和破碎区体积降低．结论同种岩石破碎程度与滚刀切割力大小成正比;切割力相同时,岩石破碎程度与岩石抗压强度成反比;研究结果对提高岩石掘进机的破岩效率,及其对地质的适应性具有重要作用．     

A new apparatus for investigating stress, deformation and seepage coupling properties of rock fractures

A true triaxial apparatus which is composed of three units was presented. The apparatus allows for investigations on deformation and seepage behaviors of a single rock fracture subjected to lateral stress and normal stress. The first unit has three jacks which can apply loads independently in three orthogonal directions. The second unit is used to supply water inflow, control seepage pressure and measure flow velocity in real time. The third unit is for measuring the normal deformation of rock fractures. Some tests for investigating the normal deformation and seepage behaviors of rock fractures subjected to normal and lateral loads on hard granite specimens with an artificial persistent fracture, were introduced. The results show that both the normal deformation and the hydraulic conductivity are influenced not only by the normal stress but also by the lateral stress. It is also shown that the aperture and the hydraulic conductivity decrease with the increasing normal stress but increase with the increasing lateral stress and both the aperture and the hydraulic conductivity obey exponential relationships with the normal stress and the lateral stress.     

三轴加卸载下花岗岩脆性破坏及应力跌落规律

基于2种卸荷应力路径和常规三轴压缩试验,研究了加卸载条件下花岗岩的变形破坏及应力脆性跌落特征。卸荷条件下岩石变形主要是向卸荷（主）方向回弹或拉伸变形为主,而非或次卸荷方向的塑性变形很小,峰后应力应变曲线呈现明显的脆性特征。而加载条件下岩石以轴向压缩变形为主,且压缩塑性变形随围压增大而增大;卸荷条件下破坏岩石各种级别的张拉裂缝较多,张裂面一般垂直于卸荷主方向,高初始围压时双向卸荷甚至在次卸荷方向也可产生环形张拉裂缝。破坏围压较高时破裂面剪性特征相对明显,但剪性裂面一般追踪张性破裂面发展而成,并在剪切面两侧发育较多微张裂缝。而相对较高围压下常规三轴压缩岩石一般为剪切破坏,张性裂缝很少;常规三轴压缩岩石的应力脆性跌落系数随围压的增大而增大,而在卸荷条件下却随初始围压的增大而减小。相同初始围压时,卸荷条件下比加载时的应力脆性跌落系数小得多,方案Ⅱ在初始围压达到30 MPa时甚至出现负值,应力脆性跌落系数R依次为：RⅢ〉RⅠ〉RⅡ。     

多滚刀顺次作用下岩石破碎模拟及刀间距分析

相邻滚刀刀间距设计是全断面岩石掘进机(TBM)刀盘设计的关键技术之一,刀间距设计的合理与否直接关系到刀盘刀具掘进效率和寿命.刀间距设计不仅与岩石边界条件、刀盘掘进参数及刀具参数有关,而且与刀盘结构相互耦合相互影响,且相邻滚刀之间是一种顺次破碎岩石的过程.基于有限元岩石破碎仿真平台RFPA2D,考虑相邻多滚刀的顺次约束关系,分别以2种典型岩石(泥质粉沙岩和花岗片麻岩)为边界条件,建立多滚刀顺次作用下垂直压入岩石的破碎仿真模型,模拟多滚刀在顺次压入和同时压入岩石的仿真过程,建立了刀间距与岩石破碎能量之间的映射关系,进而建立了多滚刀最优刀间距下顺次角度与岩石破碎能量之间的映射关系,通过此映射关系可以确定滚刀在刀盘上不同位置的最优刀间距和最优的顺次角度,并为下一步滚刀在刀盘盘面上的布置设计提供设计依据.     

Influence of deviatoric stress on rockburst occurrence:An experimental study

As mining delves deeper into the crust, it is necessary to investigate the complex rock responses associated with higher stress gradients. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms associated with the rockburst phenomenon. However, due to the large-scale and difficult monitoring of real mining excavations, laboratory scale tests must be utilised to determine the conditions conducive to burst. To this end, this research focuses on the implementation of a new rockburst testing apparatus to replicate the stress conditions of a rock mass excavation at the time of bursting. This apparatus allows the determination of rockburst stresses and a relationship between deviatoric stress and in-situ pressure/depth. Using this relationship it is then possible to estimate the standardised stress levels for a certain rock type which might lead to rockburst occurrence. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that with increasing in-situ pressure, the likelihood(measured as a lower differential stress) and the extent(indicated by the increasing range of deviatoric stress) of rockburst increases. These findings provide valuable information about the conditions necessary for bursting in deep mining.     

不同速率下单双钎头破岩声发射数值分析

选用脆性花岗岩为研究对象,利用岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D,分别对其进行单、双钎头在不同加载速率下的数值模拟试验,得到RFPA2D应力图及相对应同一加载步下的声发射图。结果表明:较单钎头相比,岩石在双钎头协同作用下将会形成应力叠加,且钎头下面的裂纹会对相邻裂纹产生影响,裂纹尖端会产生应力集中,试件破坏释放出的声发射能量和声发射计数更大;随着加载速率的增大,试件释放的声发射总能量增大,且所得竖向载荷增大。     

Influence of some rock strength properties on jaw crusher performance in granite quarry

The influence of rock strength properties on Jaw Crusher performance was carried out to determine the effect of rock strength on crushing time and grain size distribution of the rocks.Investigation was conducted on four different rock samples namely marble,dolomite,limestone and granite which were representatively selected from fragmented lumps in quarries.Unconfined compressive strength and Point load tests were carried out on each rock sample as well as crushing time and size analysis.The results of the strength parameters of each sample were correlated with the crushing time and the grain size distribution of the rock types.The results of the strength tests show that granite has the highest mean value of 101.67 MPa for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test,6.43 MPa for Point Load test while dolomite has the least mean value of 30.56 MPa for UCS test and 0.95 MPa for Point Load test.According to the International Society for Rock Mechanic (ISRM) standard,the granite rock sample may be classified as having very high strength and dolomite rock sample,low strength.Also,the granite rock has the highest crushing time (21.0 s) and dolomite rock has the least value (5.0 s).Based on the results of the investigation,it was found out that there is a great influence of strength properties on crushing time of rock types.     

不同卸荷应力路径下岩体破坏特征试验研究

隧道施工引起围岩应力释放的问题值得关注，目前对不同开挖方式引起隧道围岩强度及破坏的研究较少．因此，通过采用岩石三轴试验机，模拟隧道的不同开挖工况，针对不同卸荷应力路径下的岩石强度及破坏特征进行了深入研究，提出了相应的结论，可为后续理论研究提供试验参考．     

不同卸荷应力路径下岩体破坏特征试验研究

隧道施工引起围岩应力释放的问题值得关注,目前对不同开挖方式引起隧道围岩强度及破坏的研究较少.因此,通过采用岩石三轴试验机,模拟隧道的不同开挖工况,针对不同卸荷应力路径下的岩石强度及破坏特征进行了深入研究,提出了相应的结论,可为后续理论研究提供试验参考.     

Failure criterion for soft rocks considering intermediate principal stress

The significant differences between hard rocks(more brittle) and soft rocks(more ductile) may suggest the use of different failure criteria. A strength criterion for soft rocks that includes intermediate principal stress was proposed. The new criterion includes two independent parameters: the uniaxial compressive strength(rci), which can be obtained from common laboratory tests or indirectly estimated by alternative index tests in the laboratory or field; and f(joint), which is used to characterize the rock mass quality and can be easily estimated. The authors compared the predictive capabilities of the new criterion with other criteria using the database of soft rocks under two conditions: with and without triaxial data. For the estimation of triaxial and true-triaxial strengths, the new criterion generally produced a better fit. The proposed criterion is practical for an approximate first estimation of rock mass strength, even without triaxial data, as it balances accuracy(lower prediction error) and simplicity(fewer independent parameters).     

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.     

岩石强度和变形真三轴试验研究

为了得到岩石在3向应力条件下的强度及变形特征,通过真三轴试验对岩石强度进行试验研究.结果表明:峰值强度(σ1)随着中间主应力(σ2)的增加有所提高,峰值强度的最大增加量达到65.8%;在中间主应力较低时,岩石呈现出塑性的特征,随着中间主应力的增加,岩石逐渐由塑性向脆性转变.所以岩石破坏不仅取决于最大主应力差(σ1-σ3),而且与中间主应力密切相关.     

Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress: A reviewOA

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep underground.However, rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state(σ₁>σ>σ₃) due to the influences of geological structures and engineering disturbances. It is therefore essential to study the mechanical, seepage, and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering an...     

北山花岗岩短长期常规三轴力学特性试验研究

为研究北山花岗岩的物理力学特性，开展了常规三轴、蠕变和松弛试验，研究过程与结论如下：（1）开展北山花岗岩在不同围压条件下的常规三轴压缩试验，对比分析试样的变形和破坏形式等力学特征，得出北山花岗岩岩石破坏时的不可恢复变形较小，且随着围压增大未出现脆-延性转变现象的结论；（2）开展北山花岗岩单级蠕变试验及不同围压条件下的多级蠕变试验，分析不同偏应力的形变和单级蠕变的蠕变速率，得出北山花岗岩的蠕变形式为非稳定蠕变，其应变曲线出现了典型的蠕变三阶段特征的结论；（3）开展北山花岗岩单级应力松弛试验及循环松弛试验，分析偏应力的变化规律，得出北山花岗岩在应力松弛过程的初始松弛阶段，其偏应力下降速率很快，在较短时间内即能够达到稳定状态的结论。     

Characteristics of different rocks cut by helical cutting mechanism

To research the loading characteristic of rocks with different structures cut by helical cutting mechanism (HCM), three different structures of rock (hard-soft-hard rock, soft-hard rock and soft-hard-soft rock) were built. And each type model was further divided into three types when the experiments were carried out. To reduce the errors of cutting load caused by manually configured rock in each test, the cutting load of soft rock was taken as a benchmark, and the differences of the cutting load of the different structures of rocks and the soft rock were used to reflect the cutting load change rules of the HCM. The results indicate that, the cutting load of only the HCM top cutting hard rock is larger than that of only the HCM bottom cutting hard rock for dextral HCM, and the cutting load fluctuation is larger, too. However, when the top and the bottom of the HCM cutting hard rock simultaneously, its cutting load is the largest, but the cutting load fluctuation is the least. And the HCM cutting load increment is increased linearly with the increase of rock compressive strength. The HCM cutting load increment is increased exponentially with the increase of hard rock cutting thickness.     

饱和花岗岩水-力耦合力学特性试验研究

采用全应力多场耦合三轴试验仪,对饱和花岗岩开展了不同加载速率、不同围压、不同孔压下的水-力耦合三轴压缩排水试验,分别给出了饱和花岗岩在不同加载速率、不同有效围压下的应力-应变曲线,分析了峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量随加载速率以及有效围压的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)在不同有效围压和加载速率的条件下,岩样的应力应变曲线均经历了非线性压密、弹性、屈服、峰后四个阶段。偏压加载初期非线性压密阶段比较明显,而随着围压的升高非线性段逐渐消失;由于花岗岩的致密性较高,因而曲线的弹性阶段较长且相对平滑;在屈服和峰后阶段,岩石呈现出明显的脆—延性转化的过程。(2)饱和花岗岩的峰值强度随着加载速率的增加而增大;且当有效围压相同时,岩石的峰值强度大致相等,抵抗外界荷载的能力大致相同。(3)缓慢加载条件下饱和花岗岩的峰值应变表现出加载速率强化效应,但强化效果是有限的;且在有效围压相同条件下,随着围压和孔压的同步增长,峰值应变也呈增长的趋势。(4)弹性模量随着加载速率的增加呈二次多项式增长,但随着围压和孔压的同步增长而逐渐降低。     

颚式破碎机破碎板结构参数研究

应用模糊随机理论确定了破碎板各齿面的破碎力,利用软件ANSYS对破碎板进行有限元分析,得到了破碎板的应力和变形云图,分析出破碎板的受力分布情况,在此基础上对破碎板结构参数进行了研究和改进,结果表明：增加破碎板凸台个数和中间凸台的宽度对改善破碎板的应力集中有明显的作用,延长了破碎板的使用寿命。     

环向约束条件下破裂岩体力学特性试验研究

深部地下工程围岩多为破裂岩体，与支护结构间存在相互作用，破裂岩体的力学性能对工程稳定起着极其重要作用．采用环向约束试验方法研究破裂岩体的承载和变形特性．结果表明：破裂岩体的轴向应力-应变曲线是-分段连续曲线，峰谷后表现出等效弹塑性特性，随环向约束力的逐步提高，破裂岩体轴向应力呈现应力强化趋势，可达到并稳定在一个较高的应力状态，而环向约束应力则随侧向应变的增加呈线性增加，直至屈服．因此，环向约束条件下破裂岩体的力学特性明显不同于岩石三轴试验残余段的剪切滑移特性，反映了破裂岩体在有效环向约束条件下具有良好的结构效应．     

卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性及三维裂隙演化规律

为研究卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性和三维裂隙演化规律,对花岗岩开展了常规三轴压缩、卸围压-加轴压和分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载3种不同应力路径力学试验,获得对应的轴、径向应力-应变曲线;采用CT扫描三维重构技术获得岩石卸围压过程中和破坏后内部裂隙分布三维图像.结果表明:相对于常规三轴压缩试验,试件在卸荷条件下脆性破坏特征更加显著,分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载会增大花岗岩的峰后延性,降低破坏轴压和破坏剧烈程度;两种卸围压方案都会使花岗岩的承载能力降低30%左右;卸荷作用下花岗岩宏观破裂为拉剪组合状,拉剪过渡不明显,表观裂隙是内部裂隙向外扩展的结果;花岗岩在卸荷作用下峰前产生的裂隙量较少,大量裂隙在峰后产生,破裂具有突发性和瞬时性,围压较低时宏观裂隙首先在试件边缘产生,围压较高时宏观裂隙首先在试件中部产生.